Natural language generation in interactive systems:
"An informative and comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in natural language generation (NLG) for interactive systems, this guide serves to introduce graduate students and new researchers to the field of natural language processing and artificial intelligence, while inspiring them wit...
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge ; New York
Cambridge Univ. Press
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "An informative and comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in natural language generation (NLG) for interactive systems, this guide serves to introduce graduate students and new researchers to the field of natural language processing and artificial intelligence, while inspiring them with ideas for future research. Detailing the techniques and challenges of NLG for interactive applications, it focuses on the research into systems that model collaborativity and uncertainty, are capable of being scaled incrementally, and can engage with the user effectively. A range of real-world case studies is also included. The book and the accompanying website feature a comprehensive bibliography, and refer the reader to corpora, data, software and other resources for pursuing research on natural language generation and interactive systems, including dialog systems, multimodal interfaces and assistive technologies. It is an ideal resource for students and researchers in computational linguistics, natural language processing and related fields"-- |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 363 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781107010024 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Natural language generation in interactive systems |c ed. by Amanda Stent and Srinivas Bangalore |
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| adam_text | Contents
List of contributors page
xiii
1
Introduction
1
Amanda Stent and Srinivas Bangalore
1.1
Natural language generation |
1.2
Interactive systems
2
1.3
Natural language generation for interactive systems
2
1.3.1
Collaboration
3
1.3.2
Reference
5
1.3.3
Handling uncertainty
5
1.3.4
Engagement
6
1.3.5
Evaluation and shared tasks
7
1.4
Summary
8
References
8
Parti Joint construction
ц
2
Communicative intentions and natural language generation
1
з
Nate Blaylock
2.1
Introduction
13
2.2
What are communicative intentions?
13
2.3
Communicative intentions in interactive systems
15
2.3.1
Fixed-task models
16
2.3.2
Plan-based models
17
2.3.3
Conversation Acts Theory
21
2.3.4
Rational behavior models
22
2.4
Modeling communicative intentions with problem solving
23
2.4.1
Collaborative problem solving
23
2.4.2
Collaborative problem solving state
24
2.4.3
Grounding
25
2.4.4
Communicative intentions
26
2.5
Implications of collaborative problem solving for
NLG
27
2.6
Conclusions and future work
30
References
31
vi
Contents
Pursuing and demonstrating understanding in dialogue
David DeVault and Matthew Stone
3.1
Introduction
34
3.2
Background
35
3.2.1
Grounding behaviors
36
3.2.2
Grounding as a collaborative process
38
3.2.3
Grounding as problem solving
40
3.3
An
NLG
model for flexible grounding
42
3.3.1
Utterances and contributions
44
3.3.2
Modeling uncertainty in interpretation
47
3.3.3
Generating under uncertainty
47
3.3.4
Examples
49
3.4
Alternative approaches
51
3.4.1
Incremental common ground
52
3.4.2
Probabilistic inference
52
3.4.3
Correlating conversational success with grounding features
53
3.5
Future challenges
54
3.5.1
Explicit
multimodal
grounding
54
3.5.2
Implicit
multimodal
grounding
55
3.5.3
Grounding through task action
56
3.6
Conclusions
57
References
58
Dialogue and compound contributions
63
Matthew Purver, Julian Hough, and
Eleni Gregoromichelaki
4.1
Introduction
63
4.2
Compound contributions
64
4.2.1
Introduction
64
4.2.2
Data
64
4.2.3
Incremental interpretation vs. incremental representation
68
4.2.4
CCs and intentions
69
4.2.5
CCs and coordination
69
4.2.6
Implications for
NLG
70
4.3
Previous work
70
4.3.1
Psycholinguistic research
70
4.3.2
Incrementality in
NLG
71
4.3.3
Interleaving parsing and generation
72
4.3.4
Incremental
NLG
for dialogue
72
4.3.5
Computational and formal approaches
73
4.3.6
Summary
75
4.4
Dynamic Syntax (DS) and Type Theory with Records (TTR)
75
4.4.1
Dynamic Syntax
75
4.4.2
Meeting the criteria
79
Contents
vii
4.5
Generating compound contributions
82
4.5.1
The DyLan dialogue system
82
4.5.2
Parsing and generation co-constructing a shared
data structure
83
4.5.3
Speaker transition points
84
4.6
Conclusions and implications for
NLG
systems
86
References
88
Partii
Reference
93
Referability
95
Kees
van Deemter
5.1
Introduction
95
5.2
An algorithm for generating boolean referring expressions
97
5.3
Addi ng
proper names to REG
101
5.4
Knowledge representation
103
5.4.1
Relational descriptions
103
5.4.2
Knowledge representation and REG
104
5.4.3
Description Logic for REG
106
5.5
Referability
113
5.6
Why study highly expressive REG algorithms?
