Biaxial nematic liquid crystals: theory, simulation, and experiment
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester
Wiley
2015
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes index |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 383 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470871959 0470871954 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152203039997952 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | BIAXIAL NEMATIC
LIQUID CRYSTALS
THEORY, SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT
EDITORS
GEOFFREY R. LUCKHURST
School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, UK
TIMOTHY J. SLUCKIN
School of Mathematics, University of Southampton, UK
In the nematic liquid crystal phase, rod-shaped molecules move randomly but remain essentially
parallel to one another. Biaxial nematics, which were first predicted in 1970 by Marvin Freiser,
have their molecules differentially oriented along two axes. They have the potential to create
displays with fast switching times and may have applications in thin-film displays and other liquid
crystal technologies.
This book is the first to be concerned solely with biaxial nematic liquid crystals, both lyotropic
and thermotropic, formed by low molar mass as well as polymeric systems. It opens with a
general introduction to the biaxial nematic phase and covers:
• Order parameters and distribution functions
• Molecular field theory
• Theories for hard biaxial particles
• Computer simulation of biaxial nematics
• Alignment of the phase
• Display applications
• Characterisation and identification
• Lyotropic, thermotropic and colloidal systems together with material design
With a consistent, coherent and pedagogical approach, this book brings together theory,
simulations and experimental studies; it includes contributions from some of the leading figures
in the field. It is relevant to students and researchers as well as to industry professionals working
in soft matter, liquid crystals, liquid crystal devices and their applications throughout materials
science, chemistry, physics, mathematics and display engineering.
Contents 0
f ƒ
About the Editors *։* *
List of Contributors xv
Preface
1 Introduction 1
Geoffrey R. Luckhurst and Timothy J. Sluckin
1.1 Historical Background 1
1.2 Freiser Theory 3
1.3 Nematic Order Parameters 4
1.4 Nematic Tensor Order Parameters 5
1.5 Theoretical Phase Diagrams 6
1.6 Landau-de Gennes Theory 9
1.7 Computer Simulation 10
1.8 Other Theoretical Issues 11
1.9 Applications 12
1.10 Characterisation 12
1.11 Lyotropic and Colloidal Systems 14
1.12 Molecular Design 15
References 19
2 Biaxial Nematics: Order Parameters and Distribution Functions 25
Geoffrey R. Luckhurst
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 The Cartesian Language 26
2.2.1 Order Parameters 26
2.2.2 Molecular Symmetry 28
2.2.3 Measurement 30
2.3 The Spherical Tensor Language 31
2.3.1 The Order Parameters of Biaxial Molecules in a Uniaxial Phase 31
2.3.2 Molecular Symmetry 33
2.3.3 Measurement 33
2.4 Extension to Biaxial Nematics 35
2.4.1 Orientational Order Parameters 35
2.4.2 Systems with D2h Point Group Symmetry 36
2.4.3 Measurement of the Order Parameters 37
2.4.4 Systems with C2h Point Group Symmetry and Their Order Parameters 38
2.4.5 Systems with C2h Point Group Symmetry: The Cartesian Language 39
2.5 Fourth-Rank Order Parameters 42
2.6 The Singlet Orientational Distribution Function 44
Contents
viii
2.7 Appendices 47
2.7.1 Point Group Symmetry and the Associated Symmetry Operations 47
2.7.2 Legendre Polynomials, Modified Spherical Harmonics and Wigner Rotation
Matrices 48
Acknowledgements 51
References 51
3 Molecular Field Theory 55
Epifanio G. Virga
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 General Mathematical Theory 57
3.2.1 Two-Particle Hamiltonian 57
3.2.2 Ensemble Potentials 62
3.2.3 Molecular Field Approximation 65
3.2.4 Variational Principles 69
3.2.5 Local Stability Criterion 21
3.3 Non-Polar Molecules 74
3.3.1 Quadrupolar Hamiltonians 74
3.3.2 Phase Transitions 80
3.3.3 Universal Phase Diagram 87
3.3.4 Steric Effects 91
3.4 Polar Molecules 99
3.4.1 Dipolar Fluids 100
3.4.2 Dipolar Hamiltonian 102
3.4.3 Condensed Polar Phases 107
References 112
4 Hard Particle Theories 117
