Politike vsebin: avdiovizualni mediji in informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) z vidika zaščite otrok in mladoletnih
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Slovenian English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ljubljana
Institutum Studiorum Humanitatis, Fakulteta za Podiplomski Humanistični Študij
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Zbirka Ekskurzi
2 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Text überw. slowen., teilw. engl. 200 izv. - O avtorjih: str. 149-150 Bibliografija: str. 71-77 in 137-140 Summary Kazalo |
| Beschreibung: | 152 str. ilustr. 22 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789616192446 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Politike vsebin |b avdiovizualni mediji in informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) z vidika zaščite otrok in mladoletnih |c Renata Šribar ; Tadej Praprotnik |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152103758725120 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | KAZALO
Predgovor
9
Renata
Šribar
PROBLEMATIKA
POTENCIÁLNU
ŠKODLJIVIH VSEBIN
V
AV SEKTORJU
V
SLOVENIJI
15
1.
Uvod ali zaščita
otrok
in
mladoletnih
kot
mrtvi tek
in
vizija
16
2.
Pojmovanje škode
19
3.
Oglaševanje
kot
sredstvo pornografizacije množičnih medijev
22
3.1
Oglaševalsko širjenje spolne
in
etnične diskriminacije, heteroseksizma
in simbolne
zlorabe mladoletnih
2 3
3.2
Odtujeno pojmovanje
v oglaševalskem
kodeksu
25
3.3
Neodzivnost tržnega inspektorata na
problematiko oglaševalskin
zlorab
28
4.
Televizijske programske vsebine
in
divje politike urejanja
in
nadzora
29
4.1
Pogoji
možnosti
oddajanja potencialno škodljivih vsebin
3 0
4.2
(Ne)moč nadzora
32
5.
Potlačena razmerja mobilne
telef
onije
33
5.1
Zaščita
kot nuja
in zavajanje
34
5.2
SamozašČitni dokument slovenskih mobilnih operaterjev
35
6.
Internetni izziv
37
6.1
Primerjalna studija: Slovenija
v
razmerjih EU
38
6.2
Sttokovnopoimovanjespletnihtveganjirešitev
kot
del
problema
40
6.2.1
Neustrezne konceptualizacije:
primer
SAFE-SI
40
7.
Namesto zaključka: strategije
43
7.1
Strateški dokument za prenovo zakona
o medijih
44
7Д.1
Obstoječe stanje
-
televizijske programske vsebine
44
7.1.2
Potencialno škodljive vsebine na mobilnih portalih
45
7.2
Spregledani predlogi rešitev iz predhodne
prenove
medijske zakonodaje
(2006) 45
7.2.1
Vzpostavitev strokovne
in
sekundarne pritožbene instance
45
7.2.2
Dodatna
določba o
vsebinah, ki se razširjajo znotraj mobilne telefonije
46
7.3
Izhodišča za aktualno prenovo medijske zakonodaje na obravnavanem področju
46
7.3.1
Izdajatelji programskih vsebin
in operaterji
46
7.3.2
Mobilni operaterji
in ponudniki
vsebin na mobilnih portalih
47
7.3.3
Harmonizacija
84.
člena ZMed
48
7.3.4
Dodatne kazenske določbe
48
7.3.5
Vključitevizdajateljevradijskih
programov v
84.
člen ZMed.
48
8.
Pornography globally and locally: feminist epistemology, the pro-pornography
complex and regulation in Slovenia
48
8.1
Introduction: Porn relations
48
8.2
The pornographic itinerary
49
8.2.1
Denominating the subject
49
8.2.2
The individual and social harm
51
8.2.3
The problem of defining pornography
51
8.2.4
Pornography as the subject of civil law
54
8.3
The case of Slovenia
58
8.3.1
General characteristics of public discourse on pornography in Slovenia
58
8.3.2
The pro-pomography complex and the regulation of pornography
60
8.3.3
Pornography and the state
67
8.4
Conclusion: Contemporary regulation of porn
69
9.
Bibliografija
/
Bibliography
71
9.1
Internetni
viri
/
Internet sources
74
9.2
Časopisni
in
drugi
viri
/
Newspapers and other sources
76
Tadej Praprotnik
NORMATIVNI OKVIRI
IN PRÍMERÍ DOBRE REGULACIJSKE
PRAKSE
79
10.
Uvod;
Izzivi postindustrijske družbe na
ravni regulacije
80
11.
Kaj je regulacija,
koregulacija in
samoregulacija; interpretacije
in
definicije
81
11.1
Vzroki za oblikovanje koregulatornih sistemov
82
11.2
Koregulacija
ín
samoregulacija
83
11.3
Dejavniki
in pogoji
za uspešno koregulacijo
87
11.4
Področja, ki
so primerna
za implementacijo koregulacije
88
11.5
Zaščita
otrok
in
mladoletnih pred škodljivimi vsebinami, ki
so
dostopne
ргек
intemeta ali
mobilne
telef
onije
88
12.
Primeri dobre prakse na
področju
celovite zaščite
otrok
in
mladoletnih:
primer
Nizozemska
90
12.1
Vloga
in
naloge nedržavne regulacije: organizacija NICAM
in
klasiflkacijski sistem
Kijkwijzer
92
12.2
Povezanost med nedržavnim
regulatomim
sistemom
in
državno regulacijo
93
12.3
Regulatorra
viri/ukrepi, ki
jih
ima na voljo država za vplivanje na rezultate regulatornega procesa
94
12.3.1
Metanadzor
95
12.3.2
Obveznosti organizacije NICAM
96
12.3.3
Zakonska osnova za akreditacijo
nevládne
institucije
97
12.4
Ustanovitev, naloge
in cilji
ustanove NICAM
100
12.5
Klasifikacijski (informacijski) sistem
Kijkwijzer
je
pomoč (nasvet)
za starše
100
12.6
Pritožbe potrošnikov
in izvajanje
sankcij {ukrepov)
104
12.6.1
Izvajanje sankcij/ukrepov
105
12.6.2
Priziv
105
12.6.3
Pospešeni pritožbeni postopek (angl.
accelerated
procedure)
105
12.7
Evalvacija klasifikacijskega sistema
in možni
problemi
105
12.8
Uvajanje novih klasifikacijskih kategorij
106
13.