119
5.6.1
Sometimes the referent could not be identified before
119
5.6.2
Sometimes they generate simpler referring expressions
119
5.6.3
Simplicity is not everything
120
5.6.4
Complex content does not always require a complex form
120
5.6.5
Characterizing linguistic competence
121
5.7
Whither REG?
122
References
122
Referring expression generation in interaction: A graph-based perspective
126
Emiel Krahmer,
Martijn Goudbeek,
and
Mariét
Theune
6.1
Introduction
126
6.1.1
Referring expression generation
127
6.1.2
Preferences versus adaptation in reference
127
6.2
Graph-based referring expression generation
129
6.2.1
Scene graphs
129
6.2.2
Referring graphs
129
6.2.3
Formalizing reference in terms of subgraph isomorphism
130
6.2.4
Cost functions
131
6.2.5
Algorithm
131
6.2.6
Discussion
132
6.3
Determining preferences and computing costs
134
viii
Gontents
1 47
6.4 Adaptation
and interaction lJ
6.4.1
Experiment I: adaptation and attribute selection
138
6.4.2
Experimentll: adaptation and overspecification
141
6.5
General discussion *3
6.6
Conclusion
References
Partili
Handling uncertainty 149
7
Reinforcement learning approaches to natural language
generation in interactive systems 1
5 <
Oliver Lemon, Srinivasan Janarthanam, and
Verena Rieser
7.1
Motivation
151
7.1.1
Background: Reinforcement learning approaches to
NLG
152
7.1.2
Previous work in adaptive
NLG
153
7.2
Adaptive information presentation
155
7.2.1
Corpus
157
7.2.2
User simulations for training
NLG
157
7.2.3
Data-driven reward function
159
7.2.4
Reinforcement learning experiments
159
7.2.5
Results: Simulated users
161
7.2.6
Results: Real users
162
7.3
Adapting to unknown users in referring expression generation
163
7.3.1
Corpus
164
7.3.2
Dialogue manager and generation modules
164
7.3.3
Referring expression generation module
165
7.3.4
User simulations
166
7.3.5
Training the referring expression generation module
167
7.3.6
Evaluation with real users
169
7.4
Adaptive temporal referring expressions
171
7.4.1
Corpus
171
7.4.2
User simulation
171
7.4.3
Evaluation with real users
172
7.5
Research directions
173
7.6
Conclusions
173
References
175
8
A joint learning approach for situated language generation
180
Nina Dethlefs and Heriberto
Cuayáhuffl
8.1
Introduction jgQ
8.2
GIVE jgj
8.2.1
The
give-2
corpus
131
8.2.2
Natural language generation for GIVE
183
Contents ix
8.2.3 Data
annotation
and baseline
NLG
system
184
8.3
Hierarchical reinforcement learning for
NLG
185
8.3.1
An example
185
8.3.2
Reinforcement learning with a flat state-action space
187
8.3.3
Reinforcement learning with a hierarchical
state-action space
187
8.4
Hierarchical reinforcement learning for GIVE
188
8.4.1
Experimental setting
188
8.4.2
Experimental results
192
8.5
Hierarchical reinforcement learning and HMMs for GIVE
193
8.5.1
Hidden Markov models for surface realization
193
8.5.2
Retraining the learning agent
195
8.5.3
Results
196
8.6
Discussion
198
8.7
Conclusions and future work
200
References
201
Part IV Engagement
205
. ;: : ..■.:...::!...:.
