A secretissima instructio (1620): a kora újkori politikai paradigmaváltás egy Bethlen-kori röpirat tükrében
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Hungarian Latin |
| Published: |
Budapest
ELTE BTK Középkori és Kora Újkori Magyar Történeti Tanszéke [u.a.]
2014
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Text überw. ungar., teilw. latein. und ungar. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | 233 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789632844831 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Tartalomjegyzék
BEVEZETÉS
.......................................................................................... 9
A
Secretíssima
instructio a kortárs
pamfletirodalomban
............................................................... 12
Egy közeli párhuzam: Wenceslaus Meroschwa
levéltraktátusa
..........................................................................24
К
Secretíssima
instructio szövege
........................................28
A törökösség kérdése
.............................................................36
Bethlen levelei
..........................................................................40
A szerző és a példányok nyomában:
az eddigi kísérletek
.................................................................48
Túl az Alpok hágóin
................................................................70
Machiavelli redivivus
.............................................................88
A
Secretíssima
instructio hatása
.........................................106
Konklúzió
...............................................................................119
SECRETÍSSIMA
INSTRUCTIO
/
LEGTITKOSABB TANÍTÁS (kétnyelvű kiadás)
.......................125
MELLÉKLETEK
...............................................................................191
De praesenti
Germaniae statu
(1613)...............................193
Instructio praedicantium
(1620).......................................210
De
usu
victoriae Bohemicae
(1621) .................................213
ÖSSZEFOGLALÁS
........................................................................224
ENGLISH
SUMMARY
...................................................................229
English
summary
The aim of this volume, in addition to publishing the text of the
Secretíssima
instructio
(1620),
has been to identify the author of
this anonymous pamphlet and explore its historical and intellec¬
tual context. This pro-Catholic publication, written against Fre¬
derick V, Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia, merits greater
attention for several reasons. It was not only the most popular
political pamphlet of the era, with more than
20
Latin and Ger¬
man editions in
1620
alone and with French, English and Italian
translations and several circulating manuscript versions; it also
represented a kind of new art in political literature, a genre that
artfully mixed historical documents, precise information and real
analysis with biting sarcasm. In terms of the history of Hungary
and Transylvania, the pamphlet merits special attention because
it made Gabriel
Bethlen,
Prince of Transylvania, a central figure of
the text and included two of his letters in the middle. Moreover, as
an extraordinary example of contemporary Catholic, anti-Bethlen
propaganda, it offers insights into the role of Transylvania at the
beginning of the Thirty Years War as well as the problem of the
Ottoman alliance and its international reception and criticism.
I explain the unprecedented quantity of propaganda writings at
the beginning of the Thirty Years War with reference to the fragil¬
ity of political alliances: this war could not be won without credit,
credibility and allies, which were all largely dependent on public
opinion. The goal of discrediting the enemy through published
works led to the birth of new propaganda techniques and styles.
As an example I present in detail the Machiavellian fictional letter
treatise of the same year allegedly authored by Wenceslaus Mero-
schwa as an analogical piece of writing. It is thematically and sty¬
listically so close to the
Secretíssima
instructio that we can rightly
assume that the two works were written by the same person.
Having carefully paraphrased the text in question, I examine
the problem of the Turkish association: the alternative of an
Ottoman alliance
was both the greatest political strength of the
prince of Transylvania and the Protestant Union s most vulner¬
able point, its Achilles heel. Unsurprisingly, therefore, it was the
main target of the criticism made in the
Secretíssima
instructio.
The published letters by Gabriel
Bethlen
sought to present the
Hungarian associate of the Protestant Union as a vassal of the Ot¬
toman Empire that had endangered Christian Europe by bring¬
ing the barbarian enemy into its core. These letters, written origi¬
nally in Hungarian, would later be of great value to Hungarian
historians with an interest in
Bethlen.
They have survived in con¬
temporary copies (and in a German translation) and can rightly
be considered authentic. Their importance and broader circula¬
tion is revealed by the pro-Habsburg publication of
1621
(Aiagyar
országnak mostani állapattyáról
с),
which also included them.
Most theories about the authorship of the pamphlet have been
based on contemporary information (or guesses), like the recent
one by Wolfgang Weber, which attributes the book to an Augs¬
burg patrician named Paul
Weiser
on grounds of an annotation
discovered on one of the surviving copies. Although this anno¬
tation can be regarded as contemporary (as I demonstrate it was
made by
Herzog
August, the founder of the
Wolfenbüttel
libra¬
ry),
Weiser
s authorship may be questioned on several grounds.
Among earlier theories, the most credible is that which purports
the author came from the circle of Hungarian Archbishop
Péter
Pázmány,
a theory which was first voiced by
Pázmány
s
Protestant
foe,
Péter Alvinczi.
This theory may be supported by several ar¬
guments. First, the most important publisher of the
Secretíssima
instructio, the Augsburg typography run by the widow Sara Man-
gin, also played an essential role in the publication of the works of
Pázmány
and other pro-Habsburg authors. Moreover, one of the
1620
Augsburg editions of the work was bound together with a
Latin tract by
Pázmány,
and Sara Mangin was also the publisher
of the booklets written in defence of the
Secretíssima
instructio
by one of
Pázmány
s
collaborators,
Tamás Balásfi.