Zaščita
otrok
in
mladoletnih pred potencialno škodljivimi vsebinami,
ki
so
dostopne prek intemeta
in
mobilne telefonije: stanje
v
Sloveniji
109
14.
Zaščita
otrok
in
mladoletnih pred potencialno škodljivimi internetnimi vsebinami
112
14.1
Medijska pismenost ali filtriranje potencialno škodljivih vsebin?
114
15.
Zaključek
117
16. Normative
frames
and examples of good regulatory practices (Extended summary)
118
16.1.
Introductioa regulation, co-regulation and self-regulation; definitions and interpretations
118
16.2.
Changing role of the state in regulating modern societies
121
16.2.1
Regulatory objectives suitable for
co
-regulation
124
16.3.
Example of good practice in the area of complete protection of minors:
the case of the Netherlands
125
16.3.1
Legal framework for the establishment of NICAM
126
16.3.2
Kijkwijzei as a classification (information) system
127
16.3.3
The applicability of Kijkwijzer and further developments
128
16.3.4
Kijkwijzer is a supplement tool, not a solution for everything (and everybody)
129
16.3.5
Complaints system and sanctions
130
16.4.
Protection of minors in the case of Slovenia
131
16.5.
Protection of minors in the field of internet
132
16.6.
Conclusion
137
17,
Bibliografija
/
Bibliography
137
Indeks
141
Beležka
o avtorjih
/
Notes on authors
149
Tadej Praprotnik
dajna
telesa
in
organizacije,
ki
se neposredno ukvarjajo
z
medijsko produk¬
cijo, torej tuđi izdajatelji medijskih vsebin
in storitev
IKT.
Predstavljeni
prímerí, zlasti
primer
ustanove NICAM,
so zgled,
kako
lahko ustrezne
vládne iniciativě
in primerni
pravni okviri (zakonodaja),
ponudijo učinkovit okvir delovanja,
v katerem
prepoznata
neposreden
interes tako država
kot
nedržavni sektor (medijska industrija). Tovrstni
modeli prav zaradi neposredne motiviranosti vseh udeležencev pomenijo
resničen obet uspešnega modela celovite zaščite
otrok
in mladoletnih
pred
škodljivimi medijskimi vsebinami.
16.
Normative frames and examples of good regulatory
practices (Extended summary)
16.1
Introduction; regulation, co-regulation and self-regulation; definitions and
interpretations
The project Slovenia: Towards the Complex Protection of Minors in the Field of
Audio-Visual Services and Products explores the possibilities within the field of
the protection of minors. Our aim was to list examples of good practices as
well as to indicate possible solutions for the development of protection of
minors in Slovenia. One of the first steps was to explore investigation and
research projects already done within the field of protection of minors. For
that reason the study Study on Co-regulation Measures in the Media Sector was
examined. As it is said in a study Co-regulation is regarded by many as a
means to achieve better regulation and to accomplish both coping with the
increasing risk of failure of traditional regulatory concepts, and handing
back responsibility to society where that seems appropriate. 208
The study stressed that The analysis of studies already done shows that
approaches based on different theoretical backgrounds and methodologies
118
16.
Normative frames and examples
agree on the assumption that under specific conditions traditional forms of
regulation face severe and systematic enforcement problems. Co-regula¬
tion is seen by many as a way to react to some of the challenges of tradition¬
al regulation such as coping with the speed of technological, economical
and social changes and the problem of decentralized knowledge in the
information societies. Furthermore, regulatory theory teaches that the
development path of regulation matters. Debates on a national and Euro¬
pean level from time to time suffer from misunderstandings in that regard
since there are different starting points for
co
-regulation.
Within the understanding of the study,
co
-regulation is a specific combi¬
nation of state and
non-
state regulation.
[...]
However, if a regulatory system
is classified as
co
-regulation under this study this does not mean that it is per
se
more effective in achieving an objective than a self-regulatory system. 209
The report of the Hans-Bredow-Institut for Media Research at the Uni¬
versity of Hamburg stressed some further remarks as well:
New technologies and internationalization have led to widespread and
fundamental changes within the European Union. These developments,
which are often described as a change of former industry societies into
so-called information societies, represent a challenge for the regulating
states. Traditional regulation, though successful and efficient in the
past, might be unsuitable under new circumstances. The role of the
state and supranational institutions like the European Union might
accordingly need to be redefined. However, how to redefine the respec¬
tive roles is the subject of controversial political debate.
Against this background, the consideration of better regulation is not
merely a question of social engineering , part of the task is to work out bet¬
ter ways to achieve the policy goals under changing conditions.
[...]
208
Executive Summary Study on Co-Regulation Measures in the Media Sector,
1,
available
at:
http:
//ec.europa.eu/avpolicy/docs/library/studies/coregul/final_sum_en.
pdf,
18.1. 2009.
209 Ibid., 2.
Tadej Praprotnik
The study shows that a variety of
co
-regulatory systems is already in
place in European Member States. Given the connection with fundamental
changes of state and regulation, and the cultural and economic importance
of the media sector, it does not come as a surprise that debates on coregu-
lation have been highly controversial. On the one hand, protagonists of
self-regulatory bodies articulate the fear that their established voluntary
system might be captured by the state and made into a co-regulatory sys¬
tem. On the other hand, state regulators and private watchdogs voice the
concern that partially empowering the industry to regulate itself might put
the fox in charge of the henhouse.210
The issue is not only that the term
co
-regulation is used in many dif¬
ferent ways, the understanding of regulation is controversial as well. In
American legal political studies, regulation means a specific form of state
influence on economic processes, whereas in Europe the term is generally
understood as being used generically to describe means of achieving public
policy objectives.
