How much is clean air worth?: calculating the benefits of pollution control
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2014
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXV, 671 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781107043138 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a How much is clean air worth? |b calculating the benefits of pollution control |c Ari Rabl ; Joseph V. Spadaro ; Mike Holland |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a XXXV, 671 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Holland, Mike |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027336009&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804152242280857600 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of figures page
xiii
List of tables
xviii
Foreword
xxv
Preface
xxix
Acknowledgements
xxxiii
Introduction
1
1.1
Why quantify environmental benefits?
1
1.2
Cost is not the only criterion for decisions
5
1.3
Cost-effectiveness analysis
6
1.4
The optimal level of pollution abatement
8
1.5
How to quantify environmental benefits
11
1.5.1
Impact pathway analysis
11
1.5.2
Why not simply ask people how much they value
each impact?
12
1
.6
External costs and their internalization
13
1.6.1
Definition of external costs
13
1.
о
. 2
Policy instruments
14
1.6.3
Who is responsible, who should be targeted?
18
1.7
Scope of this book
19
References
20
Tools for environmental impact and damage
assessment
21
2.1
Overview of tools
21
2.1.1
Starting point: the DPSIR framework
21
2.1.2
Tools for analysis of impacts and for decision making
23
2.2
Impact pathway analysis
(IPA)
25
2.2.1
The steps of an
IPA
25
2.2.2
Dispersion of pollutants and exposure
27
2.2.3
Exposure—response functions
27
2.2.4
Monetary valuation
31
2.2.4.1
General principle
31
2.2.4.2
Global warming
31
2.2.4.3
Valuation based on abatement costs
32
v
vi
Contents
2.2.5
Spatial
and
temporal
boundaries of the analysis
32
2.2.6
Software
33
2.2.7
Environmental impact study and local impacts
34
2.3
Life cycle assessment
34
2.3.1
life cycle inventory
34
2.3.2
life cycle impact assessment
38
2.3.3
Relation between
IPA
and LCA
39
2.4
Difficulties for the analysis
43
2.4.1
Lack of data
43
2.4.2
Boundaries of the analysis
44
2.4.3
Nonlinearity of impacts
44
2.4.4
Alternative tools for problematic impacts
48
2
A A.I Problematic impacts
48
2.4.4.2
Multicriteria analysis
49
2.4.4.3
Risk comparisons
49
2.4.4.4
The precautionary principle
50
2.4.5
Estimation of abatement costs for CBA
51
2.5
Problems with the use of these tools
52
2.5.1
Common problems
52
2.5.2
Checklist for avoiding problems
52
2.6
An integrated framework for the analysis of environmental
questions
56
2.6.1
The framework
56
2.6.2
Presenting the results
57
2.6.3
Summarizing results
58
2.7
Conclusions
59
References
60
Exposure-response functions for health impacts
63
3.1
Overview of health impacts of pollution
64
3.2
Methods for measuring impacts of pollutants
66
3.2.1
Epidemiology, toxicology and experiments
66
3.2.2
Types of epidemiological studies for air pollution
67
3.2.3
Difficulties with epidemiological studies
68
3.2.4
Differences between results from different studies
69
3.2.5
Hill s criteria for causality
72
3.3
Exposure—response function (ERF): general remarks
72
3.3.1
ERFs and calculation of impacts
72
3.3.2
Form of the ERF and extrapolation to
low exposures
74
3.3.3
Linear ERFs
76
3.3.4
Accounting for a threshold
inan
IPA
79
3-3.5
Relative risk and
ERF
80
3.3.6
Which pollutant causes how much health damage?
