Bethlen Gábor és Európa:
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| Other Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Hungarian |
| Published: |
Budapest
ELTE BTK Középkori és Kora Újkori Magyar Történeti Tanszéke [u.a.]
2013
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Physical Description: | 387 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789632844169 |
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Record in the Search Index
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TARTALOMJEGYZÉK
Előszó
.7
R.
Várkonyi Ágnes: Bethlen Gábor jelenléte Európában
.9
Politikai érdekek
-
Külkapcsolatok
-
Diplomácia
Cziráki Zsuzsanna: Erdély szerepe
Melchior
Klesl
fennmaradt írásos
véleményeiben
1611-1616
között
. 77
Papp
Sándor: Bethlen Gábor ismeretlen hadjárati terve
II.
Ferdinánd és a katolikus Európa ellen
.103
Zarnóczki Áron: Angol követjelentések Bethlen Gábor első hadjáratáról
és a nikolsburgi békekötésről
(1619-1622).129
Kármán Gábor: Külföldi diplomaták Bethlen Gábor szolgálatában
.145
Szabó Péter: Bethlen Gábor követjárásokkal kapcsolatos filozófiája
és reprezentációja
1628
táján
.183
Híráramlás
-
Propaganda
-
Imázs
Kees Teszelszky:
Magyarország és Erdély képe Németalföldön
a Bocskai-felkelés és Bethlen Gábor hadjáratai idején
1604-1626 . 203
G. Etényi Nóra: Politika és publicisztikai kontextus: Bethlen Gábor a Német¬
római Birodalomban kiadott nyomtatványokban
(1619-1622).245
Varsányi Krisztina: Bethlen Gábor királlyá választása a korabeli
német nyelvű nyomtatott sajtóműfajokban
.275
Almási Gábor: Bethlen és a törökösség kérdése
a korabeli propagandában és politikában
.311
Rövidítésj egy zék
.367
Névmutató
.369
English
abstracts
.377
ENGLISH
SUMMARIES
Bethlen
and the Question of 'TurcismuV in Propaganda and Politics
GÁBOR ALMÁSI
During the Thirty Years' War Gabriel
Bethlen
acquired international significance
through his association with the Ottomans. Ottoman friendship was, however,
a double-edged sword. This study analyses the ways this friendship became
the centre of anti-Bethlen
—
but also anti-Calvinist
—
propaganda, fitting to the
established
topos
of Calvinoturcismus. The claims about Ottoman
(Mohamedán)
religion of the
Calvinist
prince of Transylvania, his faithlessness and unreliability
were harsh and have remained bothering for Hungarian historiography ever
since, in which nonetheless
Bethlen
has developed into a national hero. These
claims questioned both his sovereignty and Christianity. Being based on anti-
Ottoman sentiments their message was simple and straightforward, addressing
neutral or hesitant potential partners of the Palatinate.
It is obvious that the geo-political situation of Hungary, and especially of
Transylvania, was not simple at all, and the alternative of Ottoman association
(or friendship) was real, with all the consequent difficulties. It is also clear that
the image of the Ottomans as "arch enemies" of Europe was not only the question
of religious sentiments but also of complex political interests, which, as a matter
of fact, coincided with the goal of Hungary's liberation from Ottoman rule.
However, the alternative of Ottoman orientation became a burning political
issue after Bethlen's (bloody) succession to the throne of Transylvania; no
wonder that it was soon in the centre of anti-Transylvanian propaganda directed
by Cardinal
Klesl.
Bethlen's politics could easily appear to contemporaries as
hazardous, while the Habsburgs were worried of Transylvania's gaining strength
and becoming more independent also because of their Counter-reformation
goals in Hungary. Accusations of Bethlen's "Turkish" habits and mind were
thus no novelty at the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War; the novelty lay rather
in the new methods and functions of propaganda (e.g. the use of sarcasm, the
presentation of original documents etc).
378
English summaries
The paper presents the origins, functions and methods of this propaganda,
and follows some of the famous propaganda campaigns between Catholics and
Protestants, like the ones generated by the
Anhaltische geheime Cantzley
or the
Secretíssima
instructio. It raises the question about the influence of this rhetoric
against
Bethlen,
and presents some examples the Ottoman orientation was
defended by Protestants
-
e.g. by the Latitudinarian
Georg Tschernembl,
the
politic Thomas Roe, or
Ludwig Camerarius.
