Slobodný vydavateľ, mysliaci čitateľ: typografické médium v jozefínskej dobe
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Slovak |
| Published: |
[Budmerice]
Vyd. Rak
2013
|
| Edition: | Vyd. 1. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Physical Description: | 296 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9788085501575 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | OBSAH
Predhovor
..................................................
2i
Úvod
......................................................23
I.
Osvietený cisár
...........................................29
Nešlo o slobodu
..........................................29
Algoritmus cenzúry
.......................................35
Vylaďovanie systému
......................................39
II.
Neovládateľné spisovateľstvo
................................45
Záplava brožúr
...........................................45
Národ začal čítať
..........................................50
Rozptyl a konverzia
.......................................55
Uhorskí brožuranti
........................................63
Jazyk
..................................................71
III.
Vďačný protestant
........................................79
Kreutzberg, Sturm
a mnohí iní
...............................80
Drahé knihy drahého Arndta
................................88
Bariéry
.................................................92
Keď dvaja robia to isté
......................................95
Postilky, záhradky
.......................................
ioo
IV.
Viac tlačiarní ako autorov
..................................107
Poznanie mikropriestoru
..................................107
Tlačiar a vrchnosť
.........................................
in
Od modlitby k románu
....................................116
Medzi autorom a tlačiarom
.................................126
Nebezpečný muž
.........................................131
V. Čítajúce publikum
.......................................139
Od obrázkov k textu
......................................139
Projekt čitateľa
..........................................143
Slovenský národ málo číta
...................................151
Stopy čítania
............................................158
Strach z čítania
..........................................170
19
VI. Vhlave
cenzora.........................................
175
Rozpoltenie
............................................175
Odolnost..............................................
182
Hrať rolu
..............................................189
Robiť nadprácu
.........................................195
Metóda
...............................................202
VII.
Keby som bol vedel, čo sa bude diať
...........................211
Tlak a strach
.............................................211
Autoregulácia
...........................................215
Friedel
................................................222
Úvahy o médiu namiesto záveru
................................231
Summary
.................................................239
Prílohy
...................................................245
JozeflL: Základné pravidlá na ustanovenie systému knižnej cenzúry.
. . 247
Konvertovacia tabuľka brožúr
...............................251
Poznámky
.................................................255
Pramene
..................................................284
Literatúra
.................................................285
Mennýregister
.............................................293
20
FREE PUBLISHER, THINKING READER
TYPOGRAPHIC MEDIUM
IN THE PERIOD OF JOSEPH II.
The research of publishing in the Josephinian
decennium
outlined several
autonomous topics. At the beginning there were emperor s ideas on the
modernisation of the monarchy. The reform of the censorship system played
an important and well founded part in it. Censorship had to be centralised and
carried out in such a way that publishing and book-selling would become free
business activities which would, as a result, improve the economic situation of the
monarchy. This concept was based on the enlightenment idea that printed books
had an educational function. They had to help the citizens to understand emperor s
intentions. The basic principle of the reform was the tolerance towards differences,
different opinions and criticism. As a whole, it brought the society closer to the
ideal of freedom of speech. It met with a response throughout Europe; it had its
followers and opponents. What was proclaimed to be freedom of press was in fact
a strictly defined system, a hierarchic network of censorship points with defined
competences. The censors should, more than their own judgement, use pre-set
procedures, decision algorithms on appropriate and forbidden contents. In spite of
this, the reform brought about several unexpected effects. Effects that were originally
not included in emperor s ideas, in his mercantilist plan of freeing the typographic
medium. The reform triggered unexpected reactions with unexpected products,
processes with their own life and dynamics
-
notably in the publication of cheap
books
—
brochures. These became symbols of Josephinian book publishing. The
market was suddenly full of often anonymous authors, large editions, frequent
re-prints and an even bigger number of reactions to it. Even though all those
phenomena in different shapes can be documented in precedent and subsequent
periods, Josephinism changed them both in content and quality and, moreover, it
proceeded hand in hand with the change of readership and reading habits. Many
of circular medial debates were initiated by a request from the court for a single
comprehensible text advertising the reform. The publishing of brochures was a
spontaneous and unexpected phenomenon. Today, it is interpreted as a phase of
forming the public opinion before the emergence of political press.
239
Slobodný vydavateľ, mysliaci čitateľ
The
brochures
are characterised by geometrical reproduction. Although the most
known were the Vienna brochure makers, this tendency is observed also in other
parts of the monarchy- as a reference or as a transfer. In specific conditions, it gained
specific features. Outside the centre, brochures were not only read. The need to react
sprang up. Numerous translations of Josephinian brochures to Slovak or Hungarian
were carried out. It appears that brochures translated into the languages of minorities
were considered to be even more dangerous because they were accessible to broader
masses of less educated citizens. Such contents could have been misunderstood
,
misinterpreted or taken seriously .
The research of brochure publishing in the territory of Slovakia highlighted
authors focusing on specific problems of the monarchy. The most productive
of them was
Jozef Bencúr.
He wrote texts, presumably initiated by the court,
advertising emperors ideas concerning the reform of the church. There were
nevertheless many spontaneous texts especially the so called projects for the
execution of economic and other reforms in the specific conditions of the Kingdom
of Hungary
.
