Fiber optic communications: fundamentals and applications
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chichester
Wiley
2014
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Cover image Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 553 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470518670 |
Staff View
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kumar, Shiva |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)101192708X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fiber optic communications |b fundamentals and applications |c Shiva Kumar and M. Jamal Deen |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Optical fiber communication | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fiber optics | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Electromagnetics and Optics i
i.i Introduction i
1.2 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity i
1.3 Ampere’s Law and Magnetic Field Intensity 3
1.4 Faraday’s Law 6
1.4.1 Meaning of Curl 7
1.4.2 Ampere’s Law in Differential Form 9
1.5 Maxwell’s Equations 9
1.5.1 Maxwell’s Equation in a Source-Free Region 10
1.5.2 Electromagnetic Wave 10
1.5.3 Free-Space Propagation 11
1.5.4 Propagation in a Dielectric Medium 12
1.6 1-Dimensional Wave Equation 12
1.6.1 1-Dimensional Plane Wave 15
1.6.2 Complex Notation 16
1.7 Power Flow and Poynting Vector 17
1.8 3-Dimensional Wave Equation 19
1.9 Reflection and Refraction 21
1.9.1 Refraction 22
1.10 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity 26
1.11 Polarization of Light 31
Exercises 31
Further Reading 34
References 34
2 Optical Fiber Transmission 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Fiber Structure 35
2.3 Ray Propagation in Fibers 36
2.3.1 Numerical Aperture 37
viii
Contents
2.3.2 Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers 39
233 Dispersion in Multi-Mode Fibers 39
23.4 Graded-lndex Multi-Mode Fibers 42
2.4 Modes of a Step-Index Optical Fiber* 44
2.4.1 Guided Modes 46
2.43 Mode Cutoff 51
2.43 Effective Index 52
2.4.4 2-Dimensional Planar Waveguide Analogy 53
2.4.5 Radiation Modes 54
2.4.6 Excitation of Guided Modes 55
2.5 Pulse Propagation in Single-Mode Fibers 57
2.5.1 Power and the dBm Unit 60
2.6 Comparison between Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers 68
2.7 Single-Mode Fiber Design Considerations 68
2.7.1 Cutoff Wavelength 68
2.7.2 Fiber Loss 69
2.7.3 Fiber Dispersion 74
2.7.4 Dispersion Slope 76
2.7.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion 78
2.7.6 Spot Size 79
2.8 Dispersion-Compensating Fibers (DCFs) 79
2.9 Additional Examples 81
Exercises 89
Further Reading 91
References 91
3 Lasers 93
3.1 Introduction 93
3.2 Basic Concepts 93
3.3 Conditions for Laser Oscillations 101
3.4 Laser Examples 108
3.4.1 Ruby Laser 108
3.4.2 Semiconductor Lasers 108
3.5 Wave-Particle Duality 108
3.6 Laser Rate Equations 110
3.7 Review of Semiconductor Physics 113
3.7. / The PN Junctions 118
3.7.2 Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission at the PN Junction 120
3.7.3 Direct and Indirect Band-Gap Semiconductors 120
3.8 Semiconductor Laser Diode 124
3.8.1 Heterojunction Lasers 124
3.8.2 Radiative and Non-Radiative Recombination 126
3.83 Laser Rate Equations 126
3.8.4 Steady-State Solutions of Rate Equations 128
3.8.5 Distributed-Feedback Lasers 132
* Advanced material which may need additional explanation for undergraduate readers
Contents
ix
3.9 Additional Examples 133
Exercises 136
Further Reading 138
References 138
Optical Modulators and Modulation Schemes 139
4.1 Introduction 139
4.2 Line Coder 139
4.3 Pulse Shaping 139
4.4 Power Spectral Density 141
4.4.7 Polar Signals 142
4.4.2 Unipolar Signals 142
4.5 Digital Modulation Schemes 144-
4.5.7 Amplitude-Shift Keying 144
4.5.2 Phase-Shift Keying 144
4.5.3 Frequency-Shift Keying 145
4.5.4 Differential Phase-Shift Keying 146
4.6 Optical Modulators 149
4.6.1 Direct Modulation 149
4.6.2 External Modulators 150
4.7 Optical Realization of Modulation Schemes 158
4.7.7 Amplitude-Shift Keying 158
4.7.2 Phase-Shift Keying 160
4.7.3 Differential Phase-Shift Keying 162
4.7.4 Frequency-Shift Keying 163
4.8 Partial Response Signals* 163
4.8.1 Alternate Mark Inversion 169
4.9 Multi-Level Signaling* 172
4.9.1 M-ASK 172
4.9.2 M-PSK 174
4.9.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 178
