Ludzie starzy na wsi polskiej od schyłku XIX wieku po rok 1939:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Poznań
Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje
2014
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 519-543 |
| Physical Description: | 550, 29 s. il. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788363795481 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ludzie starzy na wsi polskiej od schyłku XIX wieku po rok 1939 |c Bartłomiej Gapiński |
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| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 519-543 | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1880-1939 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804152253234282496 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
Wstęp
................................. 9
Rozdział I
Przełom
XIX
i
XX
wieku
....................... 53
1.
Uwarunkowania historyczno-mentalne i warunki bytowe epoki
. . 53
2.
Czynniki wyznaczające początek starości i długość życia starców
. . 83
3.
Formy zabezpieczenia na starość
.................. 90
4.
Miejsce osoby starszej w rodzinie
.................. 108
5.
Stosunek do pracy
......................... 125
6.
Stosunek do tradycji
........................ 145
7.
Religi
j
no-magiczna aktywność seniorów
............. . 166
8.
Publiczna aktywność seniorów
................... 187
9.
Starość a żebractwo
......................... 210
10.
Starość a śmierć
........................... 235
11.
Podsumowanie
........................... 270
Rozdział
II
Lata
1914-1939............................ 287
1.
Uwarunkowania historyczno-mentalne i warunki bytowe epoki
. . 287
2.
Czynniki wyznaczające początek starości i długość życia starców
. . 335
3.
Formy zabezpieczenia na starość
.................. 341
4.
Miejsce osoby starszej w rodzinie
.................. 369
5.
Stosunek do pracy
......................... 385
6.
Stosunek do tradycji
........................ 399
7.
Religi
j
no-magiczna aktywność seniorów
.............. 424
8.
Publiczna aktywność seniorów
................... 442
•Q Spis
treści
9.
Starość
a
żebractwo
......................... 466
10.
Starość a śmierć
........................... 479
11.
Podsumowanie
........................... 483
Zakończenie
.............................. 495
Aneksy
................................. 499
8
Wykaz, skrótów
............................. 518
Bibliografìa
.............................. 519
Summary
................................ 545
Ilustracje
................................ 551
Summary
This very book entitled Old people in Polish villages from the close
of the 19th century till
1939
attempts to diagnose the situation of old
people at the turn of 19th century during three partitions and in the
Second Republic of Poland. It shows how villagers, peasants were
gradually rejecting models of traditional culture
—
the
postfigurative
culture depicted by Margaret Mead and were adapting to the reality
dominated by cofigurative culture model. The way the peasants, for¬
merly closed within the walls of their own villages, started to discover
the world outside and how this change affected the way the old were
treated is also shown in this work. I devote my attention to the way
social relations towards the old people changed, what the attitude to¬
wards tradition was, and, last but not least, how the stereotypes of an
old person and old age developed in peasant environment.
This book is the aftermath of my research into four basic source
complexes, namely: ethnographic materials, diaries, literature and in¬
terviews with old people. Altogether I conducted
34
interviews with
old people born before
1939,
all of them coming from villages. Most
of them were the inhabitants of Western
Kujawy
and came from peas¬
ant families. They gave the account on the rural reality of the inter-
war period. Two of them were important Catholic Church dignitaries:
archbishop
Ignacy Tokarczuk
and cardinal
Józef Glemp.
The records of the epoch, the ones I have found and the ones I have
collected, present complex, heterogeneous reality and confirm the
change in rural customs and morals concerning the attitude towards
the old in villages since the close of the 19th century till
1939.
</
Summary
Existential conditions in Polish villages, especially at the turn of
1
9th
century in Russian and Austrian annexations were tough. In the 80ies
of the
1
9th century, according to
Stanisław Szczepanowski
s
research,
Galicia
was troubled with famine. The Kingdom of Poland witnessed
the same situation. The immense poverty in the villages of the Kingdom
of Poland at the close of the 19th century was confirmed by entries in
diaries and it was also depicted in the novel by Adolf
Dygasiński
entitled
—
W Swojczy.
