Rainwater tank systems for urban water supply: design, yield, health risks, economics and social perceptions
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| Language: | English |
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2015
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| Physical Description: | XXVIII, 342 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781780405353 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Rainwater tank systems for urban water supply
Autor: Sharma, Ashok K
Jahr: 2015
Contents
Editors......................... ..................................xiii
List of Authors.....................................................xv
Foreword..........................................................xxi
Preface..........................................................xxiii
Editorial...........................................................xxv
Chapter 1
Rainwater harvesting systems for urban developments .....................1
Stephen Cook, Ashok K. Sharma and Ted Gardner
1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1
1.2 International Experiences with Rainwater Harvesting Systems ....................................3
1.3 The Australian Experience with Rainwater Tank Systems ............................................5
1.4 Key Issues for Greater Uptake of Rainwater Tank Systems ..........................................7
1.4.1 Estimating rainwater system yield and mains water savings..............................7
1.4.2 Understanding the risks associated with rainwater quality ................................8
1.4.3 Guidelines for managing risks of rainwater use ................................................9
1.4.4 Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of rainwater tanks ....................10
1.4.5 Understanding the indirect costs and benefits of rainwater tanks (externalities) .. 11
1.4.6 Impact of rainwater systems on stormwater flows and nutrient loads ................12
1.4.7 Impact of rainwater tank systems on centralised water systems
and water quality ......................................................................................................13
1.4.8 Energy consumption in rainwater tank systems ................................................13
1.5 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................14
1.6 References ....................................................................................................................14
vi Rainwater Tank Systems for Urban Water Supply
Chapter 2
Rainwater tank modelling ......................................................................................1$
Alison M. Vieritz, Luis E. Neumann and Stephen Cook
2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................19
2.2 General Concepts Underlying A Rain Water Tank Model ............................................20
2.3 Aspects of Some Existing Rain Water Tank Models ...........................24
2.3.1 Time-step and climate data inputs ..................................24
2.3.2 Water demand data inputs ..............................................................................25
2.3.3 Roof runoff modelling ......................................................................................27
2.3.4 Tank water balance configurations ..................................................................27
2.3.5 Model outputs ..................................................................................................28
2.4 Influence of Different Variables in the Tank Simulation ................................................29
2.4.1 Time-step and spill rule ....................................................................................30
2.4.2 Roof area..........................................................................................................33
2.4.3 Tank size ..........................................................................................................33
2.4.4 Demand..............................................................................................................34
2.4.5 Initial and continuing losses ............................................................................35
2.4.6 Simulation length..............................................................................................36
2.4.7 Validation......................................................37
2.5 Upscaling of Rainwater Tank Behaviour to Multiple Tanks ..........................................39
2.6 Conclusions ..........................................................41
2.7 References ..........................................................42
Chapter 3
Quantifying mains water savings from residential rainwater tanks ..................47
Cara D. Beat, Meng Nan Chong, Julian Fyfe, Andrea Turner
and Ted Gardner
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................48
3.1.1 Why quantify mains water savings? ................................................................48
3.1.2 Previous studies on mains water savings ........................................................48
3.1.3 Chapter objectives and scope ..........................................................................50
3.2 Case Study 1 - Desktop Analysis of Mains Water Savings ........................................50
3.2.1 Background ......................................................................................................50
3.2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................51
3.2.3 Results ............................................................................................................55
3.2.4 Discussion and implications ............................................................................57
3.2.5 Limitations of Case Study 1 ............................................................................57
3.2.6 Concluding remarks ........................................................................................58
3.3 Case Study 2 - Benchmark Analysis of Mains Water Savings ....................................58
3.3.1 Background ......................................................................................................58
