Verfügbarkeit: International economics

International economics: theory and policy

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Krugman, Paul R. 1953- (VerfasserIn), Obstfeld, Maurice 1952- (VerfasserIn), Melitz, Marc J. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Boston, Mass. ; Munich [u.a.] Pearson 2015
Ausgabe:	10. ed., global ed.
Schriftenreihe:	The Pearson series in economics Always learning
Schlagworte:	Weltwirtschaft International finance International economic relations Wirtschaftsbeziehungen Welthandel Außenwirtschaftspolitik Außenwirtschaft Reale Außenwirtschaftstheorie Außenhandel Außenwirtschaftstheorie Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	785 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	9781292019550 1292019557

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Brief Contents Contents 9 Preface 23 1 Introduction 33 PARTI International Trade Theory 42 2 World Trade: An Overview 42 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model 56 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution 83 5 Resources and Trade: The Heckscher- Ohlin Model 116 6 7 The Standard Trade Model External Economies of Scale and the International 150 Location of Production 177 8 Firms in the Global Economy: Export Decisions, Outsourcing, and Multinational Enterprises 196 PART 2 International Trade Policy 238 9 The Instruments of Trade Policy 238 10 The Political Economy of Trade Policy 268 11 Trade Policy in Developing Countries 307 12 Controversies in Trade Policy 322 PART3 Exchange Rates and Open-Economy Macroeconomics 345 13 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments 345 14 Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market: An Asset Approach 374 15 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 411 16 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run 445 17 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run 483 18 Fixed Exchange Rates and Foreign Exchange Intervention 527 PART 4 Internationa! Macroeconomic Policy 570 19 International Monetary Systems: An Historical Overview 570 20 Financial Globalization: Opportunity and Crisis 629 21 Optimum Currency Areas and the Euro 666 22 Develoniner Countries: Growth, Crisis, and Reform 702 Brief Contents Mathematical Postscripts 745 Postscript to Chapter 5: The Factor-Proportions Model .745 Postscript to Chapter 6: The Trading World Economy .749 Postscript to Chapter 8: The Monopolistic Competition Model .757 Postscript to Chapter 20: Risk Aversion and International Portfolio Diversification .759 Index 767 Credits 785 Contents Preface .23 1 INTRODUCTION 33 What Is International Economics About? .35 The Gains from Trade .36 The Pattern of Trade .37 How Much Trade? .37 Balance of Payments .38 Exchange Rate Determination .38 International Policy Coordination .39 The International Capital Market .40 International Economics: Trade and Money .40 PART 1 International Trade Theory 42 2 World Trade·. An Overview 42 Who Trades with Whom? .42 Size Matters: The Gravity Model .43 Using the Gravity Model: Looking for Anomalies .45 Impediments to Trade: Distance, Barriers, and Borders .46 The Changing Pattern of World Trade .48 Has the World Gotten Smaller? .48 What Do We Trade? .50 Service Off shoring .51 Do Old Rules Still Apply? .53 Summary .54 3 labor Productivity and comparative advantage: THE RICARDIAN MODEL 56 The Concept of Comparative Advantage .57 A One-Factor Economy .58 Relative Prices and Supply .60 Trade in a One-Factor World .61 Determining the Relative Price after Trade .62 box: Comparative Advantage in Practice: The Case of Babe Ruth .65 The Gains from Trade .66 A Note on Relative Wages .67 box: The Losses from Nontrade .68 Misconceptions about Comparative Advantage .69 Productivity and Competitiveness .69 box: Do Wages Reflect Productivity? .70 The Pauper Labor Argument .70 Exploitation .71 Comparative Advantage with Many Goods .72 Setting Up the Model .72 10 Contents Relative Wages and Specialization .72 Determining the Relative Wage