Turris fortissima nomen Domini: murowane wieże mieszkalne w Królestwie Polskim od 1300 r. do połowy XVI w.
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Warszawa
Instytut Sztuki PAN
2013
|
| Series: | Dysertacje doktorskie Instytutu Sztuki Polskiej Akademii Nauk
1 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 291-333. Indeksy |
| Physical Description: | 406 S. Ill., Kt. 23 cm CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9788363877422 8363877425 |
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SPIS TREŚCI
1.
Zagadnienia wstępne
. 7
Cel, metoda, zakres terytorialny i chronologiczny badań
. 11
Sprecyzowanie pojęć
. 13
Geneza i rozwój typu. Najstarsze donżony we Francji
i na Wyspach Brytyjskich
. 23
Stan badań nad wieżami mieszkalnymi w Polsce
. 36
2.
Wieże mieszkalne na terytoriach piastowskich do początku
XIV
w.
39
Najstarsze wieżowe siedziby na Śląsku
. 39
Początki wież mieszkalnych poza ziemiami śląskimi. Realizacje
książąt dzielnicowych
. 47
Wieżowe siedziby biskupie
. 54
Problem najstarszych siedzib możnowładczych
. 60
3.
Wieże mieszkalne w Królestwie Polskim
XIV-XVI
w
. 72
Okres wpływów czeskich
. 72
Czasy Władysława Łokietka i Kazimierza Wielkiego
. 84
Czasy andegaweńskie
. 151
Czasy Jagiellonów
. 158
4.
Analiza funkcjonalna
. 217
Wieża jako punkt oporu
. 217
Wieża jako mieszkanie
. 237
5.
Podsumowanie
. 263
5
Summary
. 284
Użyte skróty
. 290
Bibliografia
. 291
Indeks osobowy
. 334
Indeks nazw historycznych i miejscowości
. 348
Spis ilustracji w tekście
. 356
Spis tablic barwnych
. 367
Tablice barwne
. 371
SUMMARY
The aim of this book is to outline the history and significance of tower houses
in the Polish lands of the Late Middle Ages, with a particular emphasis on
their complex context, as structures combining diverse, at times difficult
to reconcile functions (e.g. defensive and residential). The publication also
provides a summary and synthesis of the current state of research in this
field, especially with respect to use of terminology and an in-depth formal-
structural analysis. The chronological scope of the study covers the period
between
1300-1550.
For the Polish state this was a time of intense political
and social change
-
a time when the crisis resulting from the political
fragmentation of the duchies of the
Piast
dynasty was ultimately resolved,
the Kingdom of Poland was consolidated under the rule of the last two
Piast
kings, followed by union with Lithuania and the rise of the Jagiellonian
dynasty. The territorial scope of the discussed phenomenon is defined by
the boundaries of the Kingdom of Poland from before the creation of the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in
1569.
The local residential towers of the Middle Ages and Early Modern Era
can be classified into three basic groups. The first includes structures whose
form corresponds to that of the 'classical' West-European donjons (i.e.
imposing, large-scale vertical residences of brick or stone with defensive
features and designated living quarters, which could function as a self-
contained point of resistance). It should be noted, however, that structures
of this type were extremely rare in the residential-defensive architecture of
the Kingdom of Poland
(Gołańcz).
More commonly the commissioning party settled for a simplified
version of a donjon, in the form of a residential tower (vertical structure
whose height exceeded the length of the side of its base, designed to provide
permanent accommodation). Built from different materials (wood, stone,
brick), these residential or residential-defensive towers were hugely
popular in the Kingdom of Poland as the residences of chivalry, and later
nobility. This situation remained unchanged up to the first quarter of
284
the 16th century, when tower manor houses
-
reduced forms of 'classical'
tower houses
-
gained wide popularity. While such structures had already
appeared in the Polish lands of the 14th century (Ciechocin), they remained
a rarity until the end of the 16th century. These were typically multi¬
storey manor houses of a massive cubic shape, built either as stand-alone
structures or as part of a defensive perimeter, occasionally equipped with
their own defensive features (e.g. corner turrets with embrasures for
firearms
-
cf.
Majkowice). They served as residences of the wealthy nobility
which focused on administering their possessions but at the same time
cherished the chivalric tradition of their ancestors which legitimised the
political dominance of their estate.
Last but not least, there is the third type of the residential tower,
developed from the same model of vertical residences used by the nobility,
albeit with slightly different formal features. This type emerged in the
14th century (Bydlin), most likely influenced by Czech architecture of the
Luxemburg era. These structures had typically thick, massive walls, and
their plan resembled a rectangle
(Bąkowa Góra).