Andrew J. Masters
4.1 Introduction 117
4.2 Theoretical Approaches 119
4.3 Board-Like Models 122
4.4 Bent-Core Models 124
4.5 Rod-Plate Mixtures 125
4.6 Conclusions and Speculations 128
Acknowledgements 129
References 129
5 Landau Theory of Nematic Phases 133
Lech Longa
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Symmetry of Biaxial Nematics and Primary Order Parameters 134
5.3 Landau Expansion 136
5.3.1 Generic Ny-I Phase Transition 136
5.3.2 Generic Ng-Ny and NB-I Phase Transitions 138
5.3.3 Role of Coupling between Nematic Order Parameters 141
Contents ix
5.3.4 Landau֊de Gennes Expansion in Terms of the Alignment Tensor 145
5.4 Conclusion 149
Acknowledgements 149
References 149
6 Computer Simulations of Biaxial Nematics 153
Roberto Berardi and Claudio Zannoni
6.1 Introduction 153
6.2 Order Parameters 156
6.3 Model Potentials and Applications 159
6.3.1 Lattice Models 159
6.3.2 Atomistic Models 162
6.3.3 Molecular Models 163
6.4 Conclusion 171
Acknowledgements 173
6.5 Appendices 173
6.5.1 Quaternions 173
6.5.2 Angular Momentum Operator 174
6.5.3 Kinematic and Dynamic Equations of Rotational Motion 175
6.5.4 Propagator/Integrator of Rotational Equations of Motion 176
6.5.5 Gradient of the Biaxial Gay-Beme Potential 176
6.5.6 Torques of the Biaxial Gay-Berne Potential 177
References 178
7 Continuum Theory of Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals 185
Iain W. Stewart
7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 Continuum Model and Energies 186
7.2.1 The Elastic Energy 187
7.2.2 The Magnetic and Electric Energies 187
7.2.3 The Total Energy 189
7.3 Dynamic Equations 189
7.3.1 Balance Laws 190
7.3.2 The Viscous Stress 192
7.3.3 The Dynamic Equations 194
7.3.4 Euler Angle Description 195
7.3.5 A Simple Shear Flow 196
7.4 Equilibrium Equations 198
7.4.1 The Equilibrium Equations 199
7.4.2 Alignment Induced by a Magnetic Field 200
7.5 Conclusion 202
References 202
8 The Alignment of Biaxial Nematics 205
Demetri J. Photinos
8.1 Introduction 205
8.2 Alignment by an External Electric or Magnetic Field 206
X
Contents
8.3 Surface Alignment
8.3.1 Macroscopie Description
8.3.2 Molecular Scale Description
8.4 Flow Alignment
8.5 Lower Symmetry Biaxial Nematics and Hierarchical Domain Structures
Acknowledgements
References
208
208
210
210
211
212
212
9 Applications
Paul D. Brimicombe
9.1 introduction
9.1.1 Materials Considerations
9.1.2 Surface Alignment
9.2 Thin-Film Electro-Optic Devices
9.2.1 Minor-Director In-Plane Switching Devices
9.2.2 Electric Field-Induced Biaxiality Effects
9.2.3 Planar Biaxial Nematic Devices
9.2.4 Twist Effects in Biaxial Nematics and Biaxial Pi-Cells
9.2.5 Bistable Biaxial Nematic Devices
9.2.6 Spontaneous Chirality Effects
9.3 Non-Device Applications of Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals
9.3.1 Optical Compensation Films
9.4 Conclusion
References
215
215
215
216
217
218
220
221
222
223
224
225
225
225
226
10 Characterisation
10.1 Textures of Nematic Liquid Crystals
Ingo Dierking
10.1.1 Polarising Microscopy
10.1.2 Simple Liquid Crystal Optics
10.1.3 Optical Biaxiality
10.1.4 Textures
References
10.2 Refractive Index Studies
Antonio J. Palangana
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Optical Indicatrix
10.2.3 Optical Conoscopy
10.2.4 Results
10.2.5 Acknowledgements
References
10.3
Orientational Order Parameters of Nematic Liquid Crystals
and Raman Spectroscopy
Jagdish K. Vij and Antoni Kocot
10.3.1 Introduction
Determined by Infrared
229
230
230
230
232
234
240
242
242
242
244
246
250
250
251
252
Contents xi
10.3.2 Polarised IR Spectroscopy 252
10.3.3 Scalar Order Parameters of a Second-Rank Tensor 252
10.3.4 IR Absorbance Components 254
10.3.5 Experimental Method 256
10.3.6 Results for the Order Parameters for the Tétrapodes 256
10.3.7 Discussion of the Order Parameters 258
10.3.8 Raman Spectroscopy 259
10.3.9 Comparisons of IR and Raman Spectroscopy for Determining
Order Parameters 263
References 264
10.4 NMR Spectroscopy 265
Louis A. Madsen
10.4.1 Introduction: NMR Basics, Advantages and Limitations 265
10.4.2 Probing Orientational Order 266
10.4.3 Creating a Director Distribution to Observe Biaxiality 267
10.4.4 Spectral Analysis Considerations: Fitting and Rotational Modulations 268