However, the term is not used consistently in Europe and its meaning is
changing. The understanding of regulation changes with the transforma¬
tion of democracy as such, and policies and politics. Regulation within a
given society can be described as being positioned in the triangle of state,
economy and civil society. Modern regulatory theory holds that an ade¬
quate understanding of regulatory phenomena can not be seen as a kind of
tool in the hand of a steering actor, most likely the state, but sometimes an
industry player or association as well. According to this understanding,
regulation has to be seen as a social process rather than a part of social
mechanics. However, this is easily said, but hard to follow reliably, even in
research .211
We can find more or less the same conclusions among many
researchers who suggest possible solutions for a co-regulatory system to
Fined Report Study on Co-Regulation Measures in the Media Sector,
2006, 1,
available at:
p://ec.europa.eu/avpolicy/docsAibrary/studies/coregul/final_rep_en.pdf,
30.5.2009.
Ibid., 11.
210
http:
211 Ibid., 11.
120
16.
Normative frames
and examples
be effective. In his article The European Commission s White Paper on
European Governance: The Uneasy Relationship Between Public Partici¬
pation and Democracy ,
Ludger Radermacher
stated:
in a growing number of areas, the European legislative body refrains
from a direct steering of regulated entities and relies instead on contri¬
butions made by these very entities. These entities are encouraged to
make, by themselves, substantial contributions to the regulatory
process .212
162
Changing role of the state in regulating modern societies
The important role of media leads to media policy trying to ensure the pos¬
itive functions (such as promoting cultural diversity) and to reduce nega¬
tive externalities (such as risks for the development of minors, possible
misleading of consumers)
.
In a. Final Report Study on Co-Regulation Measures in
the Media Sector some basic assumptions worthy of mention have been:
•
Media enables self-observation of society; therefore their functioning is
not only in the interest of the relevant actors but is also of public interest;
♦
Different types of media contribute in different ways to this function;
furthermore, their development paths, and therefore the relevant policy
field, differ from each other.213
As also stated in the study: Co-regulation has not been invented for
media regulation, though this field is traditionally a model case for new
forms of regulation, but ties in with a broad debate on regulatory failure
and ways to improve regulation. 214
212 Radermacher, Ludger
The European Commission s White Paper on European
Governance: The Uneasy Relationship Between Public Participation and Democracy ,
in GermanLawJournal No.
ι (οι
January
2002) -
European
&
International Law, available
at: http://vvww.gerrnanlawjournal.corn/article.php?id=i25#fussi,
29. 5. 2009.
213
Final Report Study on Co-Regulation Measures in the Media Sector,
2 006,11 -12,
available at:
ht^://ec.europa.eu/avpolicy/docs/Ubrary/studies/coregul/fmal_rep_en.pdf,
30. 5. 2009.
214 Ibid., 12.
121
Tadej Praprotnik
The debate on
co
-regulation stems from the different analyses on the
changing role of the state in regulating modern societies. The fact that tra¬
ditional forms of regulation are becoming less and less effective is
-
according to the study
-
attributed mainly to the following factors:
-
Traditional regulation, such as command-and-control regulation
ignores the interests of the objects (companies) it regulates, and this
may generate resistance rather than co-operation; depending on the
resources these objects (companies) maybe capable of asserting count¬
er-strategies or else may evade regulation.
•
Furthermore, the regulating state displays a knowledge gap and this gap
is growing. The idea behind the welfare state, which is to improve the
public good to the extent possible, is doomed to failure in increasingly
complex rapidly changing societies where knowledge is dissociated.
The model, therefore, cannot be an omniscient state, but rather a state
able to make use of the knowledge held by different actors. This means
that co-operation with the objects of regulation, which possess supreme
knowledge of the field in question, is essential;
•
The above-mentioned knowledge gap poses an even greater danger to
the regulatory state in view of the fact that, in modern societies, infor¬
mation has become the most important finite resource , and in effect
may also become an important regulatory resource . However, in con¬
trast to the resource power , information is not at the privileged dis¬
posal of the state;
•
There are not only knowledge gaps but also gaps of understanding that
cannot be overcome. According to the system theory , regulation is
often an attempt to intervene in autonomous social systems, which fol¬
low their own internal operating codes. The economy, the legal system,
education, science and other spheres are seen as autonomous systems
of this kind. It is impossible for the political system to control the oper¬
ations of those systems directly. This means that indirect forms of reg¬
ulation have to be used (and have been used already)
;
•
Moreover, traditional regulation does not seem to stimulate creative
activities effectively. Initiatives, innovation and commitment cannot be
122
16.
Normative frames and examples
imposed by law. Given that modern regulation has to rely on co-opera¬
tion with the objects of regulation to achieve its objectives, this is
becoming another significant factor;
•
Traditional regulation tends to operate on a case-by-case basis only,
and not in a process-orientated manner, which would be desirable for
complex regulatory tasks. If the state wants to influence the outcome of
a process, it has to act before a trajectory has been laid out ( preventive
state ).
•
Finally, another obstacle facing traditional regulation is globalisation. It
enhances the potential for international forum shopping to evade
whatever national or European regulations are in force. This trend is
seen as a major reason for the failure of traditional state regulation. In
addition, there is another regulatory hindrance imposed by globalisa¬
tion: while the economic system tends primarily to lock into multina¬
tional or even global structures, legal regulation still derives mainly
from national states and supranational institutions. Structures of global
no
η
-governmental law are now emerging, which national states have to
take into account.213
Christopher T.