Owing to their height as
well as location (e.g. on top of a hill) they clearly dominated the surrounding
landscape. Such structures are referred to by German scholars as
a
Festes
Haus
or
Hohen Haus.
In the territory of the
Piast
state the residential towers emerged almost
simultaneously as residences of both the ruling class and the local feudal
elites. The difference lay in the scale of the structures and the material
used. At the same time, it should be acknowledged that the residential
towers reached Poland as part of a much larger heritage of feudal Europe,
and as such, have essentially western roots. In Poland, as was the case in
many other countries, the construction of castles, especially with towers,
was linked to the emergence of private, landed estates and the need for
fortified residences located within their borders.
The first stage of the existence of residential towers in the
Piast
state
spanned from the mid-13th to the early 14th century. It seems that the time
of Czech rule and the increasingly dynamic process of founding towns under
German law, which triggered an influx of settlers (especially from German-
speaking countries), were of paramount importance for the reception of this
model. In this period, tower houses made of brick or stone materials were
most often commissioned by ruling princes or the king.
285
The second stage of the existence of the structures in question, most
of which corresponds to the revival and consolidation of the Kingdom of
Poland under the rule of the last two
Piast
kings, Ladislaus I the Elbow-
High and
Casimir
the Great, saw a growing popularity of brick and stone
tower houses among the chivalry, which until then had used wood as
a material. This fact could have been influenced by contacts between the
local feudal elites and the Hungarian allies of Ladislaus I the Elbow-High,
including such figures as Amade Aba, the
de
facto ruler of the northern and
north-eastern counties of the Kingdom of Hungary in the late 13th century.
Initially, the construction of a brick or stone residence, including a tower
house, required major financial effort. Thus, such structures were typically
built in the centre of the estates of economic, and especially political, elites
of the day. Considerable income allowed their representatives to undertake
costly investments, while the need for distinguishing oneself from one's
peers led the wealthy to commission truly impressive residences. The
intention was not only to overshadow the habitations of one's own class,
but also to compete with those of the monarch. In the first half of the
14th century the construction of a basic, brick or stone tower house was
already within the reach of the less-opulent, locally significant landowners
-
whereas in the time of the most intense construction activity in the field
of defensive architecture of brick and stone under
Casimir
III the Great,
the number of royal commissions for tower houses dropped. Such structures
appeared mainly in the architecture of major royal residences
(Wawel,
Łobzów),
which allows the assumption that they had a monumental form
and elaborate, finely crafted, painterly and sculptural decoration (such as
the Danish Tower in the
Wawel
castle or the tower in
Piotrków).
This should
not come as a surprise considering that the building activity of monarchs
in the Middle Ages took on an exceptional, almost sacred character, while
the commissioned structures were often conceived as vehicles of certain
political values. In the case of royal towers, this usually meant a display of
the monarch's splendour, as well as the continuity and legitimacy of his rule.
Whereas in the Mazovia region, the wooden, brick, and stone tower houses
constituted the bulk of the residences of princes, gradually transformed
from fortified settlements into castles from the end of the 13th century.
A third period spans the whole 15th century and the first decade of
the 16th century. Following a time of stagnation in the first half of the
15th century (possibly caused by the need for an armed confrontation with
286
the Teutonic Order and shifting expectations toward family residences), the
third and fourth quarters of the 15th century saw a revival of the model of
the tower house, while the peak of its popularity came with the beginning of
the next century. Similarly to the 14th century, the defensive architecture
of the Kingdom of Poland remained under the influence of commissions and
models from Bohemia and Hungary. In the late 15th century this situation
was further reinforced by the fact that the representatives of the Jagiellonian
dynasty took the throne in Bohemia and Hungary. In the period in question,
the popularity of wooden tower houses erected on mounds waned. On the
other hand, this phase saw the rise of the brick and stone type of structures,
which were used as family residences, located in the centre of estates of the
wealthy and the affluent chivalry. The conditions for their emergence were
favourable
—
with the increasing market demand for agricultural products,
as well as the growing pride and social awareness of the nobility making
quick profits on grain trade and, due to changes on the battlefield, gradually
abandoning the craft of war which constituted their natural duty. In spite
of the latter, the representatives of the privileged class cherished their
chivalric ethos for reasons of prestige and ideology. At the end of the 15th
and the beginning of the 16th century the tower house (whose popularity
initially stemmed from its defensive character) became an element of a
peculiar theatrum replete with references to the proud, chivalric traditions
of the previous epoch. This idea was so compelling it influenced nearly all
representatives of the political elites of the day
(Rzemień
of the
Tarnowski
family, Janowiec of the Firlej family,
Lesko
of the Kmita family,
Gołuchów
of the
Leszczyński
family). The fashion for these structures reached even
the royal court, as evidenced by the tower of
Sigismund
I in
Piotrków.