3.3.2 Research aims ................................................................................................58
3.3.3 Methods ..........................................................................................................59
3.3.4 Results and discussion ....................................................................................60
Contents vil
3.3.5 Challenges and limitations ....................................... 62
3.3.6 Concluding remarks ............................................ 62
3.4 Case Study 3 - Water Savings from Rebated Rainwater Tanks ................. 63
3.4.1 Background ......................................................................................................63
3.4.2 Methods ..........................................................................................................63
3.4.3 Mains water savings results ............................................................................65
3.4.4 Interpretation and implications ..............................................66
3.4.5 Challenges and limitations ..............................................................................67
3.4.6 Concluding remarks ........................................................................................67
3.5 Key Considerations in Quantifying Mains Savings ......................................................68
3.5.1 Quality of the datasets .......................................... 68
3.5.2 Mixed method and analyses .......................................70
3.5.3 Sample size V quality of datasets ...................................70
3.6 Summary and Conclusions ..............................................70
3.7 References ..........................................................71
Chapter 4
Monitoring of household rainwater tank systems for
rainwater usage ................................................... 73
Shivanita Umapathi, Reid Butler, Matthew Ferguson, David Pezzaniti
and AshokK. Sharma
4.1 Introduction ......................................................... 73
4.2 Monitoring of Water Usage in Rainwater Tank Systems ........................74
4.2.1 Drivers for monitoring ............................................75
4.2.2 Case studies in Australia ..........................................75
4.3 Rainwater System Components, Accessories and Configurations ................76
4.4 Experimental Approaches ...............................................78
4.4.1 Monitoring methods..............................................78
4.4.2 Instrumentation ................................................ 79
4.4.3 Sample number and ethics approval................................ 86
4.4.4 Site inspections and audits ....................................... 86
4.4.5 Correlation with weather and seasonal patterns ....................... 86
4.4.6 Monitoring duration and intervals ...................................87
4.5 Data Management.................................................... 88
4.5.1 Data cleansing and validation ..................................... 88
4.5.2 Data analysis .................................................. 89
4.6 Case Study 1: Rainwater Tank Monitoring, South East Queensland, Australia ..... 89
4.6.1 Data analysis and results ........................................ 90
4.7 Case Study 2: Sydney Water, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.............. 93
4.7.1 Data analysis and results ........................................ 94
4.8 Other Cost Considerations Associated with Monitoring ....................... 95
4.9 Conclusion .......................................................... 96
4.10 References ..........................................................97
viii Rainwater Tank Systems for Urban Water Supply
Chapter 5
Physical verification of household rainwater tank systems ............................101
Sharon Biermann and Reid Butler
5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................101
5.2 Rainwater Tank Installation Compliance Monitoring Framework..................................103
5.2.1 Sydney BASIX assessment..............................................................................103
5.2.2 Queensland Development Code Performance criteria ..................................104
5.2.3 Rainwater tank installation audit protocol ........................................................105
5.3 Application of the Method to the SEQ Case Study Area ..............................................110
5.3.1 Context ............................................................................................................110
5.3.2 Data collection..................................................................................................111
5.4 Results..........................................................................................................................112
5.4.1 General rainwater tank characteristics ............................................................112
5.4.2 Rainwater tank storage volume ........................................................................112
5.4.3 Connected roof area ........................................................................................115
5.4.4 Connection to toilets, washing machines and
external use......................................................................................................119
5.4.5 Continuous supply............................................................................................119
5.4.6 Water quality protection....................................................................................119
5.5 Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................................121
5.6 References ..................................................................................................................123
Chapter 6
Understanding energy usage in rainwater tank systems through
laboratory and household monitoring ................................................................127
Grace Tjandraatmadja, Monique Retamal, Shivanita Umapathi
and Guenter Hauber-Davidson