Marsden
stated, in his article Co-Regulation in Euro¬
pean Media and Internet Sectors , in the same vein that
Co-regulation is a pragmatic response to the common perception that
regulatory frameworks must quickly adapt and continually be optimized
to maintain relevance and effectiveness to rapidly evolving markets. 216
Co-regulation expresses a form of regulation which is neither state
command-and-control regulation in its bureaucratic central or IRA
215 Ibid., 12-13.
216
Marsden,
С. Т.,
Co-Regulation in European Media and Internet Sectors ,
1,
avail¬
able at:
http://vvww.anglia.ac.гяk/ruskin/en/home/faculties/fhsc/departments/pri-
mary_socialcare/regulation/christopher_marsden.
Maincontent. 0001.
file.
tmp/Coregulation%2oin%2oEuropean%2oMedia%2oand%20lnternet%2oSec-
tors.pdf,
18.1. 2009.
123
Tadej Praprotnik
(Independent
Regulatory
Agency) specialized functions, but is also not
pure self-regulation as observed in industry-led standard setting. The
state, and stakeholder groups including consumers, are stated to explic¬
itly form part of the institutional setting for regulation. 217
16.2.1
Regulatory objectives suitable for co-regulation
As stated in the study Final Report Study on Co-Regulation Measures in the Media
Sector:
there is no objective that can, based on the theoretical findings or
empirical impact assessment, be singled out as un-suitable for
co
-reg¬
ulation .
Additionaly, some objectives look especially promising for this form of
regulation. According to the findings of a study those objectives are:
•
Protection of minors;
•
Advertising content regulation.218
In its conclusions this study pointed out that most of the co-regulatory
systems in place are established to protect minors or to regulate advertis¬
ing. Theoretical findings, which are backed by our empirical assessment,
show that both objectives are especially suitable for co-regulatory meas¬
ures. However, this does not mean that other fields would be unsuitable,
but we have unearthed no evidence for the appropriateness concerning
other policy objectives. 219
217 Ibid., 2.
218
Final Report Study on Co-Regulation Measures in the Media Sector,
2006,123,
available
at: http://ec.europa.eu/avpolicy/docs/library/studies/coregul/final_rep_en.pdf,
30. 5. 2009.
219 Ibid., 178.
124
16.
Normative frames and examples
16.3
Example of good practice in the area of complete protection of minors: the
case of the Netherlands
The Netherlands is a good example of having established an effective system
for the protection of minors
.
They founded
a non
-governmental body, super¬
vised by state regulator. The first step was the foundation of NICAM
-
Netherlands Institute for the Classification of Audiovisual Media (orig:
Ned¬
erlands instituut voor de Classificatie
van Audiovisual Media)
.
It was found¬
ed by all involved media sector platform organisations after the government
had announced it would be willing to bear the costs of founding a classifica¬
tion institute in which all relevant media organisations would participate.220
The institute enjoys broad support within the audio-visual sector in the
Netherlands and is responsible for the coordination of the classification (infor¬
mation) system Kijkwijzer. More than
2,200
companies and organisations are
affiliated to this, either through their sector organisations or directly to NICAM.
As the NICAM web page reads: NICAJVTs board consists of represen¬
tatives of both public and commercial broadcasters, film distributors and
cinema operators, distributors,
vidéothèques
and retailers. NICAM is sup¬
ported in the performance of its duties by an Advisory Committee. The
members of this Advisory Committee are experts in the areas of media,
youth, education and welfare, representatives of parents organisations
and other social organisations, as well as of the companies participating in
NICAM. The actual implementation of Kijkwijzer is in the hands of the
audio-visual institutions and companies. 221 The Director of NICAM, Mr.
Wim
Bekkers
has pointed out NICAM s main objectives:
to inform, in a uniform way, consumers and especially parents of grow¬
ing children on the possible harmfulness of TV programmes, cinema
films, DVDs and content available via mobile phones 222
220 Ibid., 75.
221
NICAM, available at: http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.php?id=3,
30. 5. 2009.
222
Bekkers,
Wim,
NICAM, Kijkwijzer and PEGI ,
6,
available at:
http:
//www.
slrnorúine.de/psk/slmo/dokukategorien/dokumanagement/psťíle/docřile/42/Wirn_
Bekker4847d876a08ac.pdf,
30. 5. 2009.
125
Tadej Praprotnik
16.3.1
Legal framework for the establishment of
N1
CAM
The legal basis for accreditation of NICAM was first formulated in the
Dutch Media Act
(Mediawet),
which has defined the conditions for accred¬
itation. The conditions are as follows:
Section
53
l. Our Minister may accredit an organisation that provides regulations
concerning the classification and broadcasting of programmes as referred
to in section 52d, subsection
2,
and the supervision thereof. The regula¬
tions shall in any event relate to:
(a) criteria for the classification of programmes, including in any event
the extent
to which:
i° fear is aroused;
2°
violent behaviour is shown or justified;
3°
the use of drugs is made to look attractive or is condoned;
4°
pornography is involved;
5°
products are not suitable to be shown to certain categories of persons
under the age of sixteen on other grounds, according to generally held
opinions;
(b) the broadcasting times of the above-mentioned programmes;
(c) the manner in which the broadcasting of these programmes will be
preceded by or accompanied by symbols or warnings.
2.
Conditions maybe attached to an accreditation. An accreditation deci¬
sion shall be announced in the Government Gazette.
3.
An organisation shall qualify for accreditation only if:
(a) independent supervision by the organisation of compliance with the
regulations referred to in subsection
1
is guaranteed;
(b) provision has been made for adequate involvement of stakeholders,
including in any event consumer representatives, establishments which
have obtained broadcasting time, experts in the field of audiovisual
media and producers of audiovisual media;
126
16. Normative
frames and examples
(с)
the financial position of the organisation ensures proper implemen¬
tation of the activities.
4.
Further rules maybe laid down by or pursuant to Order in Council relat¬
ing to the requirements referred to in subsection
3
and other requirements
may be laid down with regard to the accreditation.