At the times of food shortage, all the remaining food was
first distributed among middle-aged people and children, whereas the
old were the last to be provided with something to eat.
Andrzej
Chwal-
ba states that it was a peculiar kind of euthanasia
—
the old were dying
because of starvation without any support from their families. When an
old person was seriously ill, people were saying: Lived long enough
The cruelty in treating the old people is confirmed by folk texts (espe¬
cially folk motifs of King Lear), the tragic fate of the old is also depicted
in literature (among others: a folk novel by
Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
en¬
titled
Historia Sawki, Śmierć—
a novella by
Władysław Reymont, Chłopi
—
a novel also
by Reymont, and Król Lear z Biedaczewa
—
a poem by
Jan
Kasprowicz).
Finally, it was also the press that described shocking fate of
the old inhabitants of the countryside (for instance
„Gazeta Świąteczna
provided articles about the cruel treatment of the old by their wicked
children). The status of the old was very often lowered to that of a child.
Even though, by tradition, an old person was granted the privilege
of having the honourable place by the stove, being the warmest place
at home, yet there were also such incidents that the old were sleep¬
ing in rooms with no heating whatsoever; or even in farm buildings.
Fisticuffs were not rare, and some old people were thrown out of their
homes to go begging. Begging was recorded mainly in Galician and
Russian villages, and it was a rare phenomenon in richer and more
civilized Prussian annexation. Yet, the scorned and persecuted old did
dominate in the symbolic order
-
they were the representatives of what
Victor Turner, a British-American anthropologist, described as spon¬
taneous communitas, coming into being in liminal situations. There¬
fore, the old were assigned sacred attributes, due to their proximity to
death, they were considered the representatives of the other world who
can bring prosperity on families and households.
Summary s^=
The interwar period was first, in the 20ies (apart from hyperinfla¬
tion), a period of boom for farming products, but in the 30ies it was
already marked by the Great Crisis. The cruel treatment of the old was
still present during the time of poverty. Yet, it must be stated that the
old were less often placed in farm buildings. The period was also the
time when the urban style of living became more and more common,
and everything that came from the city was fashionable. The urban
customs and habits were applied in villages mainly via migrations of
——
younger generations to cities, popularising urban matters by the press,
tightening the bonds with townspeople, and through imitation. The
western lifestyle was also propagated by the emigrants from abroad
both the ones who just came back and the ones who permanently
stayed abroad, yet who were in contact with their country by means of
letters and visits. Gradually, old people realized that their children pos¬
sessed every right to follow different life paths (typical for cofigurative
cultural formation by Margaret Mead). The middle-aged and younger
generations of peasants more and more often undermined the model
of traditional culture. The sources, especially the diaries, confirm the
intensive and increased arguments between generations regarding what
to observe from the tradition, what food to eat, what houses to live in,
how to raise children, work or play, etc.).
In the view of the turn of 19th century and the interwar period,
a considerable growth in the number of old people, people above
60,
could be noticed. At the turn of 19th century, they constituted
6,3%
of the population, whereas in
1931
it was
7,9%.
At the turn of 19th
century, the average lifespan was short
— 33,1
years for men,
35,4
years
for women, whereas in
1931
it was
48,2
for men and
51,4
for women.
At the turn of 19th century, a person being
50
or
60
was considered to
be old. In the interwar period, an old person had to be more than
60
years old. The main line of division was that of
dożywocie
-
a formal
way of passing the household to one s offspring.
„Dożywocie
was the most common form of protection for the
old. In the west, it was called „wycug , in Lesser Poland and
Cieszyn
Silesia
„wymowa .
There was also „hidden
dożywocie ,
when an old
father did not pass his household to his children till his death. It was
a vanishing form, yet it was present in the east, Mazovia or even in
■*У
Summary
economically developed
Poznańskie
region. The system of
„dożywocie
made the family relations more similar to the model from the Western
Europe while the hidden
dożywocie
was similar to Russian-Balkan
model.