6.1 Energy Usage in Rainwater Systems ..................................... 127
6.2 Rainwater System Set-Up .............................................. 129
6.3 Energy Use Estimation ................................................ 133
6.3.1 Factors impacting energy consumption ............................. 133
6.3.2 Pump performance ............................................. 133
6.3.3 Pump design and characteristics .................................. 133
6.3.4 End use water requirements ...................................... 136
6.3.5 Dwelling occupancy and characteristics ............................. 140
6.3.6 Friction losses ................................................. 141
6.3.7 Other components.............................................. 141
6.4 Reducing Energy Use for Rainwater Systems - Lessons
from Australia ....................................................... 145
6.4.1 Policy considerations for rainwater system
energy use ................................................... 146
6.5 Conclusions ......................................................... 146
6.6 References ..................................................................................................................147
Contents ix
Chapter 7
Management and operational needs for urban rainwater tanks ......................151
Magnus Moglia, Andrea Walton, John Gardner and Grace Tjandraatmadja
7.1 The Need for Managing Rainwater Tanks .................................. 151
7.2 Issues to Consider in the Management of Urban Rainwater Tanks ............................152
7.3 Private Ownership vs Public Benefit ...................................... 155
7.4 Factors that Influence Condition .........................................156
7.4.1 Maintenance ..................................................156
7.4.2 Design ..............................................................................................................156
7.4.3 Installation .................................................... 157
7.5 Local Context ....................................................... 158
7.5.1 Local regulatory environment .....................................158
7.5.2 Understanding behaviour ................................................................................159
7.6 Research Framework ................................................. 161
7.7 Application of the Research Framework: The South East Queensland
CaseStudy ......................................................................................................................163
7.7.1 South East Queensland context ......................................................................163
7.7.2 Definition of strategies...........................................166
7.7.3 Assessing strategies ........................................................................................168
7.8 Discussion ....................................................................................................................175
7.9 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................177
7.10 References ..................................................................................................................178
Chapter 8
Public perceptions, motivational drivers, and maintenance behaviour for
urban rainwater tanks ........................................................................................181
Aditi Mankad, Kelly Fielding and Sorada Tapsuwan
8.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................181
8.2 Past Social Research on Rainwater Use in Urban Australia ....................183
8.3 Theoretical Frameworks for Understanding Public Acceptance, Adoption and
Maintenance of Rainwater Tanks ................................................................................184
8.4 Investigating Public Acceptance of Rainwater Tanks: Qualitative Methods ........186
8.4.1 Identifying facilitators and barriers to rainwater tank adoption in
South East Queensland .........................................186
8.4.2 Case study findings ..........................................................................................188
8.5 Investigating Public Acceptance of Rainwater Tanks: Quantitative Methods ............190
8.5.1 Predictors of rainwater tank adoption in South East Queensland ..................190
8.5.2 Case study findings ..........................................................................................192
8.6 Identifying Motivational Drivers of Rainwater Tank Maintenance: Quantitative Methods .. 194
8.6.1 Drivers of rainwater tank maintenance behaviour for mandated tank owners ... 195
8.6.2 Case study results ..........................................................................................196
8.6.3 Drivers of rainwater tank maintenance behaviour for retrofitted versus
mandated tanks ................................................................................................198
8.6.4 Case study results ............................................................................................199
X
Rainwater Tank Systems for Urban Water Supply
8.7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................200
8.7.1 How can we influence public acceptance and adoption of rainwater tanks? .. 201
8.7.2 How can we encourage more effective maintenance of
domestic rainwater tanks?..............................................................................202
8.8 References ................................................................................................................203
Chapter 9
Chemical quality of rainwater in rain tanks ............................207
Mírela I. Magyar and Anthony R. Ladson
9.1 Introduction .........................................................207
9.1.1 The uses of tank water ..................................................................................208
9.1.2 Water quality guidelines ................................................................................209
9.2 Water Quality from Rainfall to Roof to Tank ................................210
9.2.1 Rainwater and atmospheric influences on inflow quality.................210