5.
Our Minister shall withdraw an accreditation if the organisation no
longer complies with the requirements laid down by or pursuant to subsec¬
tion
1
or
3.
Our Minister may also withdraw an accreditation if the organi¬
sation fails to satisfy the conditions referred to in subsection
2
or the fur¬
ther and other requirements referred to in subsection
4.
Decisions to
revoke an accreditation shall be announced in the Government Gazette.
6.
By Order in Council subsections
1
to
4
and section 52d, subsection
2
may
be rendered inoperable and rules may be laid down concerning the broad¬
casting of programmes as referred to in section 52d, subsection
2,
in so far
as this is necessary for the proper and timely implementation of article
22
of the European Directive.
7.
After an Order in Council issued pursuant to subsection
6
has been pub¬
lished in the Bulletin of Acts and Decrees, a Bill regulating the issue in
question shall be submitted to the States General as soon as possible. If the
Bill is passed, the Order in Council shall be withdrawn on the date on which
the said Act enters into force.
8.
The recommendation for an Order in Council to be issued pursuant to
subsection
6
shall be made no less than four weeks after the draft has been
submitted to both Houses of the States General.223
16.3.2
Kijkwijzer as a classification (information) system
NICAM has established the special classification system Kijkwijzer. As
stated on the NICAM web page, Kijkwijzer informs parents of growing
children up to what age films or TV programmes can be harmful. Kijkwijzer
gives age recommendations en pictograms that show the reason for this
223
The Dutch Media Act is available online at: http^/www.cvdm.nl/dsresource?
objectid=6330&type=org,
18.1. 2009.
127
Tadej Praprotnik
recommendation. Kijkwijzer is meant as a tool for parents with growing
children. 224
Kijkwijzer warns parents and educators of up to what age a television
programme or film can be harmful to children. Kijkwijzer does this firstly
by giving an age recommendation: All Ages,
6
years,
9
years,
12
years and
16
years. In addition, pictograms are used that show the reason for the rec¬
ommendation: violence, fear, sex, discrimination, drug and/or alcohol
abuse and coarse language. 225 The pictograms are as follows:
θ
=
Not
harmful
/
All Ages,
О
=
Watch out with children under
6,
О
=
Watch out
with children under
9, © =
Watch out with children under
12, © =
Watch
out with children under
16, © =
Violence,
© =
Fear, ®
=
Sex,
© =
Discrim¬
ination,
© =
Drugs and alcohol abuse,
© =
Coarse Language226
16.3.3
The applicability of Kijkwijzer and further developments
As stated on the NICAM web page What is Kijkwijzer
ľ
Kijkwijzer is applied on virtually all audio-visual products on offer in
the Netherlands, from television programmes and cinema films to films
on DVD and video. An exception is made on television for news and live
programmes, as it is not possible to classify these in advance. However,
the suppliers of these are obliged to take the broadcast time into
account. Viewers must also be warned of shocking images in advance.
Kijkwijzer was introduced from
2002.
This means that
vidéothèques
and shops may still have DVDs and videos without a classification, or
with an outdated one. 227
224
NICAM, Kijkwijzer , available at http://www.lqkwijzer.nl/mdex.php,
30.5.2009.
The
functioning of Kijkwijzer is well described at their special web page entitled What is
Kijkwijzer? , available at: http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.php?id=2,
30.5.2009.
223
NICAM, What is Kijkwijzer? , available at: http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.
php?id=2,
30. 5. 2009.
226
Ibid.
227
Ibid.
128
16.
Normative frames and examples
Kijkwijzer s area of application is constantly expanding. Since April
2005,
Kijkwijzer also applies to some of the services provided on mobile
telephones. For games, the international PEGI system is applied. This is
very similar to Kijkwijzer.228
The internet is not covered by Kijkwijzer. NICAM is following develop¬
ments in this area with interest.229 At the request of the Ministry for Eco¬
nomic Affairs, NICAM is investigating the desirability and feasibility of a
Kijkwijzer label and filter system for the internet. The Ministry for Eco¬
nomic Affairs is co-ordinating the internet policy of the government in the
Netherlands. NICAM is having research conducted among parents in co¬
operation with the
Ouders
Online (angl. Parents Online) organisation and
education specialist Peter Cuyvers. The aim of this research is to determine
how parents believe children can be protected against harmful internet
content. This could involve a possible application of Kijkwijzer. NICAM
will issue a recommendation to the ministry on the basis of the outcome of
this research and of a meeting with experts. The research is nearing com¬
pletion and the recommendation will shortly be issued by NICAM.230
16.3.4
Kijkwijzer is a supplement tool, not a solution for everything (and
everybody)
As
Wim
Bekkers
states in his presentation Protection of minors; How to
regulate audiovisual content in the convergence era , the main tasks of
NICAM as an institution is conveyed through the classification system
Kijkwijzer; its name has double meaning: watch wiser or viewing guide.
228
For further information consult the web page, available at: www.pegi.info,
18.1.
2009.
229
NICAM, What is Kijkwijzer? , available at: http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.
php?id=2,
30. 5. 2009.
Further information on current developments and expan¬
sion of a classification system can be found under the NICAM web page News ,
available at: http.7/www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.php?id=7,
30. 5. 2009.
230
NICAM, Research into the possible application of Kijkwijzer on the internet ,
available at:
http:
//www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.php?id=8&nb=
141,
30·
5· 2009.
Tadej Praprotnik
Kijkwijzer is an information system, and advice for parents, it is not a cen¬
sorship.231
We would like to point out NICAM s attitude towards Kijkwijzer once
again:
Kijkwijzer does not pass judgement on the content or quality of televi¬
sion programmes or films. The preferences and standards applied by
parents are too diverse to allow this. Kijkwijzer simply warns of possible
harmful images in television programmes or films. Final responsibility
for what their children can see rests with the parents. 232
As is stated on NICAM s web page What is Kijkwijzer? , the Kijkwijzer
classification system also does not advise on suitability:
The Kijkwijzer age recommendation does not simply mean that a tele¬
vision programme or film is suitable for children
ofthat
age and above.