Second, a 17th-
230
century manuscript copy held by the National
Széchényi
Library
attributes the work to Archbishop
Pázmány
and the former Bohe¬
mian chancellor
Zdeněk
Vojtech
Popel z Lobkovic.
The informati¬
on about, and letters from, Hungary contained in the
Secretíssima
instructio also suggest an author that was close to the Hungarian
Chancellery in Vienna. Finally, one also wonders why
Tamás
Ba-
lásfi,
when defending the pamphlet against Alvinczi s criticism,
does not protest against the claim of
Pázmány
s
authorship but
rather reveals his sympathies towards the writer. Despite all these
arguments, basing my argument on philological observations and
a detailed analysis of the work, I have sought to show that neither
Lobkovic nor
Pázmány
could rightly be claimed as authors of the
work, albeit their contribution (in giving access to information
and distribution) should not be excluded. Rather, a textual and
philological analysis of the work indicates that the author was of
German origin.
This author has been identified as
Kaspar Schoppe (1576—
1649),
a highly erudite man of humanist education and a skilled
religious and political polemicist. Schoppe worked for Philip III of
Spain and for Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, as an autono¬
mous agent. In order to present the external reasons for Schoppe s
authorship, I first needed to precisely date the pamphlet: I con¬
cluded that May
1620
was the most likely time of its writing. The
most important argument for Schoppe s authorship is a manu¬
script pamphlet (published in the Appendices) dated
15
June and
distributed in Valtellina, the northern neighbour of Milan, by pro-
Spanish agents seeking to generate a civil war and drive Valtellina
back into Spanish hands. This pamphlet can be regarded, in full,
as an extract of the
Secretíssima
instructio
-
obviously adapted
to the political context of Valtellina. Since the period of time be¬
tween the writing of the two pieces was very short (and certainly
not sufficient for the broader circulation of the
Secretíssima
in¬
structio) and since such a perfect adaptation (recycling) could
hardly be achieved, it seems certain that the two pamphlets share
231
the same author, who should thus be searched for in the
Duch)
of Milan or its vicinity. Works published in the 1620s and dealing
with the civil war of
Val tellina
also recognized the great similarity
claiming that the author of the
Secretíssima
instructio was Kaspai
Schoppe. As we know from Schoppe s recently published corres¬
pondence, he arrived in Milan in May and met the duke of Milan
at the beginning of June. On this occasion, he handed over a lit¬
tle book and was promised by the duke s councillor a sum of
500
ducats, as well as the Spanish pension that was pending. In fact,
he received these on
23
June and
3
July.
There are not only external reasons for Schoppe s authorship:
the second part of the introduction aims to place the
Secretíssima
instructio in Schoppe s biography and in his intellectual world.
His political views are also illustrated by the hitherto unpublished
pieces of political advice, which have been placed in the Appen¬
dix. For this study in particular, a crucial point in the biography
was the year
1614,
when Schoppe obtained a Spanish pension in
Madrid. As a Spanish agent, he continued publishing pamphlets
(many of them anonymously or with pseudonyms) in the interest
of the entire Catholic League, moving in the last years of the same
decade to Milan ( the heart of the Spanish empire ). Among the
numerous propaganda works he published year by year, we also
find an interesting piece translated by Paul VCelser (and his bro¬
ther). A curious text is the
Oratio paraenetica
(1619),
published
with a pseudonym; it is philologically and thematically similar to
the
Secretíssima
instructio in many points. The two works, bound
together, appeared in French translation in
1621.
Schoppe s po¬
litical publications were permeated by the spirit of
Machiavelli.
This was, however, more than the fashion of the times; in the late
161Os and especially in
162O,
Schoppe was consciously fighting
for Machiavelli s rehabilitation. He was convinced that the Protes¬
tant-Catholic antagonism was also rooted in a misinterpretation of
Machiavelli,
whereby Protestants transferred negative prejudices
about
Machiavelli
to all Catholics. He fought for Machiavelli s re-
232
habilitation
not only through a series of books that were to remain
unpublished but also in person. Having finished the
Secretíssima
instructio, he completed another work in defence of
Machiavelli
and then proceeded to Florence in order to discuss a potential re¬
vision of the ban on
Machiavellťs
works with the offspring of the
great political thinker among others.
In the last part of the study I analyse the influence of the
Sec¬
retíssima
instructio and present the anonymous works written as
a reaction. I also examine the debate over the work between
Péter
Alvinczi and
Tamás Balásfi,
which is spread over four publica¬
tions. Characteristic of the international influence of the pamphlet
was the reaction of the Council of Venice, which considered the
possible ways of defence responding to a single paragraph of the
work. At the Council s instigation, Paolo Sarpi examined the di¬
lemmas of inimical propaganda aiming at defamation in a treatise
of
10
pages. While Sarpi argued about the uselessness of apology
in these cases, Alvinczi prepared a typical apology in Bethlens
defence, excusing Transylvania s Ottoman alliance and accusing
the Catholics and the emperor of Machiavellism. (Paradoxically,
the vulgar Machiavellism of Schoppe s propaganda strengthened
the association between Machiavellism and Catholicism, against
which he was fighting in his theoretical writings.)
