Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2014
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| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | LXXXI, 491 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780198704027 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice |c Morten Broberg and Niels Fenger |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 2014 | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | DETAILED CONTENTS
Table of Cases
xxi
Table of Legislation
lxxiii
List of Abbreviations
lxxxi
1.
References for Preliminary Rulings
1
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Preliminary Rulings in the European Union s Judicial System
1
1.2.
The structure of this book
3
2.
History and Development of the Preliminary Reference
Procedure
4
3.
Possibilities of Making References to the Court of Justice
Other than on the Basis of the Treaties
8
4.
References to the
EFTA
Court
10
4.1.
The Procedure for Making a Preliminary Reference to the
EFTA
Court
10
4.2.
Competence and Procedure
13
5.
Other Ways of Obtaining Legal Guidance from
European Union Bodies
16
5.1.
Asking the European Commission for Guidance on the
Interpretation of
EU
Law
16
5.1.1.
Questions on competition and State aid law
16
5.1.2.
Questions that do not concern competition or
State aid law
18
5.2.
Asking the European Ombudsman for Guidance on the
Interpretation of
EU
Law
20
6.
The Preliminary Reference System in the Future
23
6.1.
Overview
23
6.2.
Transfer of Preliminary Cases to the General Court
24
6.3.
Green Light Procedures
28
6.4.
Docket Control
29
6.5.
Limiting the Right to Refer to Courts of Last Instance
31
6.6.
Decentralized European Union Courts
32
6J. The Best Way Forward?
33
2.
Variations
in Member State Use of Preliminary References
34
1.
Overview
34
2.
The Distribution of Preliminary References among the
Member States
34
3.
Why Do Courts in Some Member States Refer More
than Others?
35
3.1.
Overview
35
3.2.
Structural Factors Possibly Determining National Courts
Abilities to Make Preliminary References
37
3.2.1.
Introduction
37
3.2.2.
Differences in population size
37
3.2.3.
Litigation patterns
39
3.2.4.
Level of compliance with
EU
law
44
3.2.5.
Predicting the number of preliminary references
46
3.2.6.
Special factors in the national judicial system
47
3.2.7.
Conclusion regarding structural factors
49
3.3.
Behavioural Factors Influencing National Courts
Willingness to Refer
49
3.3.1.
Constitutional traditions
50
3.3.2.
The national court s policy preferences
54
3.3.3.
Specialized judiciary vs non-specialized judiciary
55
3.3.4.
Inter-court competition: circumventing the practice of
higher courts
56
3.3.5.
Special factors in the national judicial system
58
4.
Conclusion
58
3.
Which Bodies May Refer?
60
1.
Who May Refer Preliminary Questions?
60
2.
Criteria for Determining whether there is a Court or Tribunal
Entitled to Make a Reference
61
2.1.
Is the Body Established by Law?
61
2.2.
Does the Body Have a Permanent Character?
62
2.3.
Is the Body Independent?
63
2.4.
Is the Jurisdiction of the Body Compulsory?
66
2.5.
Does the Body Use an Adversary Procedure?
67
2.6.
Does the Body Make Its Decisions on the Basis of Legal Rules?
67
2.7.
Can the Body Issue Decisions of a Judicial Nature in the Context
of the Preliminary Reference?
69
2.8.
Must the Members of the Referring Body Include Lawyers?
70
2.9.
Does the Question Arise in Connection with the Settlement of a
Dispute?
71
2.10.
Are There Other Judicial Solutions to the Conflict in Question?
71
2.11.
The Court s Weighting of the Different Criteria
72
3.
Which Bodies Qualify as a Court or Tribunal ?
74
3.1.
Judicial Bodies
74
3.1.1.
Ordinary national courts
74
3.1.2.
International courts and courts with jurisdiction in more
Member States
75
ЗЛ
.3.
Activities which do not lead to decisions of a
judicial nature
77
3.1.4.
The function as a judicial body is combined with other
functions
82
3.1.5.
Summary proceedings
83
ЗЛ.6.
Arbitration tribunals
84
ЗЛ.7.
Courts that do not have jurisdiction to decide on the
main action
86
3.2.
Administrative Authorities and Ombudsmen
88
3.2.1.
General observations
88
3.2.2.
Administrative appeal boards
91
3.2.3.
Advisory bodies
92
3.2.4.
Ombudsmen
94
3.3.
Private Bodies
95
3.3.1.
Private disciplinary bodies
95
3.3.2.