A broad medial response followed the implementation of another
reform of Joseph II
-
appointing German the official language of the monarchy.
Here another group of texts can be identified
—
documents with no approbation that
did not get into the communication. The language issue can be perceived as a specific
topic of Slovak and Hungarian brochure publishers.
The period after the Patent of Toleration was a period of publishing euphoria
among the
protestant
intellectuals. The concept of reinforcement of religious
consciousness through books marched hand in hand with enlightenment education
ideas. The Protestants decided to use religious freedom for more intensive publishing
activities and for the broadening of the spectrum of religious literature. Prayer books
and
hymnbooks
as a basis for intensive religious reading had to be complemented
by meditations or texts explaining the main theological principles of religion.
Reprinting and translations of German religious books were frequent. However,
the publishing projects cannot be described as successful. They overestimated the
demand, the real interest for reading and were based on
non
realistic assessments
regarding the possibilities of sale. The publishers themselves gradually realised that
the reason for the lack of success had deeper roots. The analysis of the causes leads
to the question of readership preferences. It opens also the issue of typographic
and publishing strategies. The growing number of printing houses and thus also
the quantitative expansion of the typographic production were not powered by
enlightenment ideas. Several printing houses notably near the centres and larger
240
Summary
cities functioned as prosperous economic units. Popular titles were reprinted,
state contracts welcomed, risky titles financed by subscriptions. The analysis of the
production shows stereotype actions, trends persisting from previous periods, but
also newly emerging and developing segments. They mirror a gradual transition
of predominantly middle classes of urban population from intensive to extensive
reading. This can be traced in a rising number of novels, books and newspapers
designed for free-time activities. However, it is only a flash of a trend fully in motion
in German speaking countries.
Although Josef II defined the publishing sphere as a free one, this freedom
functioned only in the intentions of the state disciplinisation. One of the means
of protection against the political intervention was the false impressum or the
reduction of publisher data and the omission of the name of the author. The
publishing and book-selling sphere had a kind of alternative life distant from the
ideas of enlightenment and hidden from the eyes of censors. Its gradual revealing
is a perspective challenge. It requires a new approach to unofficial attributes of the
typographic culture. Within them the publishers predominantly multiply, repeat
and copy. They first of all import and only after that give room to domestic projects.
All original scientific and literary deeds that are today regarded as historically
and culturally valuable were created in the shadow of mass stereotypes, in the
shadow of publishing fights for a calendar or
a hymnbook.
The publishers used
the enlightened education theses to broaden their profile by titles successful in
other parts of Europe. They tried to find subscribers and to place on the market
a new segment of extensive reading
—
periodical titles. As a rule, they failed. Even
if the publishing project was successful in the onset, the series ended after several
volumes because of lack of interest on the part of customers. Partial success or lack
of success of publishing projects leads to deliberations about subscribers, about their
preferences, about sociological and cultural characteristics of extensive reading.
The picture of contemporary readers can be drawn using a combination of several
approaches. Some aspects are derived from the failed publishing projects, others
from observing the publication strategies of printing houses. They testify to both
reading and
non-
reading. They lead to the understanding of reading habits of urban
as well as rural populations. The sources unveil the existence of four lending libraries
in Bratislava. Their funds allow us to study readership preferences and trends. It
appears that the trend was to read novels as a form of entertainment reading. But
the lending libraries offered also forbidden works
-
pornography and
anti
clerical
titles. These preferences appear as well in the censored lists of inheritances. Reading
241
Slobodný vydavateľ, mysliaci čitateľ
was not only an expected and preferred social practice. As a form of amusement and
breaking of taboos and traditions it provoked fear
-
fear of reading as a superficial,
noxious and socially dangerous activity. It appears that extensive reading did not
overlap with the enlightenment ideal of education but it was formed as a cultural
consummation of middle classes and as a means of forming the public opinion.
The categories permitted and prohibited, necessary and undesirable continue
functioning although the Josephine reform of the censorship system offered more
liberal frameworks for publishers and readers. The reality of censorship was denned
more by the people deciding about permissions and bans than by emperor s ideas.
In spite of an elaborated system of defining the competences, the implementation
of emperor s concept failed. The system employed people with a Jesuit past and
with extended experience in the execution of censorship from the times of re-
catolisation. Preserved censorship notes show the qualifications and the mental
equipment of Hungarian censors. They also show that these people were able
to accept the principles of the new system only formally. The vaguely defined
borderlines between the permitted and prohibited had to serve the free flow of
ideas. In reality they were used as a space to fight against all that was, from the point
of view of censors, undesirable and a threat for the status quo. They show us that
both the texts and censorship reports were subject to personal interpretations of the
words of the author, interpretations walking hand in hand with misinterpretations.
Tolerance emanating from the centre of the monarchy degraded in the territories
of local censors to a minimal rate of endurance. The idea was recast into the system.