in the Multigood Model .74 Adding Transport Costs and Nontraded Goods .76 Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model .77 Summary .80 SPECIFIC FACTORS AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION 83 The Specific Factors Model .84 box: What Is a Specific Factor? .85 Assumptions of the Model .85 Production Possibilities .86 Prices, Wages, and Labor Allocation .89 Relative Prices and the Distribution of Income .93 International Trade in the Specific Factors Model .95 Income Distribution and the Gains from Trade .96 The Political Economy of Trade: A Preliminary View .99 Income Distribution and Trade Politics .100 case study: Trade and Unemployment .100 International Labor Mobility .102 case study: Wage Convergence in the Age of Mass Migration .104 case study: Foreign Workers: The Story of the GCC .105 Summary .108 Appendix: Further Details on Specific Factors .112 Marginal and Total Product .112 Relative Prices and the Distribution of Income .113 RESOURCES AND TRADE: THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN MODEL 116 Model of a Two-Factor Economy .117 Prices and Production .117 Choosing the Mix of Inputs .121 Factor Prices and Goods Prices .122 Resources and Output .124 Effects of International Trade between Two-Factor Economies .126 Relative Prices and the Pattern of Trade .126 Trade and the Distribution of Income .128 case study: North-South Trade and Income Inequality .129 case study: Skill-Biased Technological Change and Income Inequality .131 Factor-Price Equalization .134 Empirical Evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin Model .135 Trade in Goods as a Substitute for Trade in Factors: Factor Content of Trade .136 Patterns of Exports between Developed and Developing Countries .139 Implications of the Tests .141 Summary .142 Appendix: Factor Prices, Goods Prices, and Production Decisions .146 Choice of Technique .146 Goods Prices and Factor Prices .147 More on Resources and Output .149 The Standard Trade Model 150 A Standard Model of a Trading Economy .151 Production Possibilities and Relative Supply .151 Relative Prices and Demand .152 Contents 11 The Welfare Effect of Changes in the Terms of Trade .155 Determining Relative Prices .156 Economic Growth: A Shift of the RS curve .156 Growth and the Production Possibility Frontier .158 World Relative Supply and the Terms of Trade .158 International Effects of Growth .161 case study: Has the Growth of Newly Industrializing Countries Hurt Advanced Nations? .161 Tariffs and Export Subsidies: Simultaneous Shifts in RS and RD .164 Relative Demand and Supply Effects of a Tariff .164 Effects of an Export Subsidy .165 Implications of Terms of Trade Effects: Who Gains and Who Loses? .166 International Borrowing and Lending .167 Intertemporal Production Possibilities and Trade .167 The Real Interest Rate .168 Intertemporal Comparative Advantage .170 Summary .170 Appendix: More on Intertemporal Trade .174 7 EXTERNAL ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND THE INTERNATIONAL LOCATION OF PRODUCTION 177 Economies of Scale and International Trade: An Overview .178 Economies of Scale and Market Structure .179 The Theory of External Economies .180 Specialized Suppliers .180 Labor Market Pooling .181 Knowledge Spillovers .182 External Economies and Market Equilibrium .183 External Economies and International Trade .184 External Economies, Output, and Prices .184 External Economies and the Pattern of Trade .185 box: Holding the World Together .187 Trade and Welfare with External Economies .188 Dynamic Increasing Returns .189 Interregional Trade and Economic Geography .190 box: Tinseltown Economics .192 Summary .193 8 FIRMS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: EXPORT DECISIONS, OUTSOURCING, AND MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES 196 The Theory of Imperfect Competition .197 Monopoly: A Brief Review .198 Monopolistic Competition .200 Monopolistic Competition and Trade .205 The Effects of Increased Market Size .205 Gains from an Integrated Market: A Numerical Example .206 The Significance of Intra-Industry Trade .210 case study: The Emergence of the Turkish Automotive Industry .212 Firm Responses to Trade: Winners, Losers, and Industry Performance .213 Performance Differences across Producers .214 The Effects of Increased Market Size .216 Trade Costs and Export Decisions .217 12 Contents Dumping.220 case study: Antidumping as Protectionism . 