81
3.4
ERFs for mortality
84
3.4.1
Loss of life expectancy and number of deaths
84
3.4.2
Studies of chronic mortality
86
3.4.3
Loss of life expectancy for chronic mortality
of adults
88
3.4.4
Relevant exposure
-
cessation lag
94
Contents
Vil
3.4.5
Results for acute mortality of adults
96
3.4.6
Infant mortality
97
3.4.7
Mortality impacts of O3
99
3.5
ERFs for morbidity
100
3.5.1
Morbidity due to PM
100
3.5.2
Morbidity due to O3
104
3.6
ERFs for toxic metals, dioxins and other pollutants
107
3.6.1
General remarks
107
3.6.2
Cancers
107
3.6.3
Arsenic
109
3.6.4
Cadmium
110
3.6.5
Chromium 111
3.6.6
Lead 111
3.6.7
Mercury
114
3.6.8
Nickel
116
3.6.9
Dioxins and PCBs
117
3.6.10
Benzene, butadiene, benzo(a)pyrene and
formaldehyde
119
3.6.10.1
Benzene
119
3.6.10.2 1,3
Butadiene
119
3.6.10.3
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
120
3.6.10.4
Formaldehyde
121
3.6.11
Radionuclides
121
References
123
4
Impacts of air pollution on building materials
131
4.1
Introduction
131
4.2
Amenity cost
134
4.2.1
Repair costs and amenity loss
134
4.2.2
Discounting
136
4.2.3
A simple rule for amenity cost
137
4.3
The effects of air pollution on materials
138
4.3.1
General remarks
138
4.3.2
The stock at risk
139
4.3.3
Specific materials
140
4.3.3.1
Natural stone
140
4.3.3.2
Brickwork, mortar and rendering
142
4.3.3.3
Concrete
142
4.3.3.4
Paint and polymeric materials
143
4.3.3.5
Metals
143
4.3.4
Exposure-response functions
144
4.4
Estimation of damage costs: bottom-up
146
4.4.1
Calculation of repair frequency
146
4.4.2
Estimation of repair costs
146
4.4.3
Estimation of soiling costs
147
4.5
Estimation of damage costs: top-down
148
4.5.1
Data from tax deductions
148
4.5.2
Cleaning data for Paris
150
4.5.2.1
Legislation
150
4.5.2.2
Building renovation statistics for Paris
] 50
viii Contents
4.5.2.3
Cleaning cost
151
4.5.2.4
Annual cost of
façade
renovation in Paris
151
4.5.3
Comparison with other studies
152
4.5.4
Costs of renovation of historical monuments
154
4.5.5
Damage per kg of paniculate emission
155
4.6
Conclusions
156
References
157
Agriculture, forests and ecosystems
160
5.1
Introduction
160
5.2
Impacts on agriculture
162
5.2.1
Exposure—response functions (ERFs) for crop losses
162
5.2.2
Valuation of crop losses
168
5.2.3
Impacts on forest growth
168
5.3
Damage costs due to nitrogen fertilizer
170
5.3.1
Impact categories
170
5.3.2
Impacts due to fertilizer production
171
5.3.3
Global warming due to
N
fertilizer use
172
5.3.4
Health impacts
173
5.3.5
Eutrophication
173
5.3.6
Summary of the damage costs
175
5.4
Damage costs of pesticides
175
5.5
Ecosystems
177
5.5.1
D ifficulties
with the valuation
177
5.5.2
Ecosystem impacts of pollution
180
5.5.3
Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea
181
5.5.4
An attempt at valuing loss of species
185
5.5.5
The ecosystem services approach
188
References
194
Other impacts
198
6.1
Visibility
198
6.2
Noise
201
6.3
Traffic congestion
202
6.4
Depletion of non-renewable resources
204
6.5
Accidents
207
References
210
Atmospheric dispersion of pollutants
212
7.1
Introduction
-
damage function
213
7.2
The Gaussian plume model
215
7.2.1 Pasquill
stability categories
226
7.2.2
Solar altitude angle, aSoL
227
7.2.3
Surface roughness length, zo
229
7.2.4
Dispersion parameters, oy and
σζ
229
7.2.5
Effective stack height (plume centerline), h«.