Finally, it investigates the possible
reasons why an apologetic literature hardly existed in Hungary and concludes
that the accusations about Ottoman orientation were difficult to refute partly
because they were partially true (and used as a weapon by
Bethlen),
and also
because Ottoman orientation had real advantages.
The role of Transylvania in the surviving opinion papers of
Melchior
Klesl
between
1611
and
1616
ZSUZSANNA CZIRÁKI
In my paper I aim at presenting, with the help of Austrian archival sources the
Habsburg
attitude towards Transylvania in the 1610s, under the rule of princes
Gábor Báthory
and
Gábor Bethlen.
In the focus of the research stand the opinion
papers of
Melchior
Klesl,
found in the Hungarica and Turcica collections of
the Viennese
Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv.
Klesl,
the bishop of Vienna who
belonged to the most important counselors of Archduke Matthias since
1590
the latest, played a fundamental role in the formation of Austrian
Habsburg
policies. As the powerful head of the Secret Council he was an active member
of the most important institution that prepared imperial decisions, and due to
this quality, his opinions could also profoundly influence foreign policy, which
had otherwise been solely in the emperor's hands. From the large amount of
documents connected to his person, this work addresses those which relate
specifically to Transylvania. These have never been addressed in the earlier
literature about the bishop's activities.
From these documents the circle of those persons can be reconstructed, who
actually had the right to comment upon Transylvanian, or even Ottoman issues:
apart from the ruler and his most important counselor, it included Hans Mollart,
the president of the Court War Council, as well as the Imperial Vice-Chancellor,
Johann Ludwig von Ulm. Also,
these papers contain important information
concerning the relevance of the Secret Council during the presidency of
Melchior
Klesl,
and the circumstances of its activities. The documents provide
an insight into the complex field how the questions of centralizing the imperial
English summaries
379
administration and breaking the estates' resistance (and thus establishing the
cohesion of the territories ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs
-
an important goal
of
Klesl)
connect to the plans of reuniting Hungary and of the anti-Ottoman
war. From the papers between
1611
and
1616
it is clear that after the failure of
the direct military intervention, the
Hofburg
saw the possibility of regaining
the province of Transylvania and starting a successful anti-Ottoman war in the
appointment of
a voievod
loyal to the king of Hungary. With the establishment
of
Gábor Bethlen's
rule these plans seemed to fail, what is more, the news of
the Ottoman influence which manifested itself during the election suggested
for Vienna that they might lose Transylvania for good and that a new sancak
may be established on its territory. In the shadow of this danger, a prominent
role was granted to Transylvania as a bulwark of Christianity in the pro-war
argumentation of
Melchior
Klesl;
and he also laid much emphasis on those
nominally neutral, but actually pro-Ottoman politicians
(Gábor Bethlen
and
Palatine
György Thurzó),
whom he considered especially dangerous. In his
opinion papers,
Klesl
thoroughly discussed the Hungarian and German officials,
who took the Hofburg's side and were considered trustworthy; as well as the
financial and military funds available for a potential war. Among his thoughts we
also find a grandiose plan of a holy war built upon a great European cooperation,
which could free the continent of the "pagans'" rule, and also would help the
completion of
Habsburg
rule in Central Europe.
Politics and context in the public sphere:
Gábor Bethlen
in prints from the
Holy Roman Empire
1619-1622
NÓRA
G. ETÊNYI
There has been a plethora of news of political relevance published in the German
printed press about Prince
Gábor Bethlen
of Transylvania, especially between
1619
and
1622.
Printed maps and the landscapes with the castles he occupied
were published, and his political influence in Upper Hungary was also mirrored
by his equestrian portraits and the reproductions of his flag, which appeared
in many variations. The circumstances and perspective consequences of his
election as the king of Hungary were discussed in printed relationes, and his
contacts to the Sublime Porte were condemned by
pasquali
and caricatures.
Early modern collections of news and pamphlets show that his contemporaries
were looking for easily understandable printed materials among other topics on
the politics of
Bethlen.
In these, "discovered" pamphlets, political allegories and
caricatures were attached to hand-written news. In the wars which included
380
English summaries
large groups of allies, the news of foreign policy skyrocketed: various powers
had to secure their dominance in the ever widening space with arguments
of increasing quality. The military and diplomatic results of
Gábor Bethlen's
successful foreign policy are also mirrored in pamphlets and political allegories
interpreting international power relations. The German political writings, which
proved sensitive to impacts of foreign policy presented the increased Central
European importance of the Principality of Transylvania and the Kingdom of
Hungary.