22^ Multinationals and Outsourcing . 222 case study: Patterns of Foreign Direct Investment Flows Around the World .222 The Firm's Decision Regarding Foreign Direct Investment .226 Outsourcing .227 case study: Shipping Jobs Overseas? Offshoring and Unemployment in the United States . 229 Consequences of Multinationals and Foreign Outsourcing .231 Summary .232 Appendix: Determining Marginal Revenue .237 PART 2 International Trade Policy 238 9 THE INSTRUMENTS OF TRADE POLICY 238 Basic Tariff Analysis .238 Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry .239 Effects of a Tariff .241 Measuring the Amount of Protection .242 Costs and Benefits of a Tariff .244 Consumer and Producer Surplus .244 Measuring the Costs and Benefits .246 box: Tariffs for the Long Haul .248 Other Instruments of Trade Policy .249 Export Subsidies: Theory .249 case study: Europe's Common Agricultural Policy .250 Import Quotas: Theory .252 case study: An Import Quota in Practice: U.S. Sugar .253 Voluntary Export Restraints .256 case study: A Voluntary Export Restraint in Practice .256 Local Content Requirements .257 box: Bridging the Gap .258 Other Trade Policy Instruments .259 The Effects of Trade Policy: A Summary .259 Summary .260 Appendix: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of Monopoly .264 The Model with Free Trade .264 The Model with a Tariff .265 The Model with an Import Quota .266 Comparing a Tariff and a Quota .266 io The Political economy of trade policy 268 The Case for Free Trade .269 Free Trade and Efficiency .269 Additional Gains from Free Trade .270 Rent Seeking .271 Political Argument for Free Trade .271 case study: The Gains from 1992.272 National Welfare Arguments against Free Trade .274 The Terms of Trade Argument for a Tariff .274 Contents 13 The Domestic Market Failure Argument against Free Trade .275 How Convincing Is the Market Failure Argument? .277 Income Distribution and Trade Policy .278 Electoral Competition .279 Collective Action .280 box: Politicians for Sale: Evidence from the 1990s.281 Modeling the Political Process .282 Who Gets Protected? .282 International Negotiations and Trade Policy .284 The Advantages of Negotiation .285 International Trade Agreements: A Brief History .286 The Uruguay Round .288 Trade Liberalization .288 Administrative Reforms: From the GATT to the WTO .289 Benefits and Costs .290 box: Settling a Dispute — and Creating One .291 case study: The Salmon War .292 The Doha Disappointment .293 box: Do Agricultural Subsidies Hurt the Third World? .294 Preferential Trading Agreements .295 box: Free Trade Area versus Customs Union .297 box: Do Trade Preferences Have Appeal? .298 case study: Trade Diversion in South America .299 Summary .300 Appendix: Proving that the Optimum Tariff Is Positive .304 Demand and Supply .304 The Tariff and Prices .304 The Tariff and Domestic Welfare .305 11 TRADE POLICY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 307 Import-Substituting Industrialization .308 The Infant Industry Argument .309 Promoting Manufacturing Through Protection .310 case study: Mexico Abandons Import-Substituting Industrialization .312 Results of Favoring Manufacturing: Problems of Import-Substituting Industrialization .313 Trade Liberalization since 1985.314 Trade and Growth: Takeoff in Asia .316 box: India's Boom .319 Summary .319 12 CONTROVERSIES IN TRADE POLICY 322 Sophisticated Arguments for Activist Trade Policy .323 Technology and Externalities .323 Imperfect Competition and Strategic Trade Policy .325 box: A Warning from Intel's Founder .328 case study: When the Chips Were Up .329 Globalization and Low-Wage Labor .331 The Anti-Globalization Movement .331 Trade and Wages Revisited .332 Labor Standards and Trade Negotiations .334 Environmental and Cultural Issues .335 The WTO and National Independence .335 14 Contents case study: A Tragedy in Bangladesh . Globalization and the Environment . Globalization, Growth, and Pollution . The Problem of "Pollution Havens" . 