Kijkwijzer makes no pronouncements on this. An example: a serious
documentary bears the recommendation All Ages, because it contains
no images that could be harmful to children. The film may nevertheless
be unsuitable for young children, for example because the content is too
complex. 233
16.3.5
Complaints system and sanctions
The NICAM has organised a well-functioning sanctions system, which is
also a precondition for a successful co-regulation model.
All organisations and companies affiliated to NICAM are obliged to
classify their audio-visual productions in accordance with the Kijkwijzer
rules. The Kijkwijzer classifications must also be adequately displayed. In
231
Bekkers,
Wim,
Protection of minors; How to regulate audiovisual content in
the convergence era ,
5,
available at: http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/upload/down
load_pc/28.pdf,
30. 5. 2009.
232
NICAM, What is Kijkwijzer? , available at: http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.
php?id=2,
30. 5. 2009.
233
Ibid.
130
16.
Normative frames and examples
case a person (user) believes that the rules have been infringed, he may
submit a complaint to NICAM within two weeks of ascertaining this.
[... ]
Complaints are always first processed at
NICAJVľs
office. If a possible
breach of the Kijkwijzer rules is ascertained, the complaint is then forward¬
ed to the independent NICAM Complaints Committee. In all cases, a per¬
son will receive a reply to his complaint with grounds, even if the complaint
is not taken further by the Complaints Committee.
The Complaints Committee will hear the complaint in session. Both the
complainant and the plaintiff are given an opportunity to make a verbal
statement of their position. Following the session, a person will receive a
written judgement from the Complaints Committee within approximately
four weeks. The judgements of the Complaints Committee can also be
found on the Kijkwijzer website.234
If the Complaints Committee judges that the Kijkwijzer rules have
indeed not been correctly applied, a number of options are open to the
Complaints Committee. The Complaints Committee may order that the
classification be amended or the broadcast time changed, but it is also pos¬
sible for sanctions to be imposed. Sanctions vary from a warning to a
financial penalty. The level of the penalty can reach a maximum of
€
135,000.
235
16.4
Protection of minors in the case of Slovenia
In Slovenia, we can mention some initiatives aiming to improve protection
of minors against harmful online (digital) media content and against
harmful content provided via mobile phones. It is worth mentioning the
organisation SAFE-SI (http://www.safe.si/), which is a national point of
awareness particularly concerned with safe use of the Internet. SAFE-SI is
included in the European Programme Safer Internet plus Programme
(http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sip/index_en.htm).
234
NICAM, Complaints , available at: http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/pagina.php?id=9,
30. 5. 2009.
235
Ibid.
Tadej Praprotnik
The point of awareness SAFE-SI is aimed at children, adolescents, their
parents and teachers. It has been developed for those who have already
been using new information and communication technologies for a long
time, as well as for those who are going to start using these technologies.236
The project of establishing the awareness point SAFE-SI is grounded on
the contemporary knowledge that is a must for effective use (exploration)
of the possibilities offered by the Internet. As they already acknowledge:
In order to use the possibilities offered by the Internet effectively, one
must recognize potential harmful content while becoming acquainted with
the possible measures one can take when facing such content .237
16.5
Protection of minors in the field of internet
The expanding growth of new communication and information technolo¬
gies and the rich media content confronted us with a completely new situ¬
ation concerning protection against potential harmful contents. New tech¬
nologies provide us with a vast spectrum
ofinformation
gathering, com¬
municating with others users on-line, and so on. On the other hand, the
virtual space, due to its constant transformation and unpredictability, is
also a potential threat for users who are aware of unwelcome and harmful
content.
In that respect more and more initiatives are responding to the problem,
and there is a particular focus on children. One of these initiatives is Youth
Protection Roundtahle
-
a project funded in the framework of the Safer Internet
Action Plan of the European Commission from November
2006
till April
2009.238
As stated there: Particularly children at home under the responsibility
of their parents and in schools or social institutions like youth clubs under
236
SAFE-SI (http://www.safe.si/), About the project , available at:
http://www.safe.si/index.php?fl=o&pi=7i2&id=7i2,
30. 5. 2009.
237
Ibid.
238
Youth Protection Roundtable, available at: http^/www.yprt.eu/yprt/content/sec-
tions/mdex.cfm/secid.53,
30. 5. 2009.
132
16.
Normative frames and examples
the responsibility of teachers and pedagogues should be provided with rich
content on the one hand and be prevented from encountering harmful con¬
tent on the other hand. A climate of confidence is needed to ensure that
adults acknowledge the opportunities the digital media offer to themselves
as well as to their own children or to those under their responsibility. The
promotion of the use of Internet and new online technologies must built on
an atmosphere of safety and security otherwise the economic benefits
which increased access to these technologies will bring to society will not
be exploited to full extent. 239
Filter technologies seem to be an adequate measure to deal with the
problem of unwanted and harmful content and to provide for safety in the
use of the Internet. There are filter technologies available that allow the full
blocking of any content that might be harmful
-
especially to children and
youth. On the other hand, in some cases the same filter technologies pre¬
vent access to wanted and useful content, that is, they overblock in a way
that is not intended. Children s welfare specialists therefore claim media
literacy as a more adequate measure for youth protection. Parents and
other adults responsible for the education and welfare of children walk a
tightrope educating on the one hand and protecting on the other. As the
effectiveness of new filter technologies largely depends on the appropriate
configuration by the individual user
-
or in case of minors by the responsi¬
ble educator
-
there is not a basic conflict but rather a supplementary rela¬
tionship. To support pedagogues in the process of enabling youth for a safe
and secure use of the Internet, it is necessary to build a bridge between the
technical possible and the pedagogical wanted. 240
The atmosphere of safety and security when entering the virtual world
should be considered. This is stressed in another initiative, one which was
conducted under the German Presidency of the European Commison
239
Youth Protection Roundtable; Objectives , available at: http://www.yprt.eu/yprt/
content/sections/index.cfm/secid.g,
29. 5. 2009.