Private professional bodies
96
3.3.3.
Management and labour (social partners)
97
4.
The Term of a Member State
97
5.
Other Forms of Preliminary References
101
6.
References from a National Court that May not Make a
Reference under National Law
102
6.1.
The National Court Is Prevented from Making a Reference under
National Law
103
6.2.
A Superior Court Has Declared the Contested National
Provision to Be Compatible with
EU
Law
105
4.
What Questions Can Be Referred?
107
1.
Introduction
107
2.
Article
267(1)
(a) on the Interpretation of the Treaties
107
2.1.
Questions on Validity of the Treaties
107
2.2.
What Is Covered by the Treaties ?
109
2.2.1.
The main rule
109
2.2.2.
Police and judicial cooperation
110
2.2.3.
Common foreign and security policy
112
2.2.4.
Euratom
Treaty and ECSC Treaty
114
3.
Article
267(1)
(b)
on
the Validity and Interpretation of Acts of
the Institutions, Bodies, Offices or Agencies of the Union
114
3.1.
The Meaning of the Institutions, Bodies, Offices or Agencies of
the Union
Є
114
3.2.
The Meaning of Acts
116
3.2.1.
Acts adopted on the basis of the Treaties
116
3.2.2.
EU
acts which refer to non-EU acts
117
3.2.3.
lhe
act must have been adopted, but not necessarily
have entered into force
119
3.2.4.
The act does not have direct effect
119
3.2.5.
The act has previously been the subject of a
preliminary ruling
120
3.3.
The Distinction between Acts of the Institutions, Bodies, Offices
or Agencies of the Union and Agreements under International
Law outside the Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice
120
3.3.1.
Overview
120
3.3.2.
Agreements between the European Union and
third countries
121
3.3.3.
Mixed agreements
122
3.3.3.1.
Overview
—
the four situations
122
3.3.3.2.
Provisions covered by exclusive competence
123
3.3.3.3.
Provisions covered by shared competence and
where the European Union has legislated
124
3.3.3.4.
Provisions covered by shared competence and
where the European Union has not legislated
125
3.3.3.5.
Provisions not covered by the European
Unions competence
127
3.3.4.
Acts of organs set up by an international agreement to
which the European Union is party
128
3.3.5.
International agreements to which the European Union
is not party, but which nevertheless are an integral part
of
EU
law
129
3.3.6.
International law that does not qualify as
EU
law, but
that may affect the validity of
EU
law
130
3.3.7.
International agreements to which the European Union
is not a party
132
3.3.8.
Other international agreements which give the Court of
Justice jurisdiction to interpret
135
3.4.
The Meaning of Validity
135
4.
Questions which Fall Outside the Jurisdiction of the
Court of Justice
137
4.1.
Overview
137
4.2.
National Law
137
4.3.
Interpretation of
EU
Acts which Do Not Apply in the Main
Proceedings
139
4.3.1.
Overview
139
4.3.2.
Preliminary rulings on procedural questions in the main
proceedings
139
4.3.3.
Application of
EU
law outside the scope of
EU
law
140
4.3-4.
EU
law has been the model for national law
143
4.3.5.
Internal situations
149
4.4.
Circumstances Arising before Entry into the European Union
151
4.5·
The Facts in the Main Proceedings
153
4.6.
Application of
EU
Law in the Main Proceedings
154
5.
When Can a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling be Made?
156
1.
Overview
156
2.
General Considerations
157
2.1.
Who Has Jurisdiction to Decide the Relevance of a Preliminary
Question?
157
2.2.
The Margin of Discretion of the National Courts
158
3.
The Referring Court Must Be Able to Apply the Court of
Justice s Ruling to the Main Proceedings
161
4.
Questions Not Related to the Facts and Circumstances of the
Main Proceedings
171
4.1.
The Courts Answer Will Only Be Relevant for Future Cases
171
4.2.
Questions Concerning Factual Circumstances which Differ from
those in the Main Proceedings
174
4.3.
The Question Is Based on Unverified Alternative Views of
the Facts
177
4.4.
The Question Concerns Legal Questions which Cannot Be
Relevant to the Main Proceedings
179
4.5.
The Referring Court s Interpretation of the Facts or National Law
Is Being Disputed
181
4.6.
The Answer Can Already Be Given on the Basis of National Law
184
4.7.
The Question Has Already Been Answered
187
4.8.
The Relationship between Issues of Admissibility and Issues of
Substance
189
4.9.