339 The Carbon Tariff Dispute . 341 Summary . ^ PART 3 Exchange Rates and Open-Economy Macroeconomics 345 13 NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 345 The National Income Accounts . National Product and National Income .348 Capital Depreciation and International Transfers .349 Gross Domestic Product .349 National Income Accounting for an Open Economy .350 Consumption .350 Investment .350 Government Purchases .351 The National Income Identity for an Open Economy .351 An Imaginary Open Economy .352 The Current Account and Foreign Indebtedness .352 Saving and the Current Account .355 Private and Government Saving .356 box: The Mystery of the Missing Deficit .357 The Balance of Payments Accounts .358 Examples of Paired Transactions .359 The Fundamental Balance of Payments Identity .361 The Current Account, Once Again .361 The Capital Account .362 The Financial Account .363 Net Errors and Omissions .364 Official Reserve Transactions .364 case study: The Assets and Liabilities of the World's Biggest Debtor .366 Summary .369 14 Exchange Rates and the foreign Exchange market: An Asset approach 374 Exchange Rates and International Transactions .375 Domestic and Foreign Prices . 376 Exchange Rates and Relative Prices . 377 The Foreign Exchange Market .37g The Actors . 37g box: Exchange Rates, Auto Prices, and Currency Wars .379 Characteristics of the Market . .380 Spot Rates and Forward Rates . 382 Foreign Exchange Swaps . З8З Futures and Options . З8З The Demand for Foreign Currency Assets .384 Assets and Asset Returns . 384 Contents 15 box: Nondeliverable Forward Exchange Trading in Asia .385 Risk and Liquidity .387 Interest Rates .388 Exchange Rates and Asset Returns .389 A Simple Rule .390 Return, Risk, and Liquidity in the Foreign Exchange Market .392 Equilibrium in the Foreign Exchange Market .393 Interest Parity: The Basic Equilibrium Condition .393 How Changes in the Current Exchange Rate Affect Expected Returns .394 The Equilibrium Exchange Rate .395 Interest Rates, Expectations, and Equilibrium .398 The Effect of Changing Interest Rates on the Current Exchange Rate .398 The Effect of Changing Expectations on the Current Exchange Rate .399 case study: What Explains the Carry Trade? .400 Summary .402 Appendix: Forward Exchange Rates and Covered Interest Parity .408 15 MONEY, INTEREST RATES, AND EXCHANGE RATES 411 Money Defined: A Brief Review .412 Money as a Medium of Exchange .412 Money as a Unit of Account .412 Money as a Store of Value .413 What Is Money? .413 How the Money Supply Is Determined .413 The Demand for Money by Individuals .414 Expected Return .414 Risk .415 Liquidity .415 Aggregate Money Demand .415 The Equilibrium Interest Rate: The Interaction of Money Supply and Demand .417 Equilibrium in the Money Market .417 Interest Rates and the Money Supply .419 Output and the Interest Rate .420 The Money Supply and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run .421 Linking Money, the Interest Rate, and the Exchange Rate .421 U.S. Money Supply and the Dollar/Euro Exchange Rate .423 Europe's Money Supply and the Dollar/Euro Exchange Rate .424 Money, the Price Level, and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run .426 Money and Money Prices .426 The Long-Run Effects of Money Supply Changes .427 Empirical Evidence on Money Supplies and Price Levels .428 Money and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run .429 Inflation and Exchange Rate Dynamics .430 Short-Run Price Rigidity versus Long-Run Price Flexibility .430 box: Money Supply Growth and Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe .432 Permanent Money Supply Changes and the Exchange Rate .433 Exchange Rate Overshooting .435 case study: Can Higher Inflation Lead to Currency Appreciation? The Implications of Inflation Targeting .437 Summary .440 16 Contents 16 PRICE LEVELS AND THE EXCHANGE RATE IN THE LONG RUN 445 446 The Law of One Price . ]Z Purchasing Power Parity . The Relationship between PPP and the Law of One Price . 