The decision making algorithm had to ensure its consistency. Apparently this was
not sufficient. The rules were subject to peculiar interpretation by people who did
not accept the idea that gave birth to the rules. These conditions modified not
only the behaviour of the publishers but also that of the authors. It appears that
they contributed to the desire write, to the boost of creativity. A group of people
earning their lives by writing was established. Writing is no longer just a matter of
prestige, professional writers are born although in the conditions of the Kingdom of
Hungary this phenomenon is not yet visible. Professional writing has still negative
connotations. The writers are flagged as scribblers. Nevertheless, authors begin to
demand not only appreciation but also financial reward. Many of them clashed
against the frontiers of the Josephine freedom. Their works were not approved or
were put on the index. Many texts that stayed unpublished due to lack of means
or because they went beyond the agreed limits of tolerance show that typography,
in spite of demonstrating universality and general access to printed books, was not
242
Summary
for everybody and everything. The medium marginalised not only
non
consensual
contents but also contents with a small number of anticipated recipients. The
publishing space functioned as a copy center. The number of recipients or the
number of copies from one matrix played a bigger role than the content. Book-
printing liberated from myths of book culture is only a technology of copying and
accessibility. In the same way as manuscripts before it and electronic media today,
book-printing is ambivalent. Its networks are not democratic, some things are
marginalised some are prioritised. They cannot be influenced by ideas about what is
appropriate or beneficial and what is not. The emperor wanted to use the medium
to support his reforms, he wanted it to serve the monarchy, instead he stirred up
processes he could not influence. Protestant intellectuals had also their objectives
but they met with disinterest. Publishers wanted to enlarge their offer by products
spread in other parts of Europe but they failed on the Hungarian market. Lending
libraries were in the disgrace of censors although reading itself was considered as
desirable. Instead of taking useful texts, readers largely preferred what was labeled
as undesirable. Hundreds of manuscripts did not reach the printing press even
though their content was consensual. This shows that typographic reproduction
contains selection. Selection does not work according to principles constituted by
the society. The typographic culture is reproduction in the selective environment of
the minds of authors, publishers, booksellers and readers. The dissemination process
itself is more important than the dissemination of knowledge. Contemporary
commentators speak about psychological contamination , i.e. something that
happens incidentally, unpredictably and has its own life. They maintain that reading
of certain contents spreads as an infection. The number of copies grows and the
content is more and more accessible
-
shorter and more banal. Contemporary
observers note that the typographic culture does not serve people, just the opposite
—
authors and reader serve typography. Typographic culture cannot be influenced
by ideologies or bans. On the contrary- it forms them. Categories as harmful and
immoral, dangerous and pornographic would not have existed without the medium
and would not have helped many of the books to eternal popularity. On the other
hand, there are hundreds and thousands of untouched, more than
200
years unread,
copies of very useful and necessary books . They tell us that the typographic culture
is not yet fully understood.
Translated by PhDr.
Judita Podolínska
243
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:05:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788085501575 |
| language | Slovak |
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| physical | 296 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2013 |
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| publisher | Vyd. Rak |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kollárová, Ivona 1971- Verfasser (DE-588)1051846889 aut Slobodný vydavateľ, mysliaci čitateľ typografické médium v jozefínskej dobe Ivona Kollárová Vyd. 1. [Budmerice] Vyd. Rak 2013 296 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1765-1790 gnd rswk-swf Pressezensur (DE-588)4175666-6 gnd rswk-swf Pressefreiheit (DE-588)4047160-3 gnd rswk-swf Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd rswk-swf Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 g Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 g Pressefreiheit (DE-588)4047160-3 s Pressezensur (DE-588)4175666-6 s Geschichte 1765-1790 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027253532&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027253532&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kollárová, Ivona 1971- Slobodný vydavateľ, mysliaci čitateľ typografické médium v jozefínskej dobe Pressezensur (DE-588)4175666-6 gnd Pressefreiheit (DE-588)4047160-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4175666-6 (DE-588)4047160-3 (DE-588)4078541-5 (DE-588)4055297-4 |
| title | Slobodný vydavateľ, mysliaci čitateľ typografické médium v jozefínskej dobe |
| title_auth | Slobodný vydavateľ, mysliaci čitateľ typografické médium v jozefínskej dobe |
| title_exact_search | Slobodný vydavateľ, mysliaci čitateľ typografické médium v jozefínskej dobe |
| title_full | Slobodný vydavateľ, mysliaci čitateľ typografické médium v jozefínskej dobe Ivona Kollárová |
| title_fullStr | Slobodný vydavateľ, mysliaci čitateľ typografické médium v jozefínskej dobe Ivona Kollárová |
| title_full_unstemmed | Slobodný vydavateľ, mysliaci čitateľ typografické médium v jozefínskej dobe Ivona Kollárová |
| title_short | Slobodný vydavateľ, mysliaci čitateľ |
| title_sort | slobodny vydavatel mysliaci citatel typograficke medium v jozefinskej dobe |
| title_sub | typografické médium v jozefínskej dobe |
| topic | Pressezensur (DE-588)4175666-6 gnd Pressefreiheit (DE-588)4047160-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pressezensur Pressefreiheit Ungarn Slowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027253532&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027253532&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kollarovaivona slobodnyvydavatelmysliacicitateltypografickemediumvjozefinskejdobe |