Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics: Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin, Heidelberg
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
2010
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | BTU01 FHI01 FHN01 FHR01 Volltext |
| Beschreibung: | The book combines vehicle systems dynamics with the latest theoretical developments in dynamics of non-smooth systems and numerical analysis of differential-algebraic dynamical systems with discontinuities. These two fields are fundamental for the modelling and analysis of vehicle dynamical sytems. The results are also applicable to other non-smooth dynamical systems |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 270 pages with 182 illus and 2 color figures) |
| ISBN: | 9783642013560 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nmm a2200000zc 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV041889677 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 00000000000000.0 | ||
| 007 | cr|uuu---uuuuu | ||
| 008 | 140603s2010 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9783642013560 |c Online |9 978-3-642-01356-0 | ||
| 024 | 7 | |a 10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)643089235 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV041889677 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e aacr | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-634 |a DE-898 |a DE-573 |a DE-92 |a DE-83 | ||
| 082 | 0 | |a 620 |2 23 | |
| 100 | 1 | |a Grove Thomsen, Per |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics |b Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium |c edited by Per Grove Thomsen, Hans True |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a With contributions by numerous experts |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin, Heidelberg |b Springer Berlin Heidelberg |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 270 pages with 182 illus and 2 color figures) | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a The book combines vehicle systems dynamics with the latest theoretical developments in dynamics of non-smooth systems and numerical analysis of differential-algebraic dynamical systems with discontinuities. These two fields are fundamental for the modelling and analysis of vehicle dynamical sytems. The results are also applicable to other non-smooth dynamical systems | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a 1: Problems in Vehicle Dynamics -- Typical Non-smooth Elements in Vehicle Systems -- Application Of Nonlinear Stability Analysis in Railway Vehicle Industry -- Closed-form Analysis of Vehicle Suspension Ride and Handling Performance -- Limit Wheel Profile for Hunting Instability of Railway Vehicles -- Low-cost Maintenance Operation for Avoiding Hunting Instability in a Metro Vehicle -- Acoustic Optimization of Wheel Sets -- Measurement, Modelling and Simulation of Curve Squealing of Trains -- Selected Problems of Non-Linear (Non-Smooth) Dynamics of Rail Vehicles in a Curved Track -- On Tangential Friction Induced Vibrations in Brake Systems -- Dry Friction Element With Logical Switch for Numerical Simulation of Vehicle Dynamics and Its Application -- Damper modelling and its implementation in railway simulation program -- Suppression of Bumpstop Instabilities in a Quarter-Car Model -- Experimental Modal Analysis of Towed Elastic Tyres During Rolling -- Modelling and Simulation of Longitudinal Tyre Behaviour -- 2: Dynamics of Non-smooth Problems -- Bifurcations in Non-smooth Models of Mechanical Systems -- Vibrational Displacement Determined by Constructive and Force Asymmetry of System -- Smoothing Dry Friction by Medium Frequency Dither and Its Influence on Ride Dynamics of Freight Wagons -- Simulation of Gear Hammering With a Fully Elastic Model -- 3: Numerical Analysis of Non-smooth Problems -- Discontinuities in ODEs: Systems with Change of State -- Towards Improved Error Estimates for Higher Order Time Integration of ODEs with Non-Smooth Right Hand Side -- Sensitivity Analysis of Discontinuous Multidisciplinary Models: Two Examples -- Smoothing discontinuities in the Jacobian Matrix by Global Derivatives | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Engineering | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mechanical engineering | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vibration | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vibration, Dynamical Systems, Control | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Structural Mechanics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Automotive Engineering | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ingenieurwissenschaften | |
| 700 | 1 | |a True, Hans |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Druckausgabe |z 978-3-642-01355-3 |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0 |x Verlag |3 Volltext |
| 912 | |a ZDB-2-ENG | ||
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027333631 | ||