The Question Concerns an
EU
Act which Was Not in Force at
the Relevant Time
192
4.10.
Relevance Ratione
Temporis
and National Law
196
4.11.
The Question Concerns the Legal Status of the
Referring Court
198
4.12.
Questions Concerning Legislation of Other Member States
200
5.
Contrived Cases
203
6.
The Relationship between the Preliminary Procedure
and the Infringement Procedure in Articles
258
and259TFEU
211
7.
The Relationship between the Preliminary Procedure and
the Procedure in Article
263
TFEU concerning Actions for
Annulment before the Court of Justice
212
7.1.
The TWD Doctrine
212
7.2.
Discussion of the TWD Doctrine
218
6.
When Are National Courts Obliged to Refer Questions?
222
1.
The Right to Refer and the Obligation to Refer
222
2.
National Courts Covered by Article
267(3) 223
3.
Exceptions to the Obligation to Refer
230
3.1.
The Question Is Not Relevant
231
3.2.
More Courts Handling the Case Qualify as Court of
Last Instance
232
3.3.
Acte Éclairé—
2.
Materially Identical Question Has Already Been
the Subject of a Preliminary Ruling
233
3.4.
Acte Clair
—
the Correct Application Leaves No Scope for any
Reasonable Doubt
235
3.4.1.
The CILFITcriteria
235
3.4.2.
What does the requirement that the national court must
be convinced that the matter is equally obvious to the
courts of the other Member States entail?
237
3.4.2.1.
Introduction
237
3.4.2.2.
Other national rulings exist regarding the
EU
rule that is held to be
acte
сШг
239
3.4.2.3.
Divergent views amongst the judges deciding
the main action in question
240
3.4.2.3.1.
Introduction
240
3.4.2.3.2.
Different views on the abstract
interpretation of
EU
law
241
3.4.2.3.3.
Different views on
EU
rules that
do not regulate the relationship
between the parties
243
3.4.2.3.4.
Different views on issues that fall
outside the competence of the
Court of justice
244
3.4.2.3.5.
Agreement as to the outcome, but
based upon diverging reasoning
245
3.4.2.4.
Cases pending before
EU
institutions
246
3.4.2.4.1.
Cases pending before the Court
of Justice
246
3.4.2.4.2.
Pending infringement proceedings
247
3.4.2.5.
Administrative practice and legal literature
249
3.4.3.
CILFIT and the multilingual character of
EU
law
249
3.4.4.
The wishes of the parties
252
3.4.5.
Rethinking the
acte clair
doctrine
254
3.5.
Other Forms of Preliminary References
256
3.5.1.
Police and
judicial
cooperation
256
3.5.2.
Conventions
257
3.6.
Cases on Interim Measures
257
3.7.
Application of
EU
Law outside the Scope of
EU
law
259
4.
The Obligation of Courts Other than Those of Last Instance to
Make a Reference
259
4.1.
Overview
259
4.2.
References Concerning Invalidity
260
4.2
Л
.
The duty to refer prior to a finding of invalidity
260
4.2.2.
References on Validity where Access to Refer Is Restricted
261
4.2.3.
Findings of invalidity without (prior) preliminary reference
263
4.2.4.
Evaluating the
Foto-Frost
doctrine
264
4.3.
Deviating from the Court of Justice s Interpretation of an
EU
Legal Act
265
4.4.
The Duty of Loyal Cooperation and Preliminary References
266
5.
Consequences of a National Court Disregarding its Obligation
to Make a Reference
266
5.1.
Overview
266
5.2.
Failure to Refer, Validity of National Judgments, and Obligation
to Reopen the Case File
267
5.3.
Damages for Failure to Refer
269
5.4.
Infringement Proceedings for Failure to Refer
270
5.5.
Failure to Refer and Article
6
of the European Convention of
Human Rights
271
7.
When Ought a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling be Made?
274
1.
Overview
274
2.
Determining the Relevant Criteria
275
2.1.
The Need for Judicial Assistance
275
2.2.
Delay and Cost
278
2.3.
The Wishes of the Parties
279
2.4.
The Wish Not to Overload the Court of Justice
283
2.5.
Similar Cases Are Pending
284
3.
From which Court Should a Reference Be Made?
289
4.
At What Stage in the Main Proceedings Should a Reference
Be Made?
291
8.
The Form and Content of a Reference
296
1.
Introduction
296
2.
The Form of the Reference
298
3. The Content
of a Reference
299
3.1.