10.4.5 Incorporating Deuterium: Direct Mesogen Labelling Versus Probe Solutes 270
10.4.6 Powder Spectra and Monodomain Spectra: Examples 271
10.4.7 Alternative and Emerging Methods 272
References 274
10.5 Structural Studies of Biaxial Nematics: X-Ray and Neutron Scattering 276
Patrick Davidson
10.5.1 Introduction 276
10.5.2 Theoretical Considerations 276
10.5.3 Experimental Details 279
10.5.4 Specificities of the Scattering by Different Kinds of Biaxial Nematics 280
References 283
11 Lyotropic Systems 285
Antonio M. Figueiredo Neto and Yves Calerne
11.1 Introduction 285
11.2 Phase Diagrams 286
11.3 The Potassium Laurate-Decanol-Water Mixture: A Working Example 287
11.4 The Intrinsically Biaxial Micelles Model 294
11.5 Theoretical Reconstruction of the Lyotropic Nematic Phase Diagram:
a Landau-Like Approach 298
11.6 Conclusions 302
Acknowledgements 302
References 302
12 Colloidal Systems 305
Gert Jan Vroege
12.1 Introduction 305
12.2 Onsager Theory and Extensions 306
12.3 Special Features of Colloids and Colloidal Liquid Crystals 307
xi i Contents
12.4 Biaxiality in Mixtures of Rods and Plates
12.5 Particles with Inherent Biaxial Shape
12.6 Concluding remarks
References
308
311
3)5
316
13 Thermotropic Systems: Biaxial Nematic Polymers
Anke Hoffmann, Félicitas Brommel, and Heino Finkelmann
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Main-Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers
13.3 Side-Chain Liquid Crystal Polymers
13.4 Comparison of Attachment Geometries - Influence of Molecular Dynamics
and Molecular Shape
13.5 Conclusion
References
319
319
321
321
327
330
330
14 Low Molar Mass Thermotropic Systems
Matthias Lehmann
14.1 Preamble
14.2 Introduction and General Considerations
14.3 Single Component
14.3.1 Biaxial Board-Shaped Mesogens
14.3.2 V-Shaped Nematogens
14.3.3 Multipodcs
14.4 Mixtures
14.5 Concluding Remarks
References
333
333
333
336
336
338
350
354
360
360
15 Final Remarks
Geoffrey R. Luckhurst and Timothy J. Sluckin
References
369
373
Index
375
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| spelling | Biaxial nematic liquid crystals theory, simulation, and experiment edited by Geoffrey R. Luckhurst and Timothy J. Sluckin 1. publ. Chichester Wiley 2015 XVIII, 383 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes index Nematic liquid crystals Liquid crystals / Spectra Liquid crystals / Research Flüssigkristall (DE-588)4071279-5 gnd rswk-swf Nematische Phase (DE-588)4171428-3 gnd rswk-swf Flüssigkristall (DE-588)4071279-5 s Nematische Phase (DE-588)4171428-3 s DE-604 Luckhurst, G. R. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027298961&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027298961&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Biaxial nematic liquid crystals theory, simulation, and experiment Nematic liquid crystals Liquid crystals / Spectra Liquid crystals / Research Flüssigkristall (DE-588)4071279-5 gnd Nematische Phase (DE-588)4171428-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071279-5 (DE-588)4171428-3 |
| title | Biaxial nematic liquid crystals theory, simulation, and experiment |
| title_auth | Biaxial nematic liquid crystals theory, simulation, and experiment |
| title_exact_search | Biaxial nematic liquid crystals theory, simulation, and experiment |
| title_full | Biaxial nematic liquid crystals theory, simulation, and experiment edited by Geoffrey R. Luckhurst and Timothy J. Sluckin |
| title_fullStr | Biaxial nematic liquid crystals theory, simulation, and experiment edited by Geoffrey R. Luckhurst and Timothy J. Sluckin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biaxial nematic liquid crystals theory, simulation, and experiment edited by Geoffrey R. Luckhurst and Timothy J. Sluckin |
| title_short | Biaxial nematic liquid crystals |
| title_sort | biaxial nematic liquid crystals theory simulation and experiment |
| title_sub | theory, simulation, and experiment |
| topic | Nematic liquid crystals Liquid crystals / Spectra Liquid crystals / Research Flüssigkristall (DE-588)4071279-5 gnd Nematische Phase (DE-588)4171428-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nematic liquid crystals Liquid crystals / Spectra Liquid crystals / Research Flüssigkristall Nematische Phase |
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