233
7.2.6
The mixed layer height, hmix
237
7.2.7
Calculation of concentration profiles and local
population exposure
238
Contents
їх
7.3
Atmospheric dispersion far from the source
253
7.3.1
Pollutant removal
253
7.3.2
A simple model for regional dispersion
258
7.4
The Uniform World Model (UWM)
265
7.4.1
Methodology
265
7.4.2
Validation of the UWM methodology
291
7.4.3
Final remarks
312
References
313
8
Multimedia pathways
318
8.1
General considerations
318
8.2
Simplified approach for dioxins
322
8.3
Global health impacts and costs due to mercury emissions
324
8.3.1
Why a simplified approach is necessary and appropriate
324
8.3.2
The comprehensive transfer factor
326
8.3.3
Calculation of lifetime impact due to current emissions
327
8.3.4
Marginal impacts and costs per kg of emitted Hg
330
8.3.5
Discussion
334
8.4
The uniform world model for
ingestion
doses
337
8.4.1
Assumptions
337
8.4.2
Justification for steady state models
338
8.4.3
Dose and impacts from
ingestion
340
8.4.4
Concentration in food
342
8.4.5
Direct emissions to soil or water
346
8.4.6
Results for doses
346
8.5
Results for impacts and damage costs
350
References
352
9
Monetary valuation
356
9.1
Comparing present and future costs
356
9.1.1
The effect of time on the value of money
356
9.1.2
The discount rate
358
9.1.3
The intergenerational discount rate
359
9.1.4
Evolution of costs with time
364
9.1.5
Net present value and equivalent annual values
365
9.1.6
The rule of
70
for doubling times
367
9.1.7
Comments on cost-benefit analysis
(С В
A)
368
9.2
Valuation methods
369
9.2.1
Market and non-market costs
369
9.2.2
Revealed preference methods
369
9.2.3
Stated preference methods
373
9.3
Valuation of mortality
377
9.3.1
Accidents
378
9.3.2
VOLY
for small changes in life expectancy
379
9.3.3
Infant mortality
383
9.4
Valuation of morbidity
384
9.4.1
Cost components
384
9.4.2
Costs of work loss days
384
9.4.3
Hospitalizaüon
385
9.4.4
Chronic bronchitis
386
Contents
9.4.5
Other end
points
388
9.4.6
Cancers
389
9.4.7
End points without monetary valuation
391
9.5
Neurotoxic impacts
392
9.6
Transfer of values
396
9.6.1
Methods for transfer of values
396
9.6.2
Conversion of currencies
400
References
402
10
The costs of climate change
407
10.1
Greenhouse gases (GHG) and their effects: some data
407
10.2
Scenarios
414
10.3
The challenge of estimating the damage costs of climate
change
418
10.3.1
Predicting the impacts
418
10.3.2
Problems in monetary valuation
421
10.3.3
Equity weighting
422
10.3.4
A simple alternative that is useless
425
10.4
Damage cost estimates
425
10.4.1
Review of the literature
425
10.4.2
Damage cost as a function of temperature change
428
10.4.3
Damage cost by impact category
430
10.5
Abatement costs
432
10.6
Emission reductions and implications of a CO2 tax
434
References
437
11
Uncertainty of damage costs
440
11.1
Introduction
441
11.1.1
General remarks
441
11.1.2
Validation of mo dels
442
11.2
Methodologies for estimation of uncertainty
443
11.2.1
General formulation and Monte Carlo calculation
443
11.2.2
The calculation of damage costs
447
11.2.3
Uncertainty of sums and products
449
11.2.4
The
lognormal
distribution
453
11.2.5
The triangular distribution
455
11.2.6
Application to CBA
457
11.3
Component uncertainties and results for air pollution
459
11.3.1
Models
459
11.3.2
Exposure-response functions
463
11.3.3
Monetary valuation
465
11.3.4
Total
σκ
for the classical air pollutants
468
11.3.5
Total ag for dioxins and toxic metals
469
11.4
Sum of
lognormal
variables
476
11.4.1
Combination of classical air pollutants and
greenhouse gases
476
11.4.2
The general case
477
11.5
Problematic uncertainties
481
11.5.1
Examples . CO2, NH3, and nitrates in drinking water
482
Contents xi
11.5.2
Graphical presentation of impacts with very different
uncertainties
485
11.5.3
Sensitivity studies
485
11.5.4
The precautionary principle and external costs
488
11.5.5
Integrating the uncertainty into the decision process
488
11.6
Presentation of uncertainty
489
11.7
Consequences of the uncertainties for decisions
490
References
493
12
Key assumptions and results for cost per kg of
pollutant
497
12.1
Assumptions and models of ExternE
497
12.1.1
Overview
497
12.1.2
Atmospheric modeling
499
12.1.3
ERFs and monetary values
501
12.1.4
Variation with site and stack height
504
12.2
Cost per kg of pollutant
504
12.2.1
Results of ExternE
(2008) 504
12.2.2
Comparison with previous phases of ExternE
506
12.2.3
Adjustment for higher mortality and GHG costs
506
12.3
Assessments in the USA
509
12.4
Comments on the use of the results
513
12.4.1
Assessment of process chains
513
12.4.2
How to account for CO2 emissions from biomass
514
References
516
13
Results for power plants
519
13.1
Scopeofthe analysis
519
13.1.1
Boundaries of the analysis
519
13.
1.