Balásŕľs
res¬
ponses to Alvinczi suggest that
Balásfi
had information about
the author and the making of the pamphlet. This reinforces the
impression that Archbishop
Pázmány
and those around him par¬
ticipated in the creation of the work, both as Schoppe s informers
and as divulgaters. A Viennese contribution may be seen also in
the printing of a German copy of the work (in a translation that
differs from those of Augsburg) and identified as a work of a Vi¬
ennese press. Most probably, however, apart from Vienna, there
were also other centres of distribution, in particular Augsburg.
f
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
1 München
233
V.
_________
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Almási, Gábor |
| author_GND | (DE-588)140147624 |
| author_facet | Almási, Gábor |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Almási, Gábor |
| author_variant | g a ga |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041973803 |
| classification_rvk | FZ 90000 NN 1683 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)884468289 (DE-599)OBVAC11749028 |
| discipline | Geschichte Philologie / Byzantinistik / Neulatein |
| era | Geschichte 1620 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1620 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Quelle |
| id | DE-604.BV041973803 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:09:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789632844831 |
| language | Hungarian Latin |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027416420 |
| oclc_num | 884468289 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 233 S. |
| psigel | DHB_BSB_BVID_0018 |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | ELTE BTK Középkori és Kora Újkori Magyar Történeti Tanszéke [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Almási, Gábor Verfasser (DE-588)140147624 aut A secretissima instructio (1620) a kora újkori politikai paradigmaváltás egy Bethlen-kori röpirat tükrében Gábor Almási Budapest ELTE BTK Középkori és Kora Újkori Magyar Történeti Tanszéke [u.a.] 2014 233 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Text überw. ungar., teilw. latein. und ungar. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Literaturangaben Schoppe, Caspar 1576-1649 (DE-588)119298600 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1620 gnd rswk-swf Autorschaft (DE-588)4130545-0 gnd rswk-swf Geheimdokument (DE-588)4424889-1 gnd rswk-swf Flugschrift (DE-588)4154770-6 gnd rswk-swf Theologie (DE-588)4059758-1 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Streitschrift (DE-588)4129058-6 gnd rswk-swf Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content Schoppe, Caspar 1576-1649 (DE-588)119298600 p Autorschaft (DE-588)4130545-0 s Streitschrift (DE-588)4129058-6 s Geschichte 1620 z DE-604 Theologie (DE-588)4059758-1 s Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 s Geheimdokument (DE-588)4424889-1 s Flugschrift (DE-588)4154770-6 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027416420&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027416420&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Almási, Gábor A secretissima instructio (1620) a kora újkori politikai paradigmaváltás egy Bethlen-kori röpirat tükrében Schoppe, Caspar 1576-1649 (DE-588)119298600 gnd Autorschaft (DE-588)4130545-0 gnd Geheimdokument (DE-588)4424889-1 gnd Flugschrift (DE-588)4154770-6 gnd Theologie (DE-588)4059758-1 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Streitschrift (DE-588)4129058-6 gnd Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)119298600 (DE-588)4130545-0 (DE-588)4424889-1 (DE-588)4154770-6 (DE-588)4059758-1 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4129058-6 (DE-588)4076374-2 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | A secretissima instructio (1620) a kora újkori politikai paradigmaváltás egy Bethlen-kori röpirat tükrében |
| title_auth | A secretissima instructio (1620) a kora újkori politikai paradigmaváltás egy Bethlen-kori röpirat tükrében |
| title_exact_search | A secretissima instructio (1620) a kora újkori politikai paradigmaváltás egy Bethlen-kori röpirat tükrében |
| title_full | A secretissima instructio (1620) a kora újkori politikai paradigmaváltás egy Bethlen-kori röpirat tükrében Gábor Almási |
| title_fullStr | A secretissima instructio (1620) a kora újkori politikai paradigmaváltás egy Bethlen-kori röpirat tükrében Gábor Almási |
| title_full_unstemmed | A secretissima instructio (1620) a kora újkori politikai paradigmaváltás egy Bethlen-kori röpirat tükrében Gábor Almási |
| title_short | A secretissima instructio (1620) |
| title_sort | a secretissima instructio 1620 a kora ujkori politikai paradigmavaltas egy bethlen kori ropirat tukreben |
| title_sub | a kora újkori politikai paradigmaváltás egy Bethlen-kori röpirat tükrében |
| topic | Schoppe, Caspar 1576-1649 (DE-588)119298600 gnd Autorschaft (DE-588)4130545-0 gnd Geheimdokument (DE-588)4424889-1 gnd Flugschrift (DE-588)4154770-6 gnd Theologie (DE-588)4059758-1 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Streitschrift (DE-588)4129058-6 gnd Propaganda (DE-588)4076374-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Schoppe, Caspar 1576-1649 Autorschaft Geheimdokument Flugschrift Theologie Politik Streitschrift Propaganda Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027416420&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027416420&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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