Foreign diplomats in
Gábor
Bethlen's service
GÁBOR KÁRMÁN
This paper addresses the phenomenon that the contacts of Prince
Gábor Bethlen
with non-neighboring rulers were almost exclusively maintained through
diplomats who came originally from a foreign country and had very little to
do with the Principality of Transylvania. In the first part of the paper, through
a reconstruction of ten diplomats' biographies, I identified several categories.
The Czech/Palatinate group consist of three people
(Ehrenfried von Berbisdorf,
Jan Adam Čejkovský z Víčková
and Matthias Quadt), the Silesian group of
two (Weikhard Schulitz and
Heinrich Dreiling),
whereas three of Bethlen's
envoys could be identified as "wandering diplomats" with certain facets of an
adventurer's character (Jacques
Roussel,
Charles
de
Talleyrand and Lorenzo
Agazza). The remaining two
(Zygmunt Zaklika
and Hermann
Beckmann)
seem
to be a category of their own, the one having a Polish background, the other
coming with Catherine, the prince's consort, from Berlin.
The biographies of the diplomats show certain similarities, especially those
within the Czech/Palatinate group, who had to leave their original country due
to the collapse of Frederick of the Palatinate's rule after the Battle of the White
Mountain, and served several rulers in the years to come. Their loyalties lay
primarily with the Protestant or the Palatinate cause and they served the rulers
who seemed to be able to support this
—
sometimes even taking upon themselves
tasks from several of them during one and the same journey.
The second part of the paper is an in-depth analysis of the surviving material
concerning the arrest and investigation of
Zygmunt
Zaklika in Berlin in
1625-
1626,
and the conclusions available from this material regarding the structural
specificities of Bethlen's foreign policy in the Protestant courts of Europe.
The Polish nobleman, due to his weird behavior during his two visits at the
Brandenburg court, was suspected of faking his identity and being a spy instead
English summaries
381
of Bethlen's diplomat. He was kept in prison until the letter of his prince arrived,
which acknowledged Zaklika as a Transylvanian envoy. Apart from his personal
inadequacy, the Brandenburg authorities were also at a loss over phenomena
stemming from the structural problems of Transylvanian foreign policy, such
as the unclear status of the diplomat; the fact that several envoys were sent to
the same direction, which sometimes motivated them to change their course
during the journey; and that most of the diplomats, as noted above, had very
little idea about the world of Transylvanian politics apart from the person of the
prince.
The custom to employ foreigners for the Transylvanian diplomacy with non-
neighboring lands must have been motivated by the fact that they were not that
much expected to negotiate specific issues, rather to map up possibilities for
cooperation and give general information concerning the prince's intentions.
Although the system changed in the later decades of the seventeenth century,
this may be the result of the fact that in this period much less politically involved
emigrants came into Transylvania than in the 1620s.
Bethlen's unknown plan for a campaign against Ferdinand. II and Catholic
Europe
SÁNDOR
PAPP
The life of
Gábor Bethlen,
prince of Transylvania had been strongly connected
to Ottoman politics already before his coming to power. His contemporaries
considered him since his young age to be a confidant of the Sublime Porte and
he was rumored to openly stand up for a pro-Ottoman attitude, which most
other Christians condemned. The primary goal of this study is to serve as an
introduction to the source edition, an autograph letter of
Gábor Bethlen,
in
which he called his envoys in Constantinople in
11
April
1621
to make the
Sublime Porte change the direction of its planned campaign against Poland and
direct it towards the
Habsburg
Empire.
In the period when
Bethlen
wrote his instructions, the war he had started
against Ferdinand II, king of Hungary during the autumn of
1619
reached a
critical point. The prince prepared his retreat, was about to conclude a cease¬
fire and decided the ultimate delay of his coronation with the holy crown of
Hungary. He however received good news from the Ottoman capital, that the
Porte started to openly support the Hungarian's anti-Habsburg movements, and
the intervention of Ottoman and Tatar troops might have been expected. These
raised his hopes that he may influence the sultan to change his plans and grant
382
English summaries
the Polish campaign only a secondary role. If the main Ottoman forces would
have turned towards Hungary, this could have won the Hungarian territories
under
Habsburg
rule for
Bethlen.