447 Absolute PPP and Relative PPP . A Long-Run Exchange Rate Model Based on PPP . The Fundamental Equation of the Monetary Approach . 449 Ongoing Inflation, Interest Parity, and PPP . 451 The Fisher Effect . 452 Empirical Evidence on PPP and the Law of One Price . 455 Explaining the Problems with PPP . 457 Trade Barriers and Nontradables . 4^7 Departures from Free Competition .458 Differences in Consumption Patterns and Price Level Measurement .459 box: Some Meaty Evidence on the Law of One Price .459 PPP in the Short Run and in the Long Run .462 case study: Why Price Levels Are Lower in Poorer Countries .463 Beyond Purchasing Power Parity: A General Model of Long-Run Exchange Rates .464 The Real Exchange Rate .465 Demand, Supply, and the Long-Run Real Exchange Rate .467 box: Sticky Prices and the Law of One Price: Evidence from Scandinavian Duty-Free Shops .467 Nominal and Real Exchange Rates in Long-Run Equilibrium .470 International Interest Rate Differences and the Real Exchange Rate .472 Real Interest Parity .473 Summary .475 Appendix: The Fisher Effect, the Interest Rate, and the Exchange Rate under the Flexible-Price Monetary Approach .480 17 Output and the Exchange rate in the Short Run 483 Determinants of Aggregate Demand in an Open Economy .484 Determinants of Consumption Demand .484 Determinants of the Current Account .485 How Real Exchange Rate Changes Affect the Current Account .486 How Disposable Income Changes Affect the Current Account .487 The Equation of Aggregate Demand .487 The Real Exchange Rate and Aggregate Demand .487 Real Income and Aggregate Demand .488 How Output Is Determined in the Short Run .,.489 Output Market Equilibrium in the Short Run: The DD Schedule .490 Output, the Exchange Rate, and Output Market Equilibrium .490 Deriving the DD Schedule . 49I Factors that Shift the Do Schedule . 49I Asset Market Equilibrium in the Short Run: The AA Schedule .494 Output, the Exchange Rate, and Asset Market Equilibrium . 495 Deriving the AA Schedule . 495 Factors that Shift the AA Schedule . 497 Short-Run Equilibrium for an Open Economy: Putting the DD and A A Schedules Together . 49g Temporary Changes in Monetary and Fiscal Policy . 500 Contents 17 Monetary Policy .500 Fiscal Policy .501 Policies to Maintain Full Employment .502 Inflation Bias and Other Problems of Policy Formulation .503 Permanent Shifts in Monetary and Fiscal Policy .504 A Permanent Increase in the Money Supply .505 Adjustment to a Permanent Increase in the Money Supply .506 A Permanent Fiscal Expansion .507 Macroeconomic Policies and the Current Account .509 Gradual Trade Flow Adjustment and Current Account Dynamics .510 TheJ-Curve .510 Exchange Rate Pass-Through and Inflation .512 The Current Account, Wealth, and Exchange Rate Dynamics .513 The Liquidity Trap .513 case study: How Big Is the Government Spending Multiplier? .516 Summary .517 Appendix 1: Intertemporal Trade and Consumption Demand .522 Appendix 2: The Marshall-Lerner Condition and Empirical Estimates of Trade Elasticities .524 18 FIXED EXCHANGE RATES AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE INTERVENTION 527 Why Study Fixed Exchange Rates? .528 Central Bank Intervention and the Money Supply .529 The Central Bank Balance Sheet and the Money Supply .529 Foreign Exchange Intervention and the Money Supply .531 Sterilization .532 The Balance of Payments and the Money Supply .532 How the Central Bank Fixes the Exchange Rate .533 Foreign Exchange Market Equilibrium under a Fixed Exchange Rate .534 Money Market Equilibrium under a Fixed Exchange Rate .534 A Diagrammatic Analysis .535 Stabilization Policies with a Fixed Exchange Rate .536 Monetary Policy .537 Fiscal