Renewable energy resources:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London [u.a.]
Routledge
2015
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XXXI, 784 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780415584371 9780415584388 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Renewable energy resources |c John Twidell and Tony Weir |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Routledge |c 2015 | |
| 300 | |a XXXI, 784 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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| adam_text | Renewable energy requires an active approach, based on facts and data. Twidell and Weir, drawing on decades
of experience, demonstrate this, making clear connections between basic theoretical concepts in energy and the
workings of real systems. It is a delight to see the field having advanced to this level, where a book like Renewable
Energy Resources can focus on the very real experiences of the energy systems of the coming decades.”
—Professor Daniel Kammen, Director, Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Solar and wind power are now proven, reliable, ever-cheaper sources of electricity that can play a major role in
powering the world. Along with other long-established renewables such as hydropower, and complemented by
improved energy efficiency and appropriate institutional support, they can be key to sustainable development
This book can play a vital role in educating the people who are needed to make it happen.”
—Professor Martin Green, Director, Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, University of New South Wales, Australia
The solar revolution that’s been talked about for so long is with us here and now. This new edition of Renewable
Energy Resources, like earlier editions, will undoubtedly make a significant contribution to informing both those
involved with the technology and those in policy-making. This is critical if the promise of renewable energy is to be
delivered as expeditiously and cost-effectively as is now needed.”
—Jonathon Porritt, Founder Director, Forum for the Future
Renewable Energy Resources is a numerate and quantitative text covering the full range of renewable energy technologies
and their implementation worldwide. Energy supplies from renewables (such as from biofuels, solar heat, photovoltaics,
wind, hydro, wave, tidal, geothermal, and ocean-thermal) are essential components of every nation’s energy strategy, not
least because of concerns for the local and global environment, for energy security and for sustainability. Thus in the years
between the first and this third edition, most renewable energy technologies have grown from fledgling impact to significant
importance because they make good sense, good policy and good business.
This third edition is extensively updated in light of these developments, while maintaining the book’s emphasis on
fundamentals, complemented by analysis of applications. Renewable energy helps secure national resources, mitigates
pollution and climate change, and provides cost-effective services. These benefits are analysed and illustrated with case
studies and worked examples. The book recognises the importance of cost effectiveness and efficiency of end-use. Each
chapter begins with fundamental scientific theory, and then considers applications, environmental impact and socio-
economic aspects before concluding with Quick Questions for self-revision and Set Problems. The book includes Reviews of
basic theory underlying renewable energy technologies, such as electrical power, fluid dynamic, heat transfer and solid-
state physics. Common symbols and cross-referencing apply throughout; essential data are tabulated in appendices.
An associated eResource provides supplementary material on particular topics, plus a solutions guide to Set Problems.
Renewable Energy Resources supports multi-disciplinary Master’s degrees in science and engineering, and specialist modules
in first degrees. Practising scientists and engineers who have not had a comprehensive training in renewable energy will
find it a useful introductory text and a reference book.
John Twidell has considerable experience in renewable energy as an academic professor in both the UK and abroad,
teaching undergraduate and postgraduate courses and supervising research students. He has participated in the
extraordinary growth of renewable energy as a research contractor, journal editor, board member of wind and solar
professional associations and company director. University positions have been in Scotland, England, Sudan and Fiji. The
family home operates with solar heat and electricity, biomass heat and an all-electric car; the aim is to practice what is
preached.
Tony Weir has worked on energy and environment issues in the Pacific Islands and Australia for over 30 years. He has
researched and taught on renewable energy and on climate change at the University of the South Pacific and elsewhere,
and was a Lead Author for the 20111PCC Special Report on Renewable Energy. He has also managed a large international
program of renewable energy projects and been a policy adviser to the Australian Government, specialising in the interface
between technology and policy.