9.2.2 The effect of roof material on the quality of tank inflows .................211
9.2.3 A statistical overview of roof runoff quality ...........................212
9.2.4 Improving tank inflow quality ......................................215
9.2.5 The rain tank as a water treatment device ...........................216
9.3 Measurements of Rain Tank Water Quality .................................217
9.3.1 Introduction ...................................................217
9.3.2 Studies of tank water quality: A summary ............................217
9.3.3 Meta-analysis: Proportion of tanks with high lead concentrations .........219
9.3.4 pH of tank water and relationship with lead concentration ...............221
9.3.5 Quality aspects of tank supply to hot water systems....................221
9.4 Improving the Quality of Water Supplied by Rain Tanks .......................223
9.5 Conclusion ..........................................................223
9.6 References ................................................................................................................224
Chapter 10
Microbiological quality and associated health risks with the use of
roof-captured rainwater..................................................................................229
Warish Ahmed and Simon Toze
10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................229
10.2 Faecal Indicators and Pathogens in Roof-Captured Rainwater ................................230
10.2.1 Faecal indicators ............................................................................................230
10.2.2 Bacterial pathogens ......................................................................................232
10.2.3 Opportunistic bacterial pathogens ................................................................233
10.2.4 Protozoa pathogens ......................................................................................234
10.2.5 Likely sources of Escherichia coli harboring toxin genes in rainwater tanks .. 235
10.2.6 Presence and source of faecal indicators and zoonotic pathogens in
household drinking water taps fed from rainwater tanks in South East
Queensland ..................................................................................................237
10.2.7 Inactivation of faecal indicator bacteria in a roof-captured rainwater system________238
10.3 Health Risks Associated with Roof Captured Rainwater.......................242
Contents xi
10.3.1 Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to determine health risk from the
use of roof-captured rainwater ................................... 245
10.4 Concluding Remarks and Recommendations .............................. 248
10.5 References .........................................................249
Chapter 11
Cluster-scale rainwater harvesting................................... 253
Stephen Cook, Ashok K. Sharma, Thulo Ram Gurung, Luis E. Neumann,
Magnus Moglia and Priya Chacko
11.1 Introduction ........................................................ 253
11.2 Literature Review.................................................... 255
11.2.1 Examples of cluster-scale rainwater harvesting ...................... 255
11.2.2 Impediments and benefits ....................................... 256
11.3 Case Studies of Cluster-Scale Harvesting .................................257
11.3.1 Capo di Monte .................................................257
11.3.2 Wannon water s roof water harvesting project ....................... 259
11.3.3 Christie walk ................................................. 260
11.3.4 Fitzgibbon chase potable roof water (PotaRoo) scheme ................261
11.4 Modelling the Performance of Individual vs. Cluster Rainwater Harvesting ....... 263
11.5 Method for the Design of CSRH Systems ................................. 264
11.5.1 Designing the CSRH system ..................................... 264
11.6 Water Treatment .................................................... 268
11.6.1 Preliminary treatment and filtration ................................ 268
11.6.2 Disinfection .................................................. 269
11.6.3 Post-treatment methods ........................................ 269
11.7 Management of CSRH Systems ........................................ 269
11.8 Conclusions .........................................................271
11.9 References .........................................................271
Chapter 12
Economics of individual and communal rainwater tank systems .......... 275
Murray R. Hall, Thulo Ram Gurung and Kym Whiteoak
12.1 Introduction .........................................................275
12.2 Cost-Effectiveness of Individual Rainwater Tanks............................276
12.2.1 Method ......................................................276
12.2.2 Case study-mandated rainwater tanks in South East Queensland, Australia .. 277
12.3 Cost-Effectiveness of Communal Rainwater Tanks ......................... 285
12.3.1 Communal rainwater tank systems ................................ 285
12.3.2 Method for cost-effectiveness estimation ........................... 286
12.4 Cost Benefit Analysis of Rainwater Tanks ................................. 290
12.4.1 The role of cost-effectiveness assessment.......................... 290
12.4.2 Cost-benefit analysis ............................................291
12.4.3 Proposed economic framework ...................................291
12.4.4 Case study - Toowoomba ....................................... 296
xii Rainwater Tank Systems for Urban Water Supply
12.5 Discussion ..................................................................................................................297
12.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................298
12.7 References ................................................................................................................299
Chapter 13
Impact of rainwater tanks on urban hydrology and stormwater quality . . 301
Matthew J. Burns, Anthony R. Ladson and Tim D. Fletcher
13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................301