The aged villagers living with families usually participated in raising
up children (the boys were brought up by their grandfathers, whereas
the girls by their grandmothers).
Agricultural modernization that occurred mostly in the west of eth¬
nically Polish lands was encouraged by the disappearance of the tradi¬
tional functions the aged people used to have in rural societies (they
were perceived as the experts in the interpretation of tradition and folk
customs). Another thing that contributed to the modernization was
the formalization of intergenerational transfer of the title to land. The
economic development affected also the attitude of the old towards
the work. During the two decades between the World Wars the aged
people living in the West (the territory annexed formerly by Prussia)
did not have to work as the life annuities provided them with secure
and fair existence. Those who lived on the territories which were oc¬
cupied by the Austrians and Russians had to work not to be classified
as useless. The desacralisation of farming kept its progress throughout
the interwar period. It could be observed earlier in the West and in the
areas with intensive industrialization, and later in the isolated societies.
As a result, the elders were deprived of their privileges concerning reli¬
gious-magical interpretation of cultivation and farming.
At the turn of
1
9th century the old were respected and very active
as the oral culture is concerned. They were telling stories based both on
their memories and folk tales, and the stories were welcomed warmly.
However, during the interwar years this tradition of oral transmission
by the old was diminishing.
The turn of 19th century brought an economic emigration we¬
stwards, but those were not the old who migrated. In many cases the
emigration led to bitter conflicts between the emigrants wives and
their parents-in-law concerning the right to represent the emigrants
interests.
The religiosity remained an important area of the aged people s ac¬
tivity. They were supposed to be truly pious and very often they taught
Summary
their grandchildren how to pray. They attended all masses and worship
services as long as they had enough strength to go to the church on
their own. Moreover, they were really dedicated to confraternities set
up within their parishes.
At the turn of
1
9th century people still believed in witches and so¬
metimes suspected old women of witchcraft. On the other hand, old
women were treated kindly as some of them practised traditional folk
medicine. People thought that old women, being close to the afterli-
fe, could repel the disease as well as tell fortune, forecast the weather
and cure animals. Those were old women too, who assisted labour. Yet,
traditional medicine was not reserved for women, the aged men also
practised quackery. What should be emphasized is the fact that more
and more people living in the territory annexed by Prussia were asking
professional doctors for help rather than seek remedy in magical folk
medicine. Between the wars the significance of traditional medicine
was still diminishing, and old women were rarely identified as witches.
During the period of the turn of 19th century, Polish villages faced
the boom in cooperative movement. The elderly, especially the youn¬
ger ones below
60,
though initially opposed the very idea, then beca¬
me members of folk banks and
Rolnik
folk cooperatives established
by a priest,
Piotr Wawrzyniak
(his honesty and the fact that he was
a priest made the old interested in the enterprise). The old were initial¬
ly rather skeptic about savings-loan cooperatives started by
Franciszek
Stefczyk in
Galicia,
yet they changed their minds about them too.
At the turn of
1
9th century, the majority of old people were do¬
ubtful as far as Polish national matters were considered. Generally spe¬
aking, they identified themselves with their own rural society and not
with the national community. In Russian and Austrian annexations,
there was a cult of rulers. The old did not want to disturb the existing
structures, they desired not more than to preserve their status quo. Ho¬
wever, during the interwar period a great number of the elderly already
manifested a different attitude towards patriotism. The church, folk
movement, social workers and education in great deal led to the situ¬
ation in which the old perceived themselves as patriots. It was a break¬
through indeed, in comparison to the situation from the turn of
1
9th
century.