ENERGY/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
CONTENTS
c
Preface XV
Figure and photo acknowledgments xix
List of symbols xxiii
List of abbreviations xxx
1 Principles of renewable energy 1
§1.1 Introduction 3
§1.2 Energy and sustainable development 4
§1.3 Fundamentals 9
§1.4 Scientific principles of renewable energy 14
§1.5 Technical implications 18
§1.6 Standards and regulations 27
§1.7 Social implications 27
Chapter summary/Guick questions/Problems/Bibliography 30
2 Solar radiation and the greenhouse effect 37
§2.1 Introduction 39
§2.2 Extraterrestrial solar radiation 40
§2.3 Components of radiation 41
§2.4 Geometry of the Earth and the Sun 42
§2.5 Geometry of collector and the solar beam 46
§2.6 Atmospheric transmission, absorption and reflection 49
§2.7 Measuring solar radiation 57
§2.8 Site estimation of solar radiation 57
§2.9 Greenhouse effect and climate change 62
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 68
Box 2.1 Radiation transmitted, absorbed and scattered by
the Earth s atmosphere 55
Box 2.2 Units of gas concentration 65
Box 2.3 Why we know that recent increases in C02 and in
temperature are due to human activity (anthropogenic) 66
Contents
viii
3 Solar water heating 75
§3.1 Introduction 77
§3.2 Calculation of heat balance: general remarks 79
§3.3 Flat-plate collectors 81
§3.4 Systems with separate storage 88
§3.5 Selective surfaces 92
§3.6 Evacuated collectors 96
§3.7 Instrumentation and monitoring 99
§3.8 Social and environmental aspects 100
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 101
Box 3.1 Reference temperature Tref for heat circuit modeling 86
4 Other solar thermal applications 108
§4.1 Introduction 110
§4.2 Air heaters 110
§4.3 Crop driers 112
§4.4 Solar thermal refrigeration and cooling 117
§4.5 Water desalination 120
§4.6 Solar salt-gradient ponds 122
§4.7 Solar concentrators 123
§4.8 Concentrated Solar Thermal Power (CSTP) for
electricity generation 132
§4.9 Fuel and chemical synthesis from concentrated solar 140
§4.10 Social and environmental aspects 141
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 142
Box 4.1 Solar desiccant cooling 120
5 Photovoltaic (PV) power technology 151
§5.1 Introduction 153
§5.2 Photovoltaic circuit properties 156
§5.3 Applications and systems 161
§5.4 Maximizing cell efficiency (Si cells) 167
§5.5 Solar cell and module manufacture 176
§5.6 Types and adaptations of photovoltaics 179
§5.7 Social, economic and environmental aspects 191
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 197
Box 5.1 Self-cleaning glass on module PV covers 167
Box 5.2 Solar radiation absorption at p-n junction 7 77
Box 5.3 Manufacture of silicon crystalline cells and modules 176
Box 5.4 An example of a sophisticated Si solar cell 185
6 Hydropower 202
§6.1 Introduction 204
§6.2 Principles 208
§6.3 Assessing the resource 209
§6.4 Impulse turbines 212
Contents ix
§6.5 Reaction turbines 217
§6.6 Hydroelectric systems 220
§6.7 Pumped hydro storage 224
§6.8 Social and environmental aspects 225
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 227
Box 6.1 Measurement of flow rate Q 210
Box 6.2 Specific speed 216
Box 6.3 The Three Gorges hydroelectric installation, China 221
7 Wind resource 234
§7.1 Introduction 236
§7.2 World wind 237
§7.3 Characteristics of the wind 242
§7.4 Wind instrumentation, measurement, and
computational tools and prediction 258
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 264
8 Wind power technology 267
§8.1 Introduction 269
§8.2 Turbine types and terms 272
§8.3 Linear momentum theory 277
§8.4 Angular momentum theory 286
§8.5 Dynamic matching 289
§8.6 Blade element theory 295
§8.7 Power extraction by a turbine 299
§8.8 Electricity generation 303
§8.9 Mechanical power 314