4.10 Additional Examples 182
Exercises 185
Further Reading 186
References 187
Optical Receivers 189
5.1 Introduction 189
5.2 Photodetector Performance Characteristics 190
5.2.1 Quantum Efficiency 193
5.2.2 Responsivity or Photoresponse 197
5.2.3 Photodetector Design Rules 199
5.2.4 Dark Current 200
5.2.5 Speed or Response Time 201
5.2.6 Linearity 202
5.3 Common Types of Photodetectors 202
5.3.1 pn Photodiode 203
X
Contents
5.3.2 pin Photodetector (pin-PD) 203
53.3 Schottky Barrier Photodetector 204
53.4 Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodetector 204
53.5 Photoconductive Detector 206
53.6 Phototransistor 206
53.7 Avalanche Photodetectors 207
53.8 Advanced Photodetectors* 212
5.4 Direct Detection Receivers 219
5.4.1 Optical Receiver ICs 220
5.5 Receiver Noise 224
5.5.1 Shot Noise 224
5.5.2 Thermal Noise 226
5.5.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio, SNR 227
5.6 Coherent Receivers 227
5.6.1 Single-Branch Coherent Receiver 228
5.6.2 Balanced Coherent Receiver 232
5.63 Single-Branch IQ Coherent Receiver 234
5.6.4 Balanced IQ Receiver 237
5.6.5 Polarization Effects 239
Exercises 242
References 244
Optical Amplifiers 247
6.1 Introduction 247
6.2 Optical Amplifier Model 247
6.3 Amplified Spontaneous Emission in Two-Level Systems 248
6.4 Low-Pass Representation of ASE Noise 249
6.5 System Impact of ASE 251
6.5.1 Signal-ASE Beat Noise 253
6.5.2 ASE-ASE Beat Noise 256
6.53 Total Mean and Variance 256
6.5.4 Polarization Effects 258
6.5.5 Amplifier Noise Figure 260
6.5.6 Optical Signal-to Noise Ratio 262
6.6 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 263
6.6.1 Cavity-Type Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 264
6.6.2 Traveling-Wave Amplifiers 268
6.63 AR Coating 270
6.6.4 Gain Saturation 271
6.7 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 274
6.7.1 Gain Spectrum 274
6.7.2 Rate Equations* 275
6.7.3 Amplified Spontaneous Emission 280
6.7.4 Comparison of ED FA and SO A 281
6.8 Raman Amplifiers 282
6.8.1 Governing Equations 283
Contents
xi
6.8.2 Noise Figure 287
6.8.3 Rayleigh Back Scattering 287
6.9 Additional Examples 288
Exercises 298
Further Reading 300
References 300
7 Transmission System Design 301
7.1 Introduction 301
7.2 Fiber Loss-Induced Limitations 301
7.2.1 Balanced Coherent Receiver 306
7.3 Dispersion-Induced Limitations 313
7.4 ASE-Induced Limitations 315.
7.4.1 Equivalent Noise Figure 317
7.4.2 Impact of Amplifier Spacing 318
7.4.3 Direct Detection Receiver 319
7.4.4 Coherent Receiver 322
7.4.5 Numerical Experiments 326
7.5 Additional Examples 327
Exercises 333
Further Reading 334
References 334
8 Performance Analysis 335
8.1 Introduction 335
8.2 Optimum Binary Receiver for Coherent Systems 335
8.2.1 Realization of the Matched Filter 342
8.2.2 Error Probability with an Arbitrary Receiver Filter 345
8.3 Homodyne Receivers 345
8.3.1 PSK: Homodyne Detection 347
8.3.2 On-Off Keying 349
8.4 Heterodyne Receivers 350
8.4.1 PSK: Synchronous Detection 351
8.4.2 OOK: Synchronous Detection 353
8.4.3 FSK: Synchronous Detection 356
8.4.4 OOK: Asynchronous Receiver 359
8.4.5 FSK: Asynchronous Detection 364
8.4.6 Comparison of Modulation Schemes with Heterodyne Receiver 367
8.5 Direct Detection 368
8.5.1 OOK 368
8.5.2 FSK 371
8.5.3 DPSK 374
8.5.4 Comparison of Modulation Schemes with Direct Detection 379
8.6 Additional Examples 381
Exercises 387
References 388
389
389
391
394
401
402
402
406
407
408
409
409
410
412
413
415
416
419
419
419
423
424
426
428
430
433
437
438
448
454
454
455
457
457
463
466
471
471
474
478
481
483
491
493
493
Channel Multiplexing Techniques
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
Introduction
Polarization-Division Multiplexing
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
9.3.1 WDM Components
9.3.2 WDM Experiments
OFDM
9.4.1 OFDM Principle
9.4.2 Optical OFDM Transmitter
9.4.3 Optical OFDM Receiver
9.4.4 Optical OFDM Experiments
Time-Division Multiplexing
9.5.1 Multiplexing
9.5.2 Demultiplexing
9.5.3 OTDM Experiments
Additional Examples
Exercises
References
Nonlinear Effects in Fibers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Origin of Linear and Nonlinear Refractive Indices
10.2.1 Absorption and Amplification
10.2.2 Nonlinear Susceptibility
10.3 Fiber Dispersion
10.4 Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation
10.5 Self-Phase Modulation