13.2 Impacts of Urbanization on Stream Hydrology and Water Quality ............................302
13.2.1 Stream hydrology ..........................................................................................302
13.2.2 Water quality ..................................................................................................302
13.2.3 Stream ecological consequences ..................................................................306
13.3 Conventional Approaches to Urban Stormwater Management in Australia ..............306
13.4 How Urban Stormwater can be Managed for Urban Stream Protection or
Restoration ................................................................................................................308
13.4.1 Increase volumetric losses ............................................................................308
i 13.4.2 Increase infiltration (filtered-flow) ..................................................................308
13.4.3 Increase equivalent initial loss ......................................................................308
13.5 The Role of Rainwater Tanks in Flow-Regime Management ....................................309
13.5.1 Increase volumetric losses ............................................................................309
, r 13.5.2 Increase infiltration (filtered-flow) ..................................................................309
13.5.3 Increase equivalent initial loss ........................................................................313
13.5.4 Water quality and tanks ....................................................................................313
13.6 Other Benefits of Rainwater Tanks ..............................................................................313
13.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................314
13.8 References ..................................................................................................................314
Chapter 14
Rainwater tanks in Australia: Their social I political context, a research
overview, policy implications, future research needs, and application •
of findings to other countries...................................319
Ted Gardner, Don Begbie, Ashok K. Sharma and Grace Tjandraatmadja
14.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................320
14.2 Drivers for Rainwater Tanks Implementation................................321
14.2.1 Australian context ..............................................321
14.2.2 International context ......................................................................................322
14.3 Current Availability of Water Resources in Australia ..........................324
14.3.1 Changes in approach to alternative water supplies in Australia ...........324
14.4 Policy Implications from the Chapters ........................................................................326
14.5 Lessons for Other Countries ............................................331
14.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................333
14.7 References ................................................................................................................333
Index.............................................................339
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| publisher | IWA Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rainwater tank systems for urban water supply design, yield, health risks, economics and social perceptions ed. by Ashok K. Sharma London IWA Publ. 2015 XXVIII, 342 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 gnd rswk-swf Regenwasser (DE-588)4049003-8 gnd rswk-swf Brauchwasserversorgung (DE-588)4146486-2 gnd rswk-swf Haustechnik (DE-588)4113858-2 gnd rswk-swf Regenwasser (DE-588)4049003-8 s Haustechnik (DE-588)4113858-2 s Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 s Brauchwasserversorgung (DE-588)4146486-2 s DE-604 Sharma, Ashok edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-780-40536-0 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027303800&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rainwater tank systems for urban water supply design, yield, health risks, economics and social perceptions Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 gnd Regenwasser (DE-588)4049003-8 gnd Brauchwasserversorgung (DE-588)4146486-2 gnd Haustechnik (DE-588)4113858-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4064811-4 (DE-588)4049003-8 (DE-588)4146486-2 (DE-588)4113858-2 |
| title | Rainwater tank systems for urban water supply design, yield, health risks, economics and social perceptions |
| title_auth | Rainwater tank systems for urban water supply design, yield, health risks, economics and social perceptions |
| title_exact_search | Rainwater tank systems for urban water supply design, yield, health risks, economics and social perceptions |
| title_full | Rainwater tank systems for urban water supply design, yield, health risks, economics and social perceptions ed. by Ashok K. Sharma |
| title_fullStr | Rainwater tank systems for urban water supply design, yield, health risks, economics and social perceptions ed. by Ashok K. Sharma |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rainwater tank systems for urban water supply design, yield, health risks, economics and social perceptions ed. by Ashok K. Sharma |
| title_short | Rainwater tank systems for urban water supply |
| title_sort | rainwater tank systems for urban water supply design yield health risks economics and social perceptions |
| title_sub | design, yield, health risks, economics and social perceptions |
| topic | Wasserversorgung (DE-588)4064811-4 gnd Regenwasser (DE-588)4049003-8 gnd Brauchwasserversorgung (DE-588)4146486-2 gnd Haustechnik (DE-588)4113858-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wasserversorgung Regenwasser Brauchwasserversorgung Haustechnik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027303800&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sharmaashok rainwatertanksystemsforurbanwatersupplydesignyieldhealthriskseconomicsandsocialperceptions |