The Need for a Thorough Order for Reference
299
3.2.
Guidelines for the Drafting of a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling
305
3.2.1.
Introduction
305
3.2.2.
Identification of the question referred
305
3.2.3.
Information about the facts
309
3.2.4.
Information about national law
314
3.2.5.
The order for reference must be understandable without
the need to refer to other documents
315
3.2.6.
Requesting the application of the urgent preliminary
ruling procedure in the area of freedom, security,
and justice
322
9.
Proceedings before the Referring Court after a Reference
has been Made
324
1.
The Case Remains Pending before the National Court
324
2.
Appeal against a Decision to Make a Preliminary Reference
327
2.1.
Court s Case Law
327
2.2.
In What Situations May a National Appeal Procedure Be
Binding on the Lower Court?
330
2.2.1.
Appeals on matters falling outside the Court s
jurisdiction under Article
267
TFEU
331
2.2.2.
Appeal on the ground that the referring court does
not have jurisdiction under national law to rule on the
matters in the preliminary reference
332
2.2.3.
Where the main proceedings are finalized in
connection with the appeal of a decision to make a
preliminary reference
333
2.2.4.
Where a referring court loses jurisdiction to decide the
main proceedings after making a preliminary reference
333
2.2.5.
Appeal against a refusal either to make a preliminary
reference or to include certain questions in a preliminary
reference
334
3.
Interim Relief
336
3.1.
Overview
336
3.2.
The Competence of National Courts to Order Interim Relief
336
3.2.1.
Possible conflicts between national law and
EU
law
336
3.2.2.
Possible conflicts between different
EU
rules
337
3.3.
The Conditions for Granting Interim Relief
340
3.3.1.
Overview
340
3.3.2.
Doubt as to validity
341
3.3.3.
Urgency
343
3.3.4.
Balancing the interests
344
10.
The Procedure before the Court of Justice
346
1.
Overview
346
2.
Notification of the Decision to Make a Reference
347
3.
Observations on the Preliminary Reference
349
3.1.
Those Entitled to Submit Observations
349
3.2.
Observations by
EU
Institutions and Member States
354
3.3.
Influencing the Scope of the Preliminary Ruling through the
Presentation of Observations
359
3.3.1.
The preliminary ruling procedure does not have any
parties
stricto sensu
359
3.3.2.
The subject matter of the preliminary question
359
3.3.3.
Supplementing or departing from the facts of the
reference
362
3.3.3.1.
The main rule
362
3.3.3.2.
Supplementing the referring court s
description of the facts
364
3.3.3.3.
The facts presented in the reference are
being disputed
365
3.3.3.3.1.
The degree of fact-finding
performed by the referring court
365
3.3.3.3.2.
Undisputed facts that arise after
the reference is made
366
3.3.3.3.3.
A party corrects information on
the facts against his own interest
367
3.3.3.3.4.
Those entitled to present
observations disagree on the
correction of a fact
368
3.3.3.3.5.
Cases concerning the validity of
EU
rules
370
3.3.3.3.6.
Rules of evidence
371
3.3.3.4.
Departing from the referring court s
interpretation of national law
372
3.3.3.5-
The Court of Justice s access to information
on the facts and on national law
374
4.
The Procedure before the Court of Justice
376
4.1.
Representation
377
4.2.
Language
378
4.3.
The Written Proceedings
381
4.3.1.
Introduction
381
4.3.2.
Deadlines and requirements regarding submission of
observations
381
4.3.3.
Content and structure of written observations
382
4.3.4.
Length of the written observations
385
4.4.
The Oral Procedure
386
4.4.1.
Not all cases are heard orally
386
4.4.2.
Setting the date for the oral hearing
387
4 A3.
Time allowed for addressing the Court
388
4.4.4.
Content and conduct of the oral hearing
389
4.4.5.
Considerations pertaining to interpretation
391
4.4.6.
Closure of the oral procedure
393
5.
Expedited Procedures
394
5.1.
Overview
394
5.2.
The Expedited Procedure Laid Down in Article
105
of the
Court s Rules of Procedure
395
5.2.1.
Procedure
395
5.2.2.
Application of the expedited preliminary ruling
procedure
396
5.3.
The Urgent Preliminary Ruling Procedure in the Area of
Freedom, Security, and Justice
399
5.3.1.
Overview of the urgent procedure
399
5.3.2.
Conditions for the application of the urgent
preliminary ruling procedure
400
5.3.3.