The founding of the tower in
Piotrków
marks the fourth and final chapter
of the discussed phenomenon. However, as I would like to argue, this was
not a time of revival, but slow decline of the trend for owning a habitation
with a tower. Its ultimate end can be dated, with high probability, to the
end of the 16th century.
As much as ideological factors determined the choice of the tower house
as the residence of kings or magnates, in the case of smaller structures
commissioned by the chivalry, the choice was most likely related to its
defensive potential. Even a modest tower, be it wooden, stone or brick,
situated on a mound or a headland, and protected by a ditch, rampart,
palisade or a wall, had a significant advantage. It could be easily defended
287
even by a relatively small force which, in most minor residences, amounted
to the liege himself, his family, and a small number of servants. The crew
of an average residential-defensive tower varied from just a few to several
members. The firm structure of the tower offered at least a chance to wait
out an attack. Nonetheless, as evidenced by, for instance, the
toponymie
traces in the names of some towns, the tower house could gradually become
an important landmark influencing the name of the site it occupied. This, in
turn, can be taken as a sign that even if a tower was not erected specifically
for its ideological associations, it could take on such associations over time.
In the first period of the development of the tower house in the territory
of the
Piast
state the defensive aspect clearly dominated over the structures'
aesthetic features as well as those related to habitation. It should be noted
that the above statement holds true not only for wooden towers, but also the
majority of structures in stone, even royal commissions. The inhabitants
lived in simple, clear-span rooms, accessible via ladders or wooden stairs,
heated by a chimney or a stove of pot-shaped tiles. This
décor
was quite
likely supplemented by decorative textiles, arms, finely crafted ceramics,
glassware, silver vessels, as well as different luxury goods available to the
privileged class. However, the data concerning these items is scarce, and
based primarily on field research. In the second phase of the existence of
the vertical residences their role as dwelling spaces as well as symbols of
status grew in importance. Naturally, the most prominent examples are
the royal commissions (such as the conversion of the Hen's Foot Tower in
the
Wawel
Castle at the request of
Casimir
the Great, and the erection of
the monumental Danish Tower, likewise in
Wawel,
ordered by
Jadwiga
and
Jogaila).
Nonetheless, major magnate residences do not deviate much from
this trend. Such is the case, for instance, with the structure in
Gołańcz,
which is not only well-proportioned, with a monumental (northern)
façade
visually enlarged by corner buttresses, but also boasts a comfortable set of
living quarters equipped with a sanitary system. It is safe to assume that
a similar standard characterised other large structures erected around the
same time as the tower in
Gołańcz
(e.g.
Szubin, Koźmin).
The third phase
of the existence of tower houses saw not only an increase in the wealth
of the Kingdom's feudal elites but also, as can be expected, their cultural
refinement
-
a fact evidenced by the growing attention to decorative details
of the residence and the comfort of its inhabitants. The interiors were
decorated with wall paintings
(Szamotuły),
with stoves made of stone or
288
elaborately adorned plate tiles, and ceramic tile floors. Even the smaller
and seemingly plain structures
(cf.
Hawłowice Górne)
included sculptural
and painterly decorations. Yet compared to the general trend, the royal
commissions still remained an exception: the decoration and the layout
of the interiors of the royal tower in
Piotrków
make it one of the most
impressive structures in the Kingdom of Poland at the time.
All things considered, the tower residences of brick or stone appear,
above all, as symbols of status, located in the centre of the estates of the
wealthy, and the affluent chivalry which at the same time held political posts
in the state administration. At this point it would be helpful to attempt to
estimate the number of the discussed defensive residences in the Kingdom
of Poland. It could be assumed that towards the end of the 15th century
there were ca.
200
castles and other residential-defensive structures built
of permanent materials. This included at least ca.
40
tower houses or tower
manor houses which amounts to some
20%
of the total number of brick and
stone residential-defensive buildings in the architecture of the Kingdom. If
we were to expand the above estimate to include wooden and half-timber
towers (the number of which possibly matches that of stone and brick
structures), this quota would have been higher.
This book provides a synthesis of the phenomenon of the tower house in
the Kingdom of Poland. I have addressed all research materials which lend
themselves to the analysis and methodology of an art historian. It is my
hope that the data and ideas presented in this volume will prove a valuable
source of information, to representatives of other scientific disciplines also,
and contribute to further research on the residential-defensive architecture
of the Late Middle Ages in both the Kingdom of Poland as well as in
neighbouring states.