-¿У
Summary
Some of the elderly who did not have their own families or who
were expelled from their homes by their vicious children became beg¬
gars. The old beggars were a link between the isolated village society
and the wider world. They were thought to have had some magical
abilities, therefore invited to houses, yet kept at the doorstep where
they were given bread and pierogies and asked for prayer and blessing
in return. However, as the years passed, the desacralisation of pover-
—
ty appeared, especially visible in the interwar period, and then, more
often than not, the beggars were seen as asking for help in an insolent,
sneaky and deceitful way.
In a traditional village, death was experienced by the whole rural
society. The old people had an important role in folk thanatology. Tho¬
se were the old who sat up by a dying person, they conducted prayers
during lonely night, washed the body of a dead person, and cleaned
the house. The old men were active „odpraszacze during the fune¬
ral, who apologised to the whole society on behalf of the dead person.
They apologised for all the sins the dead person had committed. Some¬
times an old man threw a piece of soil on the coffin. The elderly were
prepared for death, they thought about it a lot, and they contemplated
its unavoidable coming while praying. The rural society thought that
the old, being so close to death, would direct it to the other world so
that it no longer marauded among the living. The concept of old age
in the face of death was extremely conservative and strong. The folk
model of tamed death in the interwar period hardly changed.
On the whole, the period since the close of the
1
9th century till
1939
was a period when younger generation emancipated themselves
from the influence of the old. The old lost their symbolic attributes
gaining nothing in return. The traditional folk axiology was replaced
with the attitude towards the old typical for industrial society. Old pe¬
ople played a vague role, were considered to be old-fashioned and con¬
servative, and were expected to concentrate solely on their own lives,
and not to disturb the younger generation too much and too often.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Gapiński, Bartłomiej 1982- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1089846223 |
| author_facet | Gapiński, Bartłomiej 1982- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gapiński, Bartłomiej 1982- |
| author_variant | b g bg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041898935 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)898047875 (DE-599)BVBBV041898935 |
| era | Geschichte 1880-1939 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1880-1939 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041898935 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:07:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788363795481 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027342711 |
| oclc_num | 898047875 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 550, 29 s. il. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Gapiński, Bartłomiej 1982- Verfasser (DE-588)1089846223 aut Ludzie starzy na wsi polskiej od schyłku XIX wieku po rok 1939 Bartłomiej Gapiński Poznań Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje 2014 550, 29 s. il. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 519-543 Geschichte 1880-1939 gnd rswk-swf Dorf (DE-588)4012775-8 gnd rswk-swf Alter (DE-588)4001446-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Dorf (DE-588)4012775-8 s Alter (DE-588)4001446-0 s Geschichte 1880-1939 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027342711&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027342711&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Gapiński, Bartłomiej 1982- Ludzie starzy na wsi polskiej od schyłku XIX wieku po rok 1939 Dorf (DE-588)4012775-8 gnd Alter (DE-588)4001446-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4012775-8 (DE-588)4001446-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Ludzie starzy na wsi polskiej od schyłku XIX wieku po rok 1939 |
| title_auth | Ludzie starzy na wsi polskiej od schyłku XIX wieku po rok 1939 |
| title_exact_search | Ludzie starzy na wsi polskiej od schyłku XIX wieku po rok 1939 |
| title_full | Ludzie starzy na wsi polskiej od schyłku XIX wieku po rok 1939 Bartłomiej Gapiński |
| title_fullStr | Ludzie starzy na wsi polskiej od schyłku XIX wieku po rok 1939 Bartłomiej Gapiński |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ludzie starzy na wsi polskiej od schyłku XIX wieku po rok 1939 Bartłomiej Gapiński |
| title_short | Ludzie starzy na wsi polskiej od schyłku XIX wieku po rok 1939 |
| title_sort | ludzie starzy na wsi polskiej od schylku xix wieku po rok 1939 |
| topic | Dorf (DE-588)4012775-8 gnd Alter (DE-588)4001446-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Dorf Alter Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027342711&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027342711&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gapinskibartłomiej ludziestarzynawsipolskiejodschyłkuxixwiekuporok1939 |