| 966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0 |l BTU01 |p ZDB-2-ENG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
| 966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0 |l FHI01 |p ZDB-2-ENG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
| 966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0 |l FHN01 |p ZDB-2-ENG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
| 966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0 |l FHR01 |p ZDB-2-ENG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152238827896832 |
|---|---|
| any_adam_object | |
| author | Grove Thomsen, Per |
| author_facet | Grove Thomsen, Per |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Grove Thomsen, Per |
| author_variant | t p g tp tpg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041889677 |
| collection | ZDB-2-ENG |
| contents | 1: Problems in Vehicle Dynamics -- Typical Non-smooth Elements in Vehicle Systems -- Application Of Nonlinear Stability Analysis in Railway Vehicle Industry -- Closed-form Analysis of Vehicle Suspension Ride and Handling Performance -- Limit Wheel Profile for Hunting Instability of Railway Vehicles -- Low-cost Maintenance Operation for Avoiding Hunting Instability in a Metro Vehicle -- Acoustic Optimization of Wheel Sets -- Measurement, Modelling and Simulation of Curve Squealing of Trains -- Selected Problems of Non-Linear (Non-Smooth) Dynamics of Rail Vehicles in a Curved Track -- On Tangential Friction Induced Vibrations in Brake Systems -- Dry Friction Element With Logical Switch for Numerical Simulation of Vehicle Dynamics and Its Application -- Damper modelling and its implementation in railway simulation program -- Suppression of Bumpstop Instabilities in a Quarter-Car Model -- Experimental Modal Analysis of Towed Elastic Tyres During Rolling -- Modelling and Simulation of Longitudinal Tyre Behaviour -- 2: Dynamics of Non-smooth Problems -- Bifurcations in Non-smooth Models of Mechanical Systems -- Vibrational Displacement Determined by Constructive and Force Asymmetry of System -- Smoothing Dry Friction by Medium Frequency Dither and Its Influence on Ride Dynamics of Freight Wagons -- Simulation of Gear Hammering With a Fully Elastic Model -- 3: Numerical Analysis of Non-smooth Problems -- Discontinuities in ODEs: Systems with Change of State -- Towards Improved Error Estimates for Higher Order Time Integration of ODEs with Non-Smooth Right Hand Side -- Sensitivity Analysis of Discontinuous Multidisciplinary Models: Two Examples -- Smoothing discontinuities in the Jacobian Matrix by Global Derivatives |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)643089235 (DE-599)BVBBV041889677 |
| dewey-full | 620 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| dewey-raw | 620 |
| dewey-search | 620 |
| dewey-sort | 3620 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0 |
| format | Electronic eBook |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04030nmm a2200493zc 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV041889677</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">00000000000000.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr|uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">140603s2010 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783642013560</subfield><subfield code="c">Online</subfield><subfield code="9">978-3-642-01356-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)643089235</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV041889677</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">aacr</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-634</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-898</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-573</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-92</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-83</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">620</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Grove Thomsen, Per</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics</subfield><subfield code="b">Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Per Grove Thomsen, Hans True</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">With contributions by numerous experts</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Berlin, Heidelberg</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer Berlin Heidelberg</subfield><subfield code="c">2010</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (xi, 270 pages with 182 illus and 2 color figures)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The book combines vehicle systems dynamics with the latest theoretical developments in dynamics of non-smooth systems and numerical analysis of differential-algebraic dynamical systems with discontinuities. These two fields are fundamental for the modelling and analysis of vehicle dynamical sytems. The results are also applicable to other non-smooth dynamical systems</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1: Problems in Vehicle Dynamics -- Typical Non-smooth Elements in Vehicle Systems -- Application