2
Priority impacts
520
13.1.3
Time and space distribution of impacts
523
13.2
General issues
524
13.2.1
Upstream and downstream impacts
524
13.2.2
Accidents
527
13.3
Fuel chain assessments during the
1990s 533
13.4
Current assessment of fuel chains
536
13.4.1
General remarks
536
13.4.2
Damage costs of power in the EU27
536
13.4.3
Damage costs of power in the USA
539
13.5
The nuclear fuel chain
542
13.5.1
Normal operation
542
13.5.2
Nuclear accidents
547
13.6
Fossil fuel chains
550
13.7
Renewable energy technologies
553
References
555
14
Results for waste treatment
560
14.1
Introduction
561
14.2
Assumptions
562
14.3
Damage cost of leachates
566
xii Contents
14.4 Hg 570
14.5
Recovery of energy and materials
571
14.6
Results for damage cost per tonne of waste
572
14.7
Conclusions for waste treatment
576
References
578
15
Results for transport
581
15.1
External cost estimates for transport
581
15.1.1
Vehicle emissions
581
15.1.2
How harmful are NOX emissions?
585
15.1.3
Damage costs of tail pipe emissions in the
EU 587
15.1.4
Damage costs of transport in the
EU 588
15.1.5
Damage costs of transport in the USA
590
15.1.6
Do cars kill more by their front or their back?
592
15.1.7
Damage costs of underground trains
594
15.2
Hybrid electric versus conventional vehicles
595
15.2.1
Context and objectives
595
15.2.2
Assumptions and data
596
15.2.3
Results
600
15.3
Costs and benefits of active transport
605
15.3.1
Context and objectives
605
15.3.2
Outline of the methodology
605
15.3.3
Benefits of physical activity
607
15.3.4
Car emissions
609
15.3.5
Change in exposure for individuals who switch from
car to bicycle or to walking
610
15.3.6
Impact of car emissions on the general public
612
15.3.7
Accidents
613
15.3.8
Results
614
15.3.9
Discussion
614
15.4
Greenhouse gas emissions by car, plane and train
618
15.5
Internalization of damage costs of transport
620
References
622
16
Lessons for policy makers
626
16.1
Choice of method
626
16.2
Trends in the use of valuation over time
629
16.3
Examples of application
639
16.4
Final thoughts
641
References
643
Appendix A Nomenclature, symbols, units and conversion
factors
647
Appendix
В
Description of the RiskPoll software
655
Appendix
С
Equations for multimedia model of Chapter
8 657
Index
665
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rabl, Ari Spadaro, Joseph V. Holland, Mike |
| author_GND | (DE-588)134270975 |
| author_facet | Rabl, Ari Spadaro, Joseph V. Holland, Mike |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Rabl, Ari |
| author_variant | a r ar j v s jv jvs m h mh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041892112 |
| classification_rvk | AR 23400 QT 200 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)889973228 (DE-599)BVBBV041892112 |
| discipline | Allgemeines Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041892112 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:07:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781107043138 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027336009 |
| oclc_num | 889973228 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XXXV, 671 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rabl, Ari Verfasser aut How much is clean air worth? calculating the benefits of pollution control Ari Rabl ; Joseph V. Spadaro ; Mike Holland Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2014 XXXV, 671 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 gnd rswk-swf Vermeidung (DE-588)4460312-5 gnd rswk-swf Kosten (DE-588)4032579-9 gnd rswk-swf Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 s Vermeidung (DE-588)4460312-5 s Kosten (DE-588)4032579-9 s DE-188 Spadaro, Joseph V. Verfasser (DE-588)134270975 aut Holland, Mike Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027336009&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rabl, Ari Spadaro, Joseph V. Holland, Mike How much is clean air worth? calculating the benefits of pollution control Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 gnd Vermeidung (DE-588)4460312-5 gnd Kosten (DE-588)4032579-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074381-0 (DE-588)4460312-5 (DE-588)4032579-9 |
| title | How much is clean air worth? calculating the benefits of pollution control |
| title_auth | How much is clean air worth? calculating the benefits of pollution control |
| title_exact_search | How much is clean air worth? calculating the benefits of pollution control |
| title_full | How much is clean air worth? calculating the benefits of pollution control Ari Rabl ; Joseph V. Spadaro ; Mike Holland |
| title_fullStr | How much is clean air worth? calculating the benefits of pollution control Ari Rabl ; Joseph V. Spadaro ; Mike Holland |
| title_full_unstemmed | How much is clean air worth? calculating the benefits of pollution control Ari Rabl ; Joseph V. Spadaro ; Mike Holland |
| title_short | How much is clean air worth? |
| title_sort | how much is clean air worth calculating the benefits of pollution control |
| title_sub | calculating the benefits of pollution control |
| topic | Luftverschmutzung (DE-588)4074381-0 gnd Vermeidung (DE-588)4460312-5 gnd Kosten (DE-588)4032579-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Luftverschmutzung Vermeidung Kosten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027336009&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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