Policy .538 Changes in the Exchange Rate .539 Adjustment to Fiscal Policy and Exchange Rate Changes .540 Balance of Payments Crises and Capital Flight .541 Managed Floating and Sterilized Intervention .544 Perfect Asset Substitutability and the Ineffectiveness of Sterilized Intervention .544 case study: Can Markets Attack a Strong Currency? The Case of Switzerland .545 Foreign Exchange Market Equilibrium under Imperfect Asset Substitutability .547 The Effects of Sterilized Intervention with Imperfect Asset Substitutability .547 Evidence on the Effects of Sterilized Intervention .549 Reserve Currencies in the World Monetary System .550 The Mechanics of a Reserve Currency Standard .550 The Asymmetric Position of the Reserve Center .551 The Gold Standard .552 The Mechanics of a Gold Standard .552 Symmetric Monetary Adjustment under a Gold Standard .552 Benefits and Drawbacks of the Gold Standard .553 The Bimetallic Standard .554 The Gold Exchange Standard .554 18 Contents case study: The Demand for International Reserves . 555 c .559 Summary . Appendix 1: Equilibrium in the Foreign Exchange Market with Imperfect Asset Substitutability . 564 Demand . 564 Supply . 565 Equilibrium . 565 Appendix 2: The Timing of Balance of Payments Crises .567 PART 4 International Macroeconomic Policy 19 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMS: AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 570 Macroeconomic Policy Goals in an Open Economy .571 Internal Balance: Full Employment and Price Level Stability .572 External Balance: The Optimal Level of the Current Account .573 box: Can a Country Borrow Forever? The Case of New Zealand .575 Classifying Monetary Systems: The Open-Economy Monetary Trilemma .579 International Macroeconomic Policy under the Gold Standard, 1870-1914.580 Origins of the Gold Standard .580 External Balance under the Gold Standard .581 The Price-Specie-Flow Mechanism .581 The Gold Standard "Rules of the Game": Myth and Reality .582 Internal Balance under the Gold Standard .583 case study: Gold Smuggling and the Birth of the UAE Dirham .584 The Interwar Years, 1918-1939.585 The Fleeting Return to Gold .585 International Economic Disintegration .586 case study: The International Gold Standard and the Great Depression .587 The Bretton Woods System and the International Monetary Fund .588 Goals and Structure of the IMF .589 Convertibility and the Expansion of Private Financial Flows .590 Speculative Capital Flows and Crises .591 Analyzing Policy Options for Reaching Internal and External Balance .592 Maintaining Internal Balance .592 Maintaining External Balance .594 Expenditure-Changing and Expenditure-Switching Policies .594 The External Balance Problem of the United States under Bretton Woods .596 case study: The End of Bretton Woods, Worldwide Inflation, and the Transition to Floating Rates .597 The Mechanics of Imported Inflation . 593 Assessment . 599 The Case for Floating Exchange Rates . 600 Monetary Policy Autonomy . g00 Symmetry . 601 Exchange Rates as Automatic Stabilizers . 602 Exchange Rates and External Balance . 604 case study: The First Years of Floating Rates, 1973-1990.604 Macroeconomic Interdependence under a Floating Rate .,.,„.,,,„,.608 case study: Transformation and Crisis in the World Economy .609 What Has Been Learned since 1973?. 615 Contents 19 Monetary Policy Autonomy .615 Symmetry .616 The Exchange Rate as an Automatic Stabilizer .617 External Balance .617 The Problem of Policy Coordination .618 Are Fixed Exchange Rates Even an Option for Most Countries? .618 Summary .619 Appendix: International Policy Coordination Failures .626 20 FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION: OPPORTUNITY AND CRISIS 629 The International Capital Market and the Gains from Trade .630 Three Types of Gain from Trade .630 Risk Aversion .632 Portfolio Diversification as a Motive for International Asset Trade .632 The Menu of International Assets: Debt versus Equity .633 International Banking and the International Capital Market .634 The