During the reconstruction of the diplomatic negotiations I relied upon, apart
from the published correspondence, the holdings of the
Başbakanhk
Osmanli
Arsivi
(Istanbul), especially the
ruznamçe
and
baş
muhasebe
defieri,
as well
as the collections of the Hungarian National Archives and the manuscript
collection in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Gábor
Bethlen's philosophy concerning diplomacy and his representation
around
1628
PÉTER SZABÓ
The extensive Western diplomatic contacts of
Gábor Bethlen
and his frequent
sending of envoys made the Porte suspicious towards the prince. In
1628
he
wrote an instruction to his envoy in order to appease the grand vizier, which
referred to the Transylvanian diplomatic missions of the preceding centuries,
claiming that they all served the interest of Istanbul. He had good reasons to do
so, as on the long run he was interested in an anti-Ottoman war. On the short
run, his plans concerned the Polish kingdom. Among the cultural motivations
of Bethlen's apology were his cordial contacts to Vienna: his musicians showed
up frequently in the
Kaiserstadt,
whereas there were no Turkish musicians in
his own orchestra.
Bethlen
took to French royal ceremonies and several of their
elements found their way to his pompous nuptial ceremony in
Kassa,
1626.
The inauguration ceremonies of the main Ottoman dignitaries included the
donation of flags and orchestras, and the vassal status was best shown through
sending drums and Turkish orchestras as gifts. Romanian voievods received
such on the occasion of their inaugurations. This privilege of protocol was
turned down by
Bethlen,
who was striving for receiving the flag only, which was
the softest version of accepting Ottoman vassalage. The rites with flags played
an important role in Transylvania as well as in the Kingdom of Hungary. Perhaps
this is why they were appealing for
Gábor Bethlen.
The study also addresses the
motivations and instruments of Bethlen's gift-giving culture.
English summaries
383
The image of Hungary and Transylvania in the time of the uprising of Prince
István Bocskai
and the campaigns of Prince
Gábor Bethlen
1604-1626
KEES
TESZELSZKY
This is a study of cultural geography in early modern Europe: of the manner,
in which Hungary and Transylvania and its inhabitants were imagined,
appropriated and manipulated in the Low Countries. It takes as a subject the
Dutch representation of Hungary and Transylvania and its inhabitants in the
period of an uprising and several campaigns against
Habsburg
rule in Hungary
and Transylvania, taking the political, religious and cultural developments in
both territories into account. It examines how the idea of Hungary first entered
the Dutch imagination, how it evolved into a staple of political rhetoric, how
it received a prominent place in Dutch historiography and how it ultimately
was implemented into the ways the Dutch saw themselves in the world. This
is therefore also a study about the ways the Dutch imagined themselves as a
people in relation to others and conceived the place of their Republic in the
world amidst other states.
The "Dutch" in this study formed an early modern community living in the
territory of the Low Countries that was outstandingly urban and phenomenally
literate. Moreover, it was self-conscious, well informed and substantially open
to the world outside the Low Countries. These people and their elite were
responsible for a stunning political, economic and cultural expansion that
started in the northern part at the end of the sixteenth century and peaked
around
1650.
After the truce with Spain in
1612,
it continued to compete with its
Flemish relatives and their
Habsburg
rulers in the south, by means of a cultural
war. Over almost hundred years, the Dutch in north and south produced an
overwhelming amount of literature and art expressing their developing identity
in chronicles, broadsides, newspapers, tracts, paintings and engravings, in
which representations of Hungary, the Hungarians, their rulers and national
symbols played a modest but remarkable role.
The Dutch historian
Emanuel
van
Méteren
presented a providentialist
mirror to his readers when describing the successful Hungarian rebellion in his
History of the Dutch Revolt
(1608).
The analogy has to prove the providential
background of both wars against catholic tyranny in favour of
protestant
religion.
The political success of the Hungarian and the Transylvanian estates did also
legitimate the political goals of the Dutch estates. As this work was the most
widely read history book in the Netherlands, it had an enormous and lasting
influence on the development of the image of Hungary and Transylvania.
384
English summaries
In the wake of the Thirty Years' War, both sides in the north and the south
of the Low Countries paid even greater polemical attention to Hungary, which
now appeared as the central battlefield, where the outcome of the confessional
conflict between Catholics and Protestants would be decided. The idea of a
close relation between the political events in the Ottoman Empire, Hungary/
Transylvania and the Netherlands was one of the pillars of the Dutch-Ottoman
diplomatic contacts, which began when Cornells
Haga
was appointed as the
first Dutch ambassador in Constantinople in
1612.