240
Ibid.
133
Tadej Praprotnik
under the title More trust in content; The potential of
co-
and self-regulation in the
digital media?^ This expert conference, which took place in Leipzig in
sep¬
tember
2007,
has the following core topics and issues:
•
Trust and media skills through content suitable for children: How can
more offers for children be created?
•
Trustworthy providers: Who provides trustworthy and reliable infor¬
mation in the digital world and how can users access this information?
•
Trusting industry: Which instruments of self-regulation have proven to
be effective?
•
Trusting cooperation between government and society: What is the
potential of
co
-regulation for digital content?
The conference also led to the formulation of conclusions242 with further
suggestions considering protection of minors in the area of the internet.
Some specific conclusions and suggestions are as follows:
1.
The aim of the seminar, which the German Presidency conducted in
close cooperation with, and with the support of, the European Commis¬
sion, was designed to show ways of ensuring trust in the content and of
guaranteeing variety in the digital media. The German Presidency is
thus following the Recommendation of the Council and of the Parlia¬
ment on the Protection of Minors and Human Dignity and on the Right
of reply as well as the new provisions for self-and co-regulation that
are contained in the Audiovisual Media Services Directive. According
to these, the member states are expressly required to promote the use of
instruments for
co
-and self-regulation. The conference is thus helping
241
More trust in content
-
The potential of
co-
and self-regulation in digital media, Official
webpage of the expert conference, available at: http://www.leipzig-eu2007.de/
en/index.asp,
30. 5. 2009.
242
Conclusions of the German Presidency on the
EU
Media Experts Conference More trust in
content
-
The potential of
co-
and self-regulation in digital media. The entire document is
available at: http://www.leipzig-eu2oo7.de/en/downloads/dokumente.asp,
30. 5.
2009.
134
16.
Normative frames and examples
to ensure that when the directive is implemented in the various member
states, maximum possible use will be made of these regulatory forms,
which will become increasingly important in the future.
2.
The starting point for the intensive discussions of the more than
250
media experts from all Member States of the European Union were the
radical changes in the media world. Such can be seen, for example, in
the growing significance of online content compared to traditional
media, the new role of the users who themselves are becoming produc¬
ers, the gatekeeper function of search engines and electronic pro¬
gramme guides.243
3.
Offering children as much content as possible which is geared to their
needs
-
at the regarding age
-
is a promising way of opening up the
potential of the digital world for them and at the same time of protecting
them against its dangers. White-list content should enable children to
make use of digital media and utilize their potential for weducation, cre¬
ativity and communication.
4.
Creating a Children s Sphere on the Internet which is
-
as far as
possible
-
characterized by positive values is the task of governmental
and
non
-governmental organizations, the media industry, educational
establishments and parents. Initiatives at Community level such as the
EU
Safer Internet plus programme are important contributions
towards forming a European network. The German Presidency encour¬
ages the exchange of best practices and experience between the
providers of children s online content within Europe.
5.
A good example of the formation of a network of governmental agen¬
cies, social facilities and companies is the initiative
Ein Netz
fur
Kinder which has been launched in Germany. By agreeing on a white
list which contains a large number of offerings which are suitable for
children, by providing the technical requirements to permit this list to
be defined as a self-contained surfing area in the context of a user pro¬
file, and with governmental promotion of offerings within the frame
-
243 Ibid., 1.
135
Tadej Praprotnik
work of a Public Private Partnership, this will produce a safe, extensive
and high-quality surfing area for children on the Internet.
6.
Children should be involved from the outset when content is created
for them.In a chilfren s sphere , children can move freely and without
risk, exchange information on the subjects they are interested in, try
things out and present themselves, and focus on content which is geared
to their needs.244
7.
As the
EU
has determined in its
12010
policy framework, the Internet
offers great opportunities for children in the field of education in partic¬
ular, but also contains a large number of risks. In view of this situation
and in order to ensure that children from all sections of the population
have the same opportunity to access the content on the Internet,
schools
-
as the most important conveyors of media literacy
-
will play
a key role. Together with kindergartens and other educational organiza¬
tions, schools especially are multipliers and trustees of a space for chil¬
dren on the Internet. Against this background, German Chair proposes
that the efforts in educational literacy should be intensified, particularly
in schools.245
8.
The rapidly growing media offering provides users with a greater
choice and, at the same time, requires them to take more decisions.
However, the main barrier to access is the lack of competence of the
user. This reality must be taken into account without relieving providers
of their responsibility. From the viewpoint of the German Presidency,
efforts must therefore be undertaken to enhance the users media liter¬
acy, thus enabling them to take conscious decisions.246
9.
In the view of the German Chair, the following elements are impor¬
tant for an effective
co
-regulatory system:
•
Sufficent incentives for the industry to participate in
a co
-regulatory
system
244 Ibid., 2.
245 Ibid., 3.
246 Ibid., 4.
136
17.
Bibliografija
/
Bibliography
•
Openness for all participants and transparency of the system
•
An effective sanction system for implementing the specifications;
governmental regulatory agencies in the background ( hierarchy shad¬
ows ) are essential here
•
Complaints system and awareness campaigns
•
Guaranteeing a procedure in accordance with the rule of law
•
Evaluation of the results and adaptation of the system if necessary.