§8.10 Social, economic and environmental
considerations 316
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 318
Box 8.1 Experiencing lift and drag forces 290
Box 8.2 Multimode wind power system with
load-management control at Fair Isle, Scotland 313
9 Biomass resources from photosynthesis 324
§9.1 Introduction 326
§9.2 Photosynthesis: a key process for life on Earth 327
§9.3 Trophic level photosynthesis 328
§9.4 Relation of photosynthesis to other plant processes 331
§9.5 Photosynthesis at the cellular and molecular level 332
§9.6 Energy farming: biomass production for energy 343
§9.7 R D to improve photosynthesis 350
§9.8 Social and environmental aspects 351
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 354
Box 9.1 Structure of plant leaves 334
X Contents
Box 9.2 Sugar cane: an example of energy farming 344
Box 9.3 How is biomass resource assessed? 349
10 Bioenergy technologies 359
§10.1 Introduction 361
§10.2 Biofuel classification 364
§10.3 Direct combustion for heat 369
§10.4 Pyrolysis (destructive distillation) 374
§10.5 Further thermochemical processes 378
§10.6 Alcoholic fermentation 379
§10.7 Anaerobic digestion for biogas 387
§10.8 Wastes and residues 395
§10.9 Biodiesel from vegetable oils and algae 396
§10.10 Social and environmental aspects 398
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 401
Box 10.1 Gross and net calorific values 366
Box 10.2 Ethanol in Brazil 383
Box 10.3 Blo/fossil balance of liquid biofuels 385
Box 10.4 Greenhouse gas balance of liquid biofuels 387
11 Wave power 408
§11.1 Introduction 410
§11.2 Wave motion 413
§11.3 Wave energy and power 417
§11.4 Real (irregular) sea waves: patterns and power 421
§11.5 Energy extraction from devices 427
§11.6 Wave power devices 430
§11.7 Social, economic and and environmental aspects 437
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 439
Box 11.1 Satellite measurement of wave height, etc. 423
Box 11.2 Wave energy in the UK 430
Box 1 1.3Basic theory of an OWC device 434
12 Tidal-current and tidal-range power 445
§12.1 Introduction 447
§ 12.2 The cause of tides 450
§12.3 Enhancement of tides 456
§12.4 Tidal-current/stream power 459
§12.5 Tidal-range power 465
§12.6 World tidal power sites 467
§12.7 Social and environmental aspects 469
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 471
Box 12.1 Tsunamis 457
Box 12.2 Blockage effects on turbine output
in narrow channels 464
Contents xi
Ocean gradient energy: OTEC and osmotic power 476
§13.1 General introduction 478
§13.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): introduction 478
§13.3 OTEC principles 479
§13.4 Practical considerations about OTEC 483
§13.5 Devices 486
§13.6 Related technologies 487
§13.7 Social, economic and environmental aspects 488
§13.8 Osmotic power from salinity gradients 489
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 491
Box 13.1 Rankine cycle engine 482
Geothermal energy 495
§14.1 Introduction 497
§14.2 Geophysics 500
§14.3 Dry rock and hot aquifer analysis 503
§14.4 Harnessing geothermal resources 507
§14.5 Ground-source heat pumps 512
§14.6 Social and environmental aspects 514
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 516
Energy systems: integration, distribution and storage 521
§15.1 Introduction 523
§15.2 Energy systems 523
§15.3 Distribution technologies 526
§15.4 Electricity supply and networks 530
§15.5 Comparison of technologies for energy storage 538
§15.6 Energy storage for grid electricity 541
§15.7 Batteries 544
§15.8 Fuel cells 552
§15.9 Chemicals as energy stores 553
§15.10 Storage for heating and cooling systems 555
§15.11 Transport systems 558
§15.12 Social and environmental aspects of energy supply and storage 559