The vast stream of Dutch
information about Hungary from the north was countered by prints from the
Southern Netherlands inspired by the
Habsburg
propaganda. The Antwerp
printer Abraham
Verhoeven
(1575-1652)
published a newsletter almost
weekly, often even illustrated, about Hungary and Transylvania, written from
the Catholic
Habsburg
point of view. The purpose of these newspapers was not
only to promote the
Habsburg
cause in Central Europe in the north and the
south of the Low Countries, but also to attract young Flemish and Walloon
soldiers to take up the arms against the Protestants in the east, as happened
earlier during the Bocskai-uprising
(1604-1606).
The far distance, the Protestant character and its analogous history of revolt
against the Habsburgs perfectly suited the purposes and polemics of the Dutch
Republic and the
Habsburg
lands in the southern part of the Low Countries. It
enabled the Dutch and Flemish to create an image of Hungary that matched the
rhetorical imperative of the day: to produce a cultural construction based on a
geographical entity that addressed the evolving ideological needs. The Dutch
operated a geographical discourse about Hungary that fitted into their ideology,
which was expressed in the high and the low culture of the Dutch Golden Age.
Gábor Bethlen's
European presence
ÁGNES
R. VÁRKONYI
This paper studies the European presence of the most important ruler of
the Principality of Transylvania,
Gábor Bethlen
(1580-1629)
in the light of
predominant developments of the Early Modern Age such as the general crisis
of the seventeenth century, the Thirty Years War, the international networks of
alliances, the absolutist governments, the
Habsburg
and Ottoman Empires, the
nation states, the modern expectations towards governments, the new science
of political cultures, the explosion of information networks and the law of
concluding peace.
English summaries
385
The study gives an overview on the extreme views on
Gábor Bethlen
in the
early modern era as well as in posterity. This ruler of the Transylvanian state
—
a
tributary of the Ottoman Empire, but also belonging to the power sphere of the
Habsburgs
-
was on the one hand regarded as a creature of the Turks, on the
other as a monarch who had profound influence upon the fate of Europe. The
paper shows how
Bethlen
created tranquility, security and economic stability
in the country which had been ruined, destroyed by Ottoman and imperial
military interventions and on the verge of civil war. Having a wide range of
political experience and a good knowledge of contemporary political theories,
the prince managed to accommodate absolutist government and mercantilist
economic policies to Transylvanian circumstances. He was nevertheless unable
to compete with the propaganda campaign against him.
As
a
Realpolitiker,
he took the power relationships into account and
realized that his small country can only gain security in a European system of
alliances against the Ottoman and
Habsburg
imperial designs to incorporate
the principality in their own territories. Joining the Thirty Years War,
Bethlen
participated in two systems of alliances. As a consequence of the Bohemian
revolt, he led a campaign to Hungary in alliance with Frederick of the Palatinate
against the
Habsburg
emperor and king of Hungary, and created a confederation
with the estates of Bohemia, Moravia and Upper Austria
(1620)
in which free
trade, common currency and a common diplomatic representation at peace
negotiations would have served the stability of Central Europe. The weakness of
the coalition and the failure of the much-expected Dutch and English support
weigh a lot in answering the still open question why
Bethlen,
who had been
elected king of Hungary by the diet of
Besztercebánya
(1620)
never let himself
be crowned and why he concluded the Peace of Nikolsburg with Ferdinand II.
He joined The Hague alliance
(1625)
as a result of the support of the Dutch
ambassador at Constantinople, Cornelis
Haga;
and concluded the Treaty of
Westminster
(1626)
with the help of the English ambassador, Sir Thomas Roe.
The activities of The Hague alliance were hindered by Wallenstein's victory over
the troops of the Danish king, but Bethlen's terms, that the Principality should
be included in the universal European peace, was inherited by his successors.
The study also emphasizes that his marriage with Catherine of Brandenburg
(1626)
strengthened the European legitimacy of Bethlen's rule. His early death
prevented the realization of his economic cooperation with his brother-in-law,
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, for the monopolization of the European copper
markets as well as their endeavors in diplomacy; and also his plans, which met
those of the higher dignitaries of the Kingdom of Hungary, concerning the
alliance of Christian countries for a large anti-Ottoman war.
386
English summaries
Bethlen's election in the contemporary printed media
KRISZTINA VARSÁNYI
The coverage of the developments around Bethlen's election as king of Hungary
(1620)
by the contemporary printed media shows in a condensed form how the
press presented his pursuits altogether to the contemporary German public.