247
16,6
Conclusion
In the study we presented and enumerated the normative frames and some
particular examples of good and successful co-regulatory practices. Our
aim was, foremost, to prompt further discussions in Slovenia regarding the
requisite steps for improving protection of minors. The examples present¬
ed, especially the case of the organisation NICAM are good models of effec¬
tive collaboration between the state and
non-
state sector which are bound
by a common interest. A common motivation is the first precondition for
developing a successful, process-oriented and preventative model for the
protection of minors.
17.
Bibliografija
/
Bibliography
BEKKERS, W.:
Protection of minors; How to regulate audiovisual content
in the convergence era , dostopno na: http://www.kijkwijzer.nl/upload/
download_pc/28.pdf,
30. 5. 2009.
BEKKERS,
W.,
NICAM, Kijkwijzer and PEGI , dostopno na:
httpiZ/www-slm-onlincde/psk/slmo/dokukategorien/dokumanage-
ment/psfile/docfile/42/Wim_Bekker4847d876ao8ac.pdf,
30. 5. 2009.
247 Ibid., 6.
137
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041788236 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)780905277 (DE-599)BVBBV041788236 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Slowenien |
| id | DE-604.BV041788236 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:05:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789616192446 |
| language | Slovenian English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027233925 |
| oclc_num | 780905277 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 152 str. ilustr. 22 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Institutum Studiorum Humanitatis, Fakulteta za Podiplomski Humanistični Študij |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Zbirka Ekskurzi |
| series2 | Zbirka Ekskurzi |
| spelling | Politike vsebin avdiovizualni mediji in informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) z vidika zaščite otrok in mladoletnih Renata Šribar ; Tadej Praprotnik Ljubljana Institutum Studiorum Humanitatis, Fakulteta za Podiplomski Humanistični Študij 2009 152 str. ilustr. 22 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zbirka Ekskurzi 2 Text überw. slowen., teilw. engl. 200 izv. - O avtorjih: str. 149-150 Bibliografija: str. 71-77 in 137-140 Summary Kazalo Kommunikationstechnik (DE-588)16298169-7 gnd rswk-swf Komunikacijska tehnologija / Človekove pravice ssg Komunikacijska tehnologija / Zakonodaja ssg Otroci / Pravno varstvo ssg Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd rswk-swf Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd rswk-swf Kommunikationstechnik (DE-588)4031888-6 gnd rswk-swf Gesetzgebung (DE-588)4020682-8 gnd rswk-swf Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4048835-4 gnd rswk-swf Medienrecht (DE-588)4074661-6 gnd rswk-swf Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 gnd rswk-swf Kommunikationstechnik (DE-588)4031888-6 s Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 s Gesetzgebung (DE-588)4020682-8 s DE-604 Kommunikationstechnik (DE-588)16298169-7 b Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 s Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4048835-4 s Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 g Medienrecht (DE-588)4074661-6 s Šribar, Renata Sonstige oth Praprotnik, Tadej Sonstige oth Zbirka Ekskurzi 2 (DE-604)BV041788234 2 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027233925&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027233925&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Politike vsebin avdiovizualni mediji in informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) z vidika zaščite otrok in mladoletnih Zbirka Ekskurzi Kommunikationstechnik (DE-588)16298169-7 gnd Komunikacijska tehnologija / Človekove pravice ssg Komunikacijska tehnologija / Zakonodaja ssg Otroci / Pravno varstvo ssg Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Kommunikationstechnik (DE-588)4031888-6 gnd Gesetzgebung (DE-588)4020682-8 gnd Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4048835-4 gnd Medienrecht (DE-588)4074661-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)16298169-7 (DE-588)4030550-8 (DE-588)4074725-6 (DE-588)4031888-6 (DE-588)4020682-8 (DE-588)4048835-4 (DE-588)4074661-6 (DE-588)4055302-4 |
| title | Politike vsebin avdiovizualni mediji in informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) z vidika zaščite otrok in mladoletnih |
| title_auth | Politike vsebin avdiovizualni mediji in informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) z vidika zaščite otrok in mladoletnih |
| title_exact_search | Politike vsebin avdiovizualni mediji in informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) z vidika zaščite otrok in mladoletnih |
| title_full | Politike vsebin avdiovizualni mediji in informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) z vidika zaščite otrok in mladoletnih Renata Šribar ; Tadej Praprotnik |
| title_fullStr | Politike vsebin avdiovizualni mediji in informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) z vidika zaščite otrok in mladoletnih Renata Šribar ; Tadej Praprotnik |
| title_full_unstemmed | Politike vsebin avdiovizualni mediji in informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) z vidika zaščite otrok in mladoletnih Renata Šribar ; Tadej Praprotnik |
| title_short | Politike vsebin |
| title_sort | politike vsebin avdiovizualni mediji in informacijsko komunikacijske tehnologije ikt z vidika zascite otrok in mladoletnih |
| title_sub | avdiovizualni mediji in informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) z vidika zaščite otrok in mladoletnih |
| topic | Kommunikationstechnik (DE-588)16298169-7 gnd Komunikacijska tehnologija / Človekove pravice ssg Komunikacijska tehnologija / Zakonodaja ssg Otroci / Pravno varstvo ssg Kind (DE-588)4030550-8 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Kommunikationstechnik (DE-588)4031888-6 gnd Gesetzgebung (DE-588)4020682-8 gnd Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4048835-4 gnd Medienrecht (DE-588)4074661-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kommunikationstechnik Komunikacijska tehnologija / Človekove pravice Komunikacijska tehnologija / Zakonodaja Otroci / Pravno varstvo Kind Menschenrecht Gesetzgebung Rechtsschutz Medienrecht Slowenien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027233925&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027233925&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041788234 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sribarrenata politikevsebinavdiovizualnimedijiininformacijskokomunikacijsketehnologijeiktzvidikazasciteotrokinmladoletnih AT praprotniktadej politikevsebinavdiovizualnimedijiininformacijskokomunikacijsketehnologijeiktzvidikazasciteotrokinmladoletnih |