289 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lasek, Piotr 1982- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1023837552 |
| author_facet | Lasek, Piotr 1982- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lasek, Piotr 1982- |
| author_variant | p l pl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041839584 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)888752943 (DE-599)BVBBV041839584 |
| era | Geschichte 1300-1550 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1300-1550 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV041839584 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-31T19:07:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788363877422 8363877425 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027284295 |
| oclc_num | 888752943 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-255 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-255 |
| physical | 406 S. Ill., Kt. 23 cm CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Instytut Sztuki PAN |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Dysertacje doktorskie Instytutu Sztuki Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| series2 | Dysertacje doktorskie Instytutu Sztuki Polskiej Akademii Nauk |
| spelling | Lasek, Piotr 1982- Verfasser (DE-588)1023837552 aut Turris fortissima nomen Domini murowane wieże mieszkalne w Królestwie Polskim od 1300 r. do połowy XVI w. Piotr Lasek Warszawa Instytut Sztuki PAN 2013 406 S. Ill., Kt. 23 cm CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Dysertacje doktorskie Instytutu Sztuki Polskiej Akademii Nauk 1 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 291-333. Indeksy Geschichte 1300-1550 gnd rswk-swf Wieże obronne / Polska / historia jhpk Wieże / Polska / historia jhpk Architektura obronna / Polska / historia jhpk Zamki (architektura) / Polska / historia jhpk Fortyfikacje / Polska / historia jhpk Turm (DE-588)4203577-6 gnd rswk-swf Wohnturm (DE-588)4139791-5 gnd rswk-swf Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 s Turm (DE-588)4203577-6 s Wohnturm (DE-588)4139791-5 s Geschichte 1300-1550 z DE-604 Dysertacje doktorskie Instytutu Sztuki Polskiej Akademii Nauk 1 (DE-604)BV041839583 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027284295&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027284295&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Lasek, Piotr 1982- Turris fortissima nomen Domini murowane wieże mieszkalne w Królestwie Polskim od 1300 r. do połowy XVI w. Dysertacje doktorskie Instytutu Sztuki Polskiej Akademii Nauk Wieże obronne / Polska / historia jhpk Wieże / Polska / historia jhpk Architektura obronna / Polska / historia jhpk Zamki (architektura) / Polska / historia jhpk Fortyfikacje / Polska / historia jhpk Turm (DE-588)4203577-6 gnd Wohnturm (DE-588)4139791-5 gnd Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4203577-6 (DE-588)4139791-5 (DE-588)4016934-0 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Turris fortissima nomen Domini murowane wieże mieszkalne w Królestwie Polskim od 1300 r. do połowy XVI w. |
| title_auth | Turris fortissima nomen Domini murowane wieże mieszkalne w Królestwie Polskim od 1300 r. do połowy XVI w. |
| title_exact_search | Turris fortissima nomen Domini murowane wieże mieszkalne w Królestwie Polskim od 1300 r. do połowy XVI w. |
| title_full | Turris fortissima nomen Domini murowane wieże mieszkalne w Królestwie Polskim od 1300 r. do połowy XVI w. Piotr Lasek |
| title_fullStr | Turris fortissima nomen Domini murowane wieże mieszkalne w Królestwie Polskim od 1300 r. do połowy XVI w. Piotr Lasek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Turris fortissima nomen Domini murowane wieże mieszkalne w Królestwie Polskim od 1300 r. do połowy XVI w. Piotr Lasek |
| title_short | Turris fortissima nomen Domini |
| title_sort | turris fortissima nomen domini murowane wieze mieszkalne w krolestwie polskim od 1300 r do polowy xvi w |
| title_sub | murowane wieże mieszkalne w Królestwie Polskim od 1300 r. do połowy XVI w. |
| topic | Wieże obronne / Polska / historia jhpk Wieże / Polska / historia jhpk Architektura obronna / Polska / historia jhpk Zamki (architektura) / Polska / historia jhpk Fortyfikacje / Polska / historia jhpk Turm (DE-588)4203577-6 gnd Wohnturm (DE-588)4139791-5 gnd Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wieże obronne / Polska / historia Wieże / Polska / historia Architektura obronna / Polska / historia Zamki (architektura) / Polska / historia Fortyfikacje / Polska / historia Turm Wohnturm Festung Polen Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027284295&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027284295&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041839583 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lasekpiotr turrisfortissimanomendominimurowanewiezemieszkalnewkrolestwiepolskimod1300rdopołowyxviw |