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Probiems/Bibliography Box 15.1 It s a myth that energy storage is a challenge 560
only for renewable energy 532
Box 15.2 Self-sufficient energy systems 532
Box 15.3 Capacity credit dispatchability and predictability Box 15.4 Grid stability with high wind penetration: 535
west Denmark and Ireland 536
Box 15.5 Combining many types of BE enables large
RE penetration: two modeled cases 537
Box 15.6 Scaling up batteries: flow cells 550
xii Contents
Box 15.7 A small island autonomous wind-hydrogen
energy system 554
16 Using energy efficiently 567
§16.1 Introduction 569
§16.2 Energy services 571
§16.3 Energy end-use by sector 574
§16.4 Energy-efficient solar buildings 576
§16.5 Transport 591
§16.6 Manufacturing industry 599
§16.7 Domestic energy use 601
§16.8 Social and environmental aspects 602
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 605
Box 16.1 Maximum efficiency of heat engines 573
Box 16.2 The impact of technology change in
lighting in England, 1500-2000 573
Box 16.3 Summary of RE applications in selected
end-use sectors 575
Box 16.4 Building codes 578
Box 16.5 The Solar Decathlon 586
Box 16.6 Electrochromic windows 589
Box 16.7 Curitiba: a case study of urban design for
sustainability and reduced energy demand 595
Box 16.8 Proper sizing of pipes and pumps saves energy 600
Box 16.9 Energy use in China 604
17 Institutional and economic factors 612
§17.1 Introduction 614
§17.2 Socio-political factors 614
§17.3 Economics 620
§17.4 Life cycle analysis 622
§17.5 Policy tools 623
§17.6 Quantifying choice 626
§ 17.7 Present status of renewable energy 635
§17.8 The way ahead 635
Chapter summary/Quick questions/Problems/Bibliography 641
Box 17.1 Climate change projections and impacts 615
Box 17.2 External costs of energy 621
Box 17.3 Environmental impact assessment matrix 625
Box 17.4 Some definitions 627
Box 17.5 Contrasting energy scenarios: Business 4s Usual
vs. ‘Energy Revolution 640
Review 1 Electrical power for renewables 647
§R1.1 Introduction 648
§R1.2 Electricity transmission: principles 648
Contents xiii
§R1.3 Electricity grids (networks) 650
IR1.4 DC grids 651
§R1.5 AC active and reactive power: transformers 651
§ R1.6 Electric machines (generators and motors) 652
§R1.7 Special challenges and opportunities for renewables
electricity 656
Quick questions/Bibliography 659
Review 2 Essentials of fluid dynamics 660
§R2.1 Introduction 661
§R2.2 Conservation of energy: Bernoulli s equation 661
§R2.3 Conservation of momentum 663
§R2.4 Viscosity 664
§R2.5 Turbulence 665
§R2.6 Friction in pipe flow 666
§R2.7 Lift and drag forces 668
Quick questions/Bibliography 671
Review 3 Heat transfer 673
§R3.1 Introduction 675
§R3.2 Heat circuit analysis and terminology 675
§R3.3 Conduction 679
§R3.4 Convection 681
§R3.5 Radiative heat transfer 688
§R3.6 Properties of transparent materials 697
§R3.7 Heat transfer by mass transport 698
§R3.8 Multimode transfer and circuit analysis 701
Quick questions/Bibliography 705
Box R3.1 Heat transfer terminology 678
Review 4 Solid-state physics for photovoltaics 708
§R4.1 Introduction 709
§R4.2 The silicon p-n junction 710
§R4.3 Photon absorption at the junction 719
§R4.4 Solar radiation absorption at p֊n junction 723
§R4.5 Other substrate materials; chemical Groups lll/V
and ll/VI 726
Quick questions/Bibliography 727
Review 5 Units, labels and conversions:
the algebraic method 728
Appendices
App A Units and conversions
App B Data and fundamental constants
732
736
xiv Contents
App C Some heat transfer formulas
App D Comparison of technologies
Short answers to selected problems at end of chapters
743
747
755
Index
759
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Examples of extra eResource material on the publisher s website for this