Of Nonlinear Stability Analysis in Railway Vehicle Industry -- Closed-form Analysis of Vehicle Suspension Ride and Handling Performance -- Limit Wheel Profile for Hunting Instability of Railway Vehicles -- Low-cost Maintenance Operation for Avoiding Hunting Instability in a Metro Vehicle -- Acoustic Optimization of Wheel Sets -- Measurement, Modelling and Simulation of Curve Squealing of Trains -- Selected Problems of Non-Linear (Non-Smooth) Dynamics of Rail Vehicles in a Curved Track -- On Tangential Friction Induced Vibrations in Brake Systems -- Dry Friction Element With Logical Switch for Numerical Simulation of Vehicle Dynamics and Its Application -- Damper modelling and its implementation in railway simulation program -- Suppression of Bumpstop Instabilities in a Quarter-Car Model -- Experimental Modal Analysis of Towed Elastic Tyres During Rolling -- Modelling and Simulation of Longitudinal Tyre Behaviour -- 2: Dynamics of Non-smooth Problems -- Bifurcations in Non-smooth Models of Mechanical Systems -- Vibrational Displacement Determined by Constructive and Force Asymmetry of System -- Smoothing Dry Friction by Medium Frequency Dither and Its Influence on Ride Dynamics of Freight Wagons -- Simulation of Gear Hammering With a Fully Elastic Model -- 3: Numerical Analysis of Non-smooth Problems -- Discontinuities in ODEs: Systems with Change of State -- Towards Improved Error Estimates for Higher Order Time Integration of ODEs with Non-Smooth Right Hand Side -- Sensitivity Analysis of Discontinuous Multidisciplinary Models: Two Examples -- Smoothing discontinuities in the Jacobian Matrix by Global Derivatives</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Engineering</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Mechanical engineering</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Vibration</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Vibration, Dynamical Systems, Control</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Structural Mechanics</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Automotive Engineering</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Ingenieurwissenschaften</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">True, Hans</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Druckausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-3-642-01355-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-2-ENG</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027333631</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0</subfield><subfield code="l">BTU01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ENG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0</subfield><subfield code="l">FHI01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ENG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0</subfield><subfield code="l">FHN01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ENG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0</subfield><subfield code="l">FHR01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ENG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV041889677 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:07:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783642013560 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027333631 |
| oclc_num | 643089235 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-634 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-573 DE-92 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-634 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-573 DE-92 DE-83 |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 270 pages with 182 illus and 2 color figures) |
| psigel | ZDB-2-ENG |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Grove Thomsen, Per Verfasser aut Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium edited by Per Grove Thomsen, Hans True With contributions by numerous experts Berlin, Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2010 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 270 pages with 182 illus and 2 color figures) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier The book combines vehicle systems dynamics with the latest theoretical developments in dynamics of non-smooth systems and numerical analysis of differential-algebraic dynamical systems with discontinuities. These two fields are fundamental for the modelling and analysis of vehicle dynamical sytems. The results are also applicable to other non-smooth dynamical systems 1: Problems in Vehicle Dynamics -- Typical Non-smooth Elements in Vehicle Systems -- Application Of Nonlinear Stability Analysis in Railway Vehicle Industry -- Closed-form Analysis of Vehicle Suspension Ride and Handling Performance -- Limit Wheel Profile for Hunting Instability of Railway Vehicles -- Low-cost Maintenance Operation for Avoiding Hunting Instability in a Metro Vehicle -- Acoustic Optimization of Wheel Sets -- Measurement, Modelling and Simulation of Curve Squealing of Trains -- Selected Problems of Non-Linear (Non-Smooth) Dynamics