Structure of the International Capital Market .634 Offshore Banking and Offshore Currency Trading .635 The Shadow Banking System .637 Banking and Financial Fragility .637 The Problem of Bank Failure .637 Government Safeguards against Financial Instability .640 Moral Hazard and the Problem of "Too Big to Fail" .642 box: The Simple Algebra of Moral Hazard .643 The Challenge of Regulating International Banking .644 The Financial Trilemma .644 International Regulatory Cooperation through 2007.646 case study: The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2009.647 box: Foreign Exchange Instability and Central Bank Swap Lines .650 International Regulatory Initiatives after the Global Financial Crisis .652 How Well Have International Financial Markets Allocated Capital and Risk? .654 The Extent of International Portfolio Diversification .654 The Extent of Intertemporal Trade .656 Onshore-Offshore Interest Differentials .657 The Efficiency of the Foreign Exchange Market .657 Summary .661 21 OPTIMUM CURRENCY AREAS AND THE EURO 666 How the European Single Currency Evolved .668 What Has Driven European Monetary Cooperation? .668 The European Monetary System, 1979-1998.669 German Monetary Dominance and the Credibility Theory of the EMS .670 Market Integration Initiatives .671 European Economic and Monetary Union .672 The Euro and Economic Policy in the Euro Zone .673 The Maastricht Convergence Criteria and the Stability and Growth Pact .673 The European Central Bank and the Eurosystem.674 The Revised Exchange Rate Mechanism .675 The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas .675 Economic Integration and the Benefits of a Fixed Exchange Rate Area: The GG Schedule .676 Economic Integration and the Costs of a Fixed Exchange Rate Area: The LL Schedule . 20 Contents The Decision to Join a Currency Area: Putting the GG and LL Schedules ~ .·, .680 Together . What Is an Optimum Currency Area? . Other Important Considerations . case study: Is Europe an Optimum Currency Area? .683 The Euro Crisis and the Future of EMU . 687 Origins of the Crisis .687 Self-Fulfilling Government Default and the "Doom Loop" . 692 A Broader Crisis and Policy Responses .694 ECB Outright Monetary Transactions .695 The Future of EMU .696 Summary .697 22 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: GROWTH, CRISIS, AND REFORM 702 Income, Wealth, and Growth in the World Economy .703 The Gap between Rich and Poor .703 Has the World Income Gap Narrowed Over Time? .704 Structural Features of Developing Countries .706 Developing-Country Borrowing and Debt .709 The Economics of Financial Inflows to Developing Countries .709 The Problem of Default .711 Alternative Forms of Financial Inflow .713 The Problem of "Original Sin" .714 The Debt Crisis of the 1980s.716 Reforms, Capital Inflows, and the Return of Crisis .717 East Asia: Success and Crisis .720 The East Asian Economic Miracle .720 box: Why Have Developing Countries Accumulated Such High Levels of International Reserves? .721 Asian Weaknesses .723 box: What Did East Asia Do Right? .724 The Asian Financial Crisis .725 Lessons of Developing-Country Crises .726 Reforming the World's Financial "Architecture" .728 Capital Mobility and the Trilemma of the Exchange Rate Regime .729 "Prophylactic" Measures . 73О Coping with Crisis . 731 case study: China's Pegged Currency .732 Understanding Global Capital Flows and the Global Distribution of Income: Is Geography Destiny? .735 box: Capital Paradoxes . . 736 Summary .740 MATHEMATICAL POSTSCRIPTS 745 Postscript to Chapter 5: The Factor-Proportions Model . 745 Factor Prices and Costs . 745 Goods Prices and Factor Prices . 747 Factor Supplies and Outputs . 74g Postscript to Chapter 6: The Trading World Economy .749 Supply, Demand, and Equilibrium . ·»··'·■··. ^ Supply, Demand, and the Stability of Equilibrium . 751 Effects of Changes in Supply and Demand . 