10.6 Combined Effect of Dispersion and SPM
10.7 Interchannel Nonlinear Effects
10.7.1 Cross-Phase Modulation
10.7.2 Four- Wave Mixing
10.8 Intrachannel Nonlinear Impairments
10.8.1 Intrachannel Cross-Phase Modulation
10.8.2 Intrachannel Four- Wave Mixing
10.8.3 Intra- versus Interchannel Nonlinear Effects
10.9 Theory of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects
10.9.1 Variance Calculations
10.9.2 Numerical Simulations
10.10 Nonlinear Phase Noise
10.10.1 Linear Phase Noise
10.10.2 Gordon-Mollenauer Phase Noise
10.11 Stimulated Raman Scattering
10.11.1 Time Domain Description
10.12 Additional Examples
Exercises
Further Reading
References
Contents x*ü
11 Digital Signal Processing 497
11.1 Introduction 497
11.2 Coherent Receiver 497
11.3 Laser Phase Noise 498
11.4 IF Estimation and Compensation 501
11.5 Phase Estimation and Compensation 503
11.5.1 Phase Unwrapping 505
31.6 CD Equalization 506
11.6.1 Adaptive Equalizers 510
11.7 Polarization Mode Dispersion Equalization 513
11.8 Digital Back Propagation 516
11.8.1 Multi-Span DBP 521
11.9 Additional Examples 522,
Exercises 524
Further Reading 525
References 525
Appendix A 527
Appendix B 533
Index
537
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:07:08Z |
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| isbn | 9780470518670 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Kumar, Shiva Verfasser (DE-588)101192708X aut Fiber optic communications fundamentals and applications Shiva Kumar and M. Jamal Deen Chichester Wiley 2014 XVI, 553 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Optics bisacsh Optical fiber communication Fiber optics TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Optics Lichtwellenleiter (DE-588)4267405-0 gnd rswk-swf Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 gnd rswk-swf Optische Nachrichtentechnik (DE-588)4035624-3 gnd rswk-swf Optische Nachrichtentechnik (DE-588)4035624-3 s Lichtwellenleiter (DE-588)4267405-0 s DE-604 Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 s Deen, M. Jamal Verfasser aut http://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9780470518670.jpg Cover image Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027305321&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kumar, Shiva Deen, M. Jamal Fiber optic communications fundamentals and applications TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Optics bisacsh Optical fiber communication Fiber optics TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Optics Lichtwellenleiter (DE-588)4267405-0 gnd Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 gnd Optische Nachrichtentechnik (DE-588)4035624-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4267405-0 (DE-588)4172668-6 (DE-588)4035624-3 |
| title | Fiber optic communications fundamentals and applications |
| title_auth | Fiber optic communications fundamentals and applications |
| title_exact_search | Fiber optic communications fundamentals and applications |
| title_full | Fiber optic communications fundamentals and applications Shiva Kumar and M. Jamal Deen |
| title_fullStr | Fiber optic communications fundamentals and applications Shiva Kumar and M. Jamal Deen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fiber optic communications fundamentals and applications Shiva Kumar and M. Jamal Deen |
| title_short | Fiber optic communications |
| title_sort | fiber optic communications fundamentals and applications |
| title_sub | fundamentals and applications |
| topic | TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Optics bisacsh Optical fiber communication Fiber optics TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Optics Lichtwellenleiter (DE-588)4267405-0 gnd Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 gnd Optische Nachrichtentechnik (DE-588)4035624-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Optics Optical fiber communication Fiber optics Lichtwellenleiter Optische Nachrichtenübertragung Optische Nachrichtentechnik |
| url | http://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9780470518670.jpg http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027305321&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kumarshiva fiberopticcommunicationsfundamentalsandapplications AT deenmjamal fiberopticcommunicationsfundamentalsandapplications |