of Rail Vehicles in a Curved Track -- On Tangential Friction Induced Vibrations in Brake Systems -- Dry Friction Element With Logical Switch for Numerical Simulation of Vehicle Dynamics and Its Application -- Damper modelling and its implementation in railway simulation program -- Suppression of Bumpstop Instabilities in a Quarter-Car Model -- Experimental Modal Analysis of Towed Elastic Tyres During Rolling -- Modelling and Simulation of Longitudinal Tyre Behaviour -- 2: Dynamics of Non-smooth Problems -- Bifurcations in Non-smooth Models of Mechanical Systems -- Vibrational Displacement Determined by Constructive and Force Asymmetry of System -- Smoothing Dry Friction by Medium Frequency Dither and Its Influence on Ride Dynamics of Freight Wagons -- Simulation of Gear Hammering With a Fully Elastic Model -- 3: Numerical Analysis of Non-smooth Problems -- Discontinuities in ODEs: Systems with Change of State -- Towards Improved Error Estimates for Higher Order Time Integration of ODEs with Non-Smooth Right Hand Side -- Sensitivity Analysis of Discontinuous Multidisciplinary Models: Two Examples -- Smoothing discontinuities in the Jacobian Matrix by Global Derivatives Engineering Mechanical engineering Vibration Vibration, Dynamical Systems, Control Structural Mechanics Automotive Engineering Ingenieurwissenschaften True, Hans Sonstige oth Erscheint auch als Druckausgabe 978-3-642-01355-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0 Verlag Volltext |
| spellingShingle | Grove Thomsen, Per Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium 1: Problems in Vehicle Dynamics -- Typical Non-smooth Elements in Vehicle Systems -- Application Of Nonlinear Stability Analysis in Railway Vehicle Industry -- Closed-form Analysis of Vehicle Suspension Ride and Handling Performance -- Limit Wheel Profile for Hunting Instability of Railway Vehicles -- Low-cost Maintenance Operation for Avoiding Hunting Instability in a Metro Vehicle -- Acoustic Optimization of Wheel Sets -- Measurement, Modelling and Simulation of Curve Squealing of Trains -- Selected Problems of Non-Linear (Non-Smooth) Dynamics of Rail Vehicles in a Curved Track -- On Tangential Friction Induced Vibrations in Brake Systems -- Dry Friction Element With Logical Switch for Numerical Simulation of Vehicle Dynamics and Its Application -- Damper modelling and its implementation in railway simulation program -- Suppression of Bumpstop Instabilities in a Quarter-Car Model -- Experimental Modal Analysis of Towed Elastic Tyres During Rolling -- Modelling and Simulation of Longitudinal Tyre Behaviour -- 2: Dynamics of Non-smooth Problems -- Bifurcations in Non-smooth Models of Mechanical Systems -- Vibrational Displacement Determined by Constructive and Force Asymmetry of System -- Smoothing Dry Friction by Medium Frequency Dither and Its Influence on Ride Dynamics of Freight Wagons -- Simulation of Gear Hammering With a Fully Elastic Model -- 3: Numerical Analysis of Non-smooth Problems -- Discontinuities in ODEs: Systems with Change of State -- Towards Improved Error Estimates for Higher Order Time Integration of ODEs with Non-Smooth Right Hand Side -- Sensitivity Analysis of Discontinuous Multidisciplinary Models: Two Examples -- Smoothing discontinuities in the Jacobian Matrix by Global Derivatives Engineering Mechanical engineering Vibration Vibration, Dynamical Systems, Control Structural Mechanics Automotive Engineering Ingenieurwissenschaften |
| title | Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium |
| title_alt | With contributions by numerous experts |
| title_auth | Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium |
| title_exact_search | Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium |
| title_full | Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium edited by Per Grove Thomsen, Hans True |
| title_fullStr | Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium edited by Per Grove Thomsen, Hans True |
| title_full_unstemmed | Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium edited by Per Grove Thomsen, Hans True |
| title_short | Non-smooth Problems in Vehicle Systems Dynamics |
| title_sort | non smooth problems in vehicle systems dynamics proceedings of the euromech 500 colloquium |
| title_sub | Proceedings of the Euromech 500 Colloquium |
| topic | Engineering Mechanical engineering Vibration Vibration, Dynamical Systems, Control Structural Mechanics Automotive Engineering Ingenieurwissenschaften |
| topic_facet | Engineering Mechanical engineering Vibration Vibration, Dynamical Systems, Control Structural Mechanics Automotive Engineering Ingenieurwissenschaften |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01356-0 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT grovethomsenper nonsmoothproblemsinvehiclesystemsdynamicsproceedingsoftheeuromech500colloquium AT truehans nonsmoothproblemsinvehiclesystemsdynamicsproceedingsoftheeuromech500colloquium AT grovethomsenper withcontributionsbynumerousexperts AT truehans withcontributionsbynumerousexperts |