753 Contents 21 Economie Growth .753 A Transfer of Income .754 A Tariff .755 Postscript to Chapter 8: The Monopolistic Competition Model .757 Postscript to Chapter 20: Risk Aversion and International Portfolio Diversification .759 An Analytical Derivation of the Optimal Portfolio .759 A Diagrammatic Derivation of the Optimal Portfolio .760 The Effects of Changing Rates of Return .762 INDEX 767 CREDITS 785 ONLINE APPENDICES (www.pearsonglobaleclitions.comlkrugman) Appendix A to Chapter 6: International Transfers of Income and the Terms of Trade The Transfer Problem Effects of a Transfer on the Terms of Trade Presumptions about the Terms of Trade Effects of Transfers Appendix В to Chapter 6: Representing International Equilibrium with Offer Curves Deriving a Country's Offer Curve International Equilibrium Appendix A to Chapter 9: Tariff Analysis in General Equilibrium A Tariff in a Small Country A Tariff in a Large Country Appendix A to Chapter 17: The IS-LM Model and the DD-AA Model Appendix A to Chapter 18: The Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments
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author_facet	Krugman, Paul R. 1953- Obstfeld, Maurice 1952- Melitz, Marc J.
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dewey-ones	337 - International economics
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dewey-tens	330 - Economics
discipline	Wirtschaftswissenschaften
edition	10. ed., global ed.
format	Book
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physical	785 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
publishDate	2015
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series2	The Pearson series in economics Always learning
spellingShingle	Krugman, Paul R. 1953- Obstfeld, Maurice 1952- Melitz, Marc J. International economics theory and policy Weltwirtschaft International finance International economic relations Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 gnd Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 gnd Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd Außenwirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4003857-9 gnd Außenwirtschaft (DE-588)4003856-7 gnd Reale Außenwirtschaftstheorie (DE-588)4069013-1 gnd Außenhandel (DE-588)4003832-4 gnd Außenwirtschaftstheorie (DE-588)4120953-9 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4068297-3 (DE-588)4065468-0 (DE-588)4065365-1 (DE-588)4003857-9 (DE-588)4003856-7 (DE-588)4069013-1 (DE-588)4003832-4 (DE-588)4120953-9 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	International economics theory and policy
title_auth	International economics theory and policy
title_exact_search	International economics theory and policy
title_full	International economics theory and policy Paul R. Krugman ; Maurice Obstfeld ; Marc J. Melitz
title_fullStr	International economics theory and policy Paul R. Krugman ; Maurice Obstfeld ; Marc J. Melitz
title_full_unstemmed	International economics theory and policy Paul R. Krugman ; Maurice Obstfeld ; Marc J. Melitz
title_short	International economics
title_sort	international economics theory and policy
title_sub	theory and policy
topic	Weltwirtschaft International finance International economic relations Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 gnd Weltwirtschaft (DE-588)4065468-0 gnd Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd Außenwirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4003857-9 gnd Außenwirtschaft (DE-588)4003856-7 gnd Reale Außenwirtschaftstheorie (DE-588)4069013-1 gnd Außenhandel (DE-588)4003832-4 gnd Außenwirtschaftstheorie (DE-588)4120953-9 gnd
topic_facet	Weltwirtschaft International finance International economic relations Wirtschaftsbeziehungen Welthandel Außenwirtschaftspolitik Außenwirtschaft Reale Außenwirtschaftstheorie Außenhandel Außenwirtschaftstheorie Lehrbuch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027270592&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT krugmanpaulr internationaleconomicstheoryandpolicy AT obstfeldmaurice internationaleconomicstheoryandpolicy AT melitzmarcj internationaleconomicstheoryandpolicy

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