book at www.routiedge.com/books/detaiis/97804t5584388
SI .1 The political and ethical case for renewable energy (article by
J. Twidell).
55.1 Brillouin zones
56.1 Hydraulic ram
58.1 Acoustic sound (noise) from wind turbines (article by J. Twidell)
58.2 Note on wind turbine shadow flicker (J. Twidell)
59.1 The photosynthetic process (Chapter 10 of second edition of
this book)
511.1 Summary table of wave power developments (J. Twidell)
512.1 Tidal power (Chapter 13 of second edition of this book)
513.1 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) (Chapter 14 of
second edition of this book)
515.1 Assessing back-up requirements for wind power (2009 article
by J. Twidell)
517.1 Climate Change and Renewable Energy: Implications for the
Pacific Islands of a Global Perspective (article by T. Weir)
SR3.1 Convective cooling of a cooking pot (Worked Example)
SR4.1 Periodic table of the elements
SR5.1 A useful extension of the algebraic method for converting units
(T. Weir)
SSA Short Answers to end-of-chapter Problems
|
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| author | Twidell, John W. Weir, Anthony D. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)17093280X (DE-588)170932818 |
| author_facet | Twidell, John W. Weir, Anthony D. |
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| classification_rvk | ZP 3700 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)909456647 (DE-599)BVBBV041976415 |
| dewey-full | 621.042 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.042 |
| dewey-search | 621.042 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.042 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Energietechnik |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041976415 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:09:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780415584371 9780415584388 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 014018436 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027418953 |
| oclc_num | 909456647 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-29T DE-634 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-29T DE-634 DE-11 |
| physical | XXXI, 784 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Twidell, John W. Verfasser (DE-588)17093280X aut Renewable energy resources John Twidell and Tony Weir 3. ed. London [u.a.] Routledge 2015 XXXI, 784 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Renewable energy sources Energiequelle (DE-588)4014720-4 gnd rswk-swf Energieeffizienz (DE-588)7660153-5 gnd rswk-swf Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 gnd rswk-swf Energieumwandlung (DE-588)4014730-7 gnd rswk-swf Erneuerbare Ressourcen (DE-588)4152831-1 gnd rswk-swf Erneuerbare Energien (DE-588)4068598-6 gnd rswk-swf Energiespeicherung (DE-588)4014722-8 gnd rswk-swf Erneuerbare Energien (DE-588)4068598-6 s Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 s Energieumwandlung (DE-588)4014730-7 s DE-604 Energiespeicherung (DE-588)4014722-8 s Energieeffizienz (DE-588)7660153-5 s Erneuerbare Ressourcen (DE-588)4152831-1 s Energiequelle (DE-588)4014720-4 s 1\p DE-604 Weir, Anthony D. Verfasser (DE-588)170932818 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-315-76641-6 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027418953&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027418953&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Twidell, John W. Weir, Anthony D. Renewable energy resources Renewable energy sources Energiequelle (DE-588)4014720-4 gnd Energieeffizienz (DE-588)7660153-5 gnd Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 gnd Energieumwandlung (DE-588)4014730-7 gnd Erneuerbare Ressourcen (DE-588)4152831-1 gnd Erneuerbare Energien (DE-588)4068598-6 gnd Energiespeicherung (DE-588)4014722-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014720-4 (DE-588)7660153-5 (DE-588)4070813-5 (DE-588)4014730-7 (DE-588)4152831-1 (DE-588)4068598-6 (DE-588)4014722-8 |
| title | Renewable energy resources |
| title_auth | Renewable energy resources |
| title_exact_search | Renewable energy resources |
| title_full | Renewable energy resources John Twidell and Tony Weir |
| title_fullStr | Renewable energy resources John Twidell and Tony Weir |
| title_full_unstemmed | Renewable energy resources John Twidell and Tony Weir |
| title_short | Renewable energy resources |
| title_sort | renewable energy resources |
| topic | Renewable energy sources Energiequelle (DE-588)4014720-4 gnd Energieeffizienz (DE-588)7660153-5 gnd Energieerzeugung (DE-588)4070813-5 gnd Energieumwandlung (DE-588)4014730-7 gnd Erneuerbare Ressourcen (DE-588)4152831-1 gnd Erneuerbare Energien (DE-588)4068598-6 gnd Energiespeicherung (DE-588)4014722-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Renewable energy sources Energiequelle Energieeffizienz Energieerzeugung Energieumwandlung Erneuerbare Ressourcen Erneuerbare Energien Energiespeicherung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027418953&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027418953&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT twidelljohnw renewableenergyresources AT weiranthonyd renewableenergyresources |