The decision whether or not to apply the urgent
procedure
402
5.3.4.
The written procedure
403
5.3.5.
The oral observations in the urgent procedure
404
6.
Gathering of Further Evidence and Reopening the Oral
Proceedings
405
11.
The Preliminary Ruling
410
1.
Judgment or Order?
410
2.
Reformulating the Question Referred
412
2.1.
Overview
412
2.2.
The Preliminary Question Is Narrowed Down
414
2.3.
Inclusion of Other
EU
Law Provisions
417
2.4.
Alternative Answers
420
2.5.
Potentially Relevant Issues that Do Not Form Part of the
Preliminary Reference
422
2.6.
Questions on the Validity of an
EU
Provision
426
3.
Tailoring the Preliminary Ruling to the Facts of the Case
428
3.1.
The Extent to which the Court of Justice Itself Makes the Legal
Classification of the Facts
428
3.2.
The Nature of the Question
431
3.3.
The Content and Formulation of the Preliminary Reference
432
3.4.
Policy Considerations
434
3.5.
The Work-load of the Court of Justice
436
3.6.
New Legal Principles
439
12.
The Effects of the Preliminary Ruling
441
1.
Introduction
441
2.
The Effects of a Preliminary Ruling for the Main Proceedings
442
2.1.
National Courts Dealing with the Case
442
2.2.
The Parties to the Main Proceedings
449
3.
The Effect of a Preliminary Ruling in Other Cases
450
3.1.
Other National Courts
450
3.2.
Parties in Other National Proceedings,
EU
Institutions, and
Member States
453
3.3.
The Court of Justice
453
4.
The Legal Significance of the Opinions of the Advocates General
454
5.
The Temporal Effect of a Preliminary Ruling
455
5.1.
The Main Rule
455
5.2.
Circumstances which Justify Limiting the Temporal Effect
456
5.2.1.
Overview
456
5-2.2.
Lack of legal clarity and good faith
457
5.2.2.1.
General considerations
457
5.2.2.2.
The behaviour of
EU
institutions
459
5.2.2.3.
Legitimate expectations for Member States?
463
5-2.3.
Serious financial consequences
464
5.2.4.
Relationship to pending proceedings
466
5.2.5.
Temporal limitation in cases concerning the validity of
EU
measures
466
6.
Interpretation and Revision of a Preliminary Ruling
467
13.
Litigation Costs and Legal Aid
470
1.
Litigation Costs
470
2.
Legal Aid
471
Bibliography
47Ъ
Index
485
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Broberg, Morten P. 1969- Fenger, Niels 1968- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)171536681 (DE-588)1033726435 |
| author_facet | Broberg, Morten P. 1969- Fenger, Niels 1968- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Broberg, Morten P. 1969- |
| author_variant | m p b mp mpb n f nf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041851750 |
| classification_rvk | PS 2940 PS 2960 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)881731830 (DE-599)OBVAC11094871 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041851750 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:06:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780198704027 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027296192 |
| oclc_num | 881731830 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-521 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-521 DE-739 |
| physical | LXXXI, 491 S. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Broberg, Morten P. 1969- Verfasser (DE-588)171536681 aut Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice Morten Broberg and Niels Fenger 2. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2014 LXXXI, 491 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäischer Gerichtshof (DE-588)5103273-9 gnd rswk-swf Vorabentscheidungsverfahren (DE-588)4127136-1 gnd rswk-swf Europäischer Gerichtshof (DE-588)5103273-9 b Vorabentscheidungsverfahren (DE-588)4127136-1 s DE-604 Fenger, Niels 1968- Verfasser (DE-588)1033726435 aut Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027296192&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Broberg, Morten P. 1969- Fenger, Niels 1968- Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice Europäischer Gerichtshof (DE-588)5103273-9 gnd Vorabentscheidungsverfahren (DE-588)4127136-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5103273-9 (DE-588)4127136-1 |
| title | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice |
| title_auth | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice |
| title_exact_search | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice |
| title_full | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice Morten Broberg and Niels Fenger |
| title_fullStr | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice Morten Broberg and Niels Fenger |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice Morten Broberg and Niels Fenger |
| title_short | Preliminary references to the European Court of Justice |
| title_sort | preliminary references to the european court of justice |
| topic | Europäischer Gerichtshof (DE-588)5103273-9 gnd Vorabentscheidungsverfahren (DE-588)4127136-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäischer Gerichtshof Vorabentscheidungsverfahren |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027296192&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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