From an international point of view the question of the Hungarian throne's
succession was the matter of the greatest public interest from among those
concerning the prince of Transylvania. In the light of this it is only natural that
all the current press sources provide newsworthy information connected to
the election: there is a printed participant's account about the ceremony that
takes up several pages, followed by
Habsburg
Emperor's official standpoint on
the event. Weekly newspapers continuously report all information they receive
(now and then in a quite hasty manner), even hearsay
-
anything that publishers
come across makes it into the press.
Everyone had high expectations and was looking forward to an unambiguous,
clear coverage, which was however not always obtainable
—
not due to the failure
of the information gathering system, but mainly because of the complexity
and quick alternations of the events in Hungary. Publishers contemplated
inconsistent information with dissatisfaction, but they reported it nevertheless.
The editor's principle is clearly observed here: dubious information better than
no information at all. The importance of the events and the public interest was
so high that even the absence of news is regarded as news. Yet, the news was
newsworthy as long as it presented things interesting for the public, such as
that Prince Bethlen's throne succession or coronation had been imminent, or
that the prince
s
army had been involved in military activities. The study of the
weekly newspapers clearly shows that the international press estimated quite
successfully which the turning points of the developments in Hungary were, as
well as the dramatic trajectory of the events and the political sympathies of the
country's elite: the amount of news coverage was the highest during the diets of
Pozsony
and
Besztercebánya.
Apart from printed reports and weekly papers, in a quite unique manner,
there were also illustrated broadsheets published, in the background of which
we might look for Prince Bethlen's intentions to influence the public opinion
in Europe. The close event coverage of the weekly papers, the vivid though
subjective eyewitness accounts, the symbolic depictions of the prince provided
by the broadsheets which were circulated by authorities as means of propaganda
all precisely reflect the highly emotionally loaded interest towards
Bethlen
English summaries
387
and the developments around his person, which reached its peak exactly in
the time of his election. Anxious due to the approaching armies of
Bethlen,
the concerned press as well as the
Habsburg
propaganda system presented
the potential dangers of Bethlen's possible kingship in the form of monsters,
such as three-headed sheep and double-headed newborn children. Thus these
publications also mirrored that the relevance of the prince's role in European
politics in this period should not be underestimated.
[ Bayerische
Ì
Staatsbibliothek
l
München / |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Kármán, Gábor 1977- Teszelszky, Kees 1972- |
| author2_role | edt edt |
| author2_variant | g k gk k t kt |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1028081847 (DE-588)139245650 |
| author_facet | Kármán, Gábor 1977- Teszelszky, Kees 1972- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041973830 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)884513533 (DE-599)BSZ407450297 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV041973830 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T06:10:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789632844169 |
| language | Hungarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027416446 |
| oclc_num | 884513533 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 387 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | ELTE BTK Középkori és Kora Újkori Magyar Történeti Tanszéke [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bethlen Gábor und Europa ger Bethlen Gábor és Európa szerkesztette Kármán Gábor és Kees Teszelszky Budapest ELTE BTK Középkori és Kora Újkori Magyar Történeti Tanszéke [u.a.] 2013 387 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Namensregister. - Zusammenfassungen in engl. Sprache Gabriel Siebenbürgen, Fürst, 1580-1629 1580-1629 (DE-588)119108542 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Gabriel Siebenbürgen, Fürst, 1580-1629 1580-1629 (DE-588)119108542 p Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s DE-604 Kármán, Gábor 1977- (DE-588)1028081847 edt Teszelszky, Kees 1972- (DE-588)139245650 edt Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027416446&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027416446&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Bethlen Gábor és Európa Gabriel Siebenbürgen, Fürst, 1580-1629 1580-1629 (DE-588)119108542 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)119108542 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Bethlen Gábor és Európa |
| title_auth | Bethlen Gábor és Európa |
| title_exact_search | Bethlen Gábor és Európa |
| title_full | Bethlen Gábor és Európa szerkesztette Kármán Gábor és Kees Teszelszky |
| title_fullStr | Bethlen Gábor és Európa szerkesztette Kármán Gábor és Kees Teszelszky |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bethlen Gábor és Európa szerkesztette Kármán Gábor és Kees Teszelszky |
| title_short | Bethlen Gábor és Európa |
| title_sort | bethlen gabor es europa |
| topic | Gabriel Siebenbürgen, Fürst, 1580-1629 1580-1629 (DE-588)119108542 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gabriel Siebenbürgen, Fürst, 1580-1629 1580-1629 Politik Europa Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027416446&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027416446&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT karmangabor bethlengaboreseuropa AT teszelszkykees bethlengaboreseuropa |