¡o«,,
,.!.,,,
9
Data-driven methods for linguistic style control
207
François Mairesse
9.1
Introduction
207
9.2
PERSONAGE: personality-dependent linguistic control
208
9.3
Learning to control a handcrafted generator from data
212
9.3.1
Overgenerate and rank
212
9.3.2
Parameter estimation models
217
9.4
Learning a generator from data using factored language models
220
9.5
Discussion and future challenges
222
References
224
10
Integration of cultural factors into the behavioral models
of virtual characters
227
Birgit Endrass
and Elisabeth
André
10.1
Introduction
227
10.2
Culture and communicative behaviors
229
10.2.1
Levels of culture
229
10.2.2
Cultural dichotomies
231
10.2.3
Hofstede s
dimensional model and synthetic cultures
232
10.3
Levels of cultural adaptation
233
10.3.1
Culture-specific adaptation of context
233
10.3.2
Culture-specific adaptation of form
234
10.3.3
Culture-specific communication management
235
Contents
10.4
Approaches to culture-specific modeling for embodied virtual agents
236
10.4.1
Top-down approaches
236
10.4.2
Bottom-up approaches
237
10.5
A hybrid approach to integrating culture-specific behaviors into
virtual agents
238
10.5.1
Cultural profiles for Germany and Japan
239
10.5.2
Behavioral expectations for Germany and Japan
239
10.5.3
Formalization of culture-specific behavioral differences
242
10.5.4
Computational models for culture-specific
conversational behaviors
245
10.5.5
Simulation
246
10.5.6
Evaluation
247
10.6
Conclusions
248
References
248
11
Natural language generation for augmentative and assistive technologies
252
Nava
Tintarev,
Ehud Reiter, Rolf
Black, and Annalu Waller
11.1
Introduction
252
11.2
Background on augmentative and alternative communication
253
11.2.1
State of the art
253
11.2.2
Related research
256
11.2.3
Diversity in users of AAC
257
11.2.4
Other AAC challenges
258
11.3
Application areas of
NLG
in AAC
259
11.3.1
Helping AAC users communicate
259
11.3.2
Teaching communication skills to AAC users
260
11.3.3
Accessibility: Helping people with visual impairments access
information
260
11.3.4
Summary
261
11.4
Example project: How was School Today...?
261
11.4.1
Use case
261
11.4.2
Example interaction
262
11.4.3
NLG
in How was School Today...?
262
11.4.4
Current work on How was School Today.
.. ? 268
11.5
Challenges for
NLG
and AAC
272
11.5.1
Supporting social interaction
272
11.5.2
Narrative
273
11.5.3
User personalization
273
11.5.4
System evaluation
273
11.5.5
Interaction and dialogue
274
11.6
Conclusions
References
Contents xi
.::
■:■ -. -. -. : -■ ■:. ■:. :.■.:■:■. ·■·. ..: ; ..,:.......; .. ... .,;... ■ .;...■...;.:;...:■ · ; . .. ...
ύί
Part
V
Evaluation
and shared tasks
279
12
Eye tracking for the online evaluation of prosody in speech synthesis
281
Michael White, Rajakrishnan Rajkumar, Kiwako
Ito,
and Shari R.
Speer
12.1
Introduction
281
12.2
Experiment
283
12.2.1
Design and materials
283
12.2.2
Participants and eye-tracking procedure
285
12.3
Results
286
12.4
Interim discussion
289
12.5
Offline ratings
290
12.5.1
Design and materials
290
12.5.2
Results
291
12.6
Acoustic analysis using Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs)
292
12.6.1
Acoustic factors and looks to the area of interest
293
12.6.2
Relationship between ratings and looks
295
12.6.3
Correlation between rating and acoustic factors
296
12.7
Discussion
297
12.8
Conclusions
298
References
299
13
Comparative evaluation and shared tasks for
NLG
in interactive systems
302
Anja Beiz
and Helen
Hastie
13.1
Introduction
302
13.2
A categorization framework for evaluations of automatically
generated language
304
13.2.1
Evaluation measures
304
13.2.2
Higher-level quality criteria
307
13.2.3
Evaluation frameworks
308
13.2.4
Concluding comments
309
13.3
An overview of evaluation and shared tasks in
NLG
309
13.3.1
Component evaluation: Referring Expression Generation
309
13.3.2
Component evaluation: Surface Realization
315
13.3.3
End-to-end
NLG
systems: data-to-text generation
316
13.3.4
End-to-end
NLG
systems: text-to-text generation
317
13.3.5
Embedded
NLG
components
319
13.3.6
Embedded
NLG
components: the GIVE shared task
322
13.3.7
Concluding comments
325
13.4
An overview of evaluation for spoken dialogue systems
325
13.4.1
Introduction
325
13.4.2
Realism and control
325
xii Contents
13.4.3 Evaluation
frameworks
327
13.4.4
Shared tasks
329
13.4.5
Discussion
331
13.4.6
Concluding comments
331
13.5
A methodology for comparative evaluation of
NLG
components
in interactive systems
332
13.5.1
Evaluation model design
332
13.5.2
An evaluation model for comparative evaluation of
NLG
modules in interactive systems
333
13.5.3
Context-independent intrinsic output quality
334
13.5.4
Context-dependent intrinsic output quality
335
13.5.5
User satisfaction
336
13.5.6
Task effectiveness and efficiency
336
13.5.7
System purpose success
336
13.5.8
A proposal for a shared task on referring expression
generálion
in
dialogue context
337
13.5.9
GRUVE: A shared task on instruction giving in
pedestrian navigation
339
13.5.10
Concluding comments
34]
13.6
Conclusion
References
34
j
Author index
леї
Subject index
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1052807399 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041953476 |
| classification_rvk | ST 306 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)884878495 (DE-599)GBV771490399 |
| dewey-full | 006.3/5 |
| dewey-hundreds | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| dewey-ones | 006 - Special computer methods |
| dewey-raw | 006.3/5 |
| dewey-search | 006.3/5 |
| dewey-sort | 16.3 15 |
| dewey-tens | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| discipline | Informatik |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"An informative and comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in natural language generation (NLG) for interactive systems, this guide serves to introduce graduate students and new researchers to the field of natural language processing and artificial intelligence, while inspiring them with ideas for future research. Detailing the techniques and challenges of NLG for interactive applications, it focuses on the research into systems that model collaborativity and uncertainty, are capable of being scaled incrementally, and can engage with the user effectively. A range of real-world case studies is also included. The book and the accompanying website feature a comprehensive bibliography, and refer the reader to corpora, data, software and other resources for pursuing research on natural language generation and interactive systems, including dialog systems, multimodal interfaces and assistive technologies. It is an ideal resource for students and researchers in computational linguistics, natural language processing and related fields"--</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Automatische Sprachanalyse</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4129935-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Dialogsystem</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4131632-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Sprachproduktion</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4182529-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Natürliche Sprache</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041354-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4143413-4</subfield><subfield code="a">Aufsatzsammlung</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Automatische Sprachanalyse</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4129935-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Dialogsystem</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4131632-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Natürliche Sprache</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041354-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Sprachproduktion</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4182529-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Dialogsystem</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4131632-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Stent, Amanda</subfield><subfield code="d">1974-</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1052807399</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2=" "><subfield code="m">DE-601</subfield><subfield code="q">pdf/application</subfield><subfield code="u">http://www.gbv.de/dms/bowker/toc/9781107010024.pdf</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027396396&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027396396</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV041953476 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-01T10:51:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781107010024 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2013044149 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027396396 |
| oclc_num | 884878495 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-703 DE-384 DE-12 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-703 DE-384 DE-12 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS |
| physical | XVII, 363 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Natural language generation in interactive systems Automatische Sprachanalyse (DE-588)4129935-8 gnd Dialogsystem (DE-588)4131632-0 gnd Sprachproduktion (DE-588)4182529-9 gnd Natürliche Sprache (DE-588)4041354-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129935-8 (DE-588)4131632-0 (DE-588)4182529-9 (DE-588)4041354-8 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Natural language generation in interactive systems |
| title_auth | Natural language generation in interactive systems |
| title_exact_search | Natural language generation in interactive systems |
| title_full | Natural language generation in interactive systems ed. by Amanda Stent and Srinivas Bangalore |
| title_fullStr | Natural language generation in interactive systems ed. by Amanda Stent and Srinivas Bangalore |
| title_full_unstemmed | Natural language generation in interactive systems ed. by Amanda Stent and Srinivas Bangalore |
| title_short | Natural language generation in interactive systems |
| title_sort | natural language generation in interactive systems |
| topic | Automatische Sprachanalyse (DE-588)4129935-8 gnd Dialogsystem (DE-588)4131632-0 gnd Sprachproduktion (DE-588)4182529-9 gnd Natürliche Sprache (DE-588)4041354-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Automatische Sprachanalyse Dialogsystem Sprachproduktion Natürliche Sprache Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://www.gbv.de/dms/bowker/toc/9781107010024.pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027396396&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stentamanda naturallanguagegenerationininteractivesystems |