W odwrocie i walce: codzienność żołnierzy polskich podczas kampanii 1939 roku
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Gdańsk
Muzeum II Wojny Światowej
2013
|
| Edition: | Wyd. 1. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 347-369. Indeksy |
| Physical Description: | 397, [3] s., [28] s. tabl. il. 22 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788363029258 |
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MARC
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
Wstęp
.............................................................................. 7
Rozdział
1
Wojsko Polskie
.................................................................. 13
Rozdział
2
Środki walki
...................................................................... 53
Rozdziat
3
Przemarsze
....................................................................... 93
Rozdział
4
Postoje
............................................................................117
Rozdział
5
Aprowizacja
.......................................................................163
Rozdział
6
Religijność na froncie
...........................................................189
Rozdział
7
Kontakty z ludnością cywilna
..................................................199
Rozdział
8
Wobec nieprzyjaciela
............................................................221
Rozdział
9
Morale i postawy
.................................................................245
Rozdział
10
Specyficzne formy walki
........................................................313
Rozdział
11
Koniec kampanii
.................................................................325
Zakończenie
......................................................................345
Bibliografia
.......................................................................347
Wykaz skrótów
...................................................................370
Summary
..........................................................................373
Indeks osobowy
..................................................................377
indeks nazw geograficznych
...................................................395
Summary
This book analyses the everyday life of the Polish Army at the front during the
1
September to
5
October
1939
campaign, which began with the Third Reich s attack
on Poland. While there are plenty of scholarly studies of the strategy and operations
in this period, few so far have addressed the everyday realities of the soldiers life at
the front. The sources used here are primarily the fighters accounts, memoirs and
diaries, with quotations generously scattered throughout the narrative.
The book begins by providing basic information about the social breakdown
of the pre-war Polish Army, and especially of its rank and file. For both profes¬
sional soldiers and reservists, social origin, education and age were key in deter¬
mining a man s role in the army. They defined his identity and his way of
experiencing the world. Since numerous minorities made their home in the Se¬
cond Republic, a man s nationality was very important in the military, as well.
The first chapter also sketches out the stages and course of mobilization from the
perspective of the average soldier.
There follows an extensive evaluation of the quality of the uniforms, equipment
and arms used by the troops in
1939.
Uniforms passed the test in the field and
were quite good in wartime. The mostly leather and tarpaulin equipment was
solid, but had the flaw of being heavy and impractical in some conditions. It would
not be an exaggeration to describe the arms as being of superior quality. Espe¬
cially successful were the Vis Model
35
pistols, Browning machine guns and
Bofors
Model
36
anti-tank cannons.
Soldiers days were filled with marches and stops. Means of transport, whether
trains, horses, carts, bicycles or mechanized vehicles, affected marches. Foot
marches took place in columns protected by flankers. The greatest difficulties for
the soldiers stemmed from physical exhaustion, clouds of dust rising over the
parched roads and foot wounds made by their stiff, often ill-fitting boots. Fur¬
thermore, during the campaign, many roads were made impassable by tie-ups
373
caused by both the military and civilians. At the stopovers, the troops would build
and mask fortifications, clean weapons and materiel, organize communications
systems and, at times, exercise. In their free time, they wrote letters home, played
cards, smoked tobacco, read or simply rested. They also took care of themselves
by washing and shaving.
The troops diet consisted of cooked meals and coffee from the field kitchen,
emergency supplies and whatever food they could obtain independently, by buy¬
ing or requisitioning. Typical dishes included pea soup and gulash-style pork or
poultry with kasha. Late in the campaign, horsemeat was also eaten. Bread was
the most important staple. Tasty, regular meals improved the soldiers morale.
Coffee, water, milk and fruit juices were the favourite drinks. Whenever the army s
system of provisions failed, the men fended for themselves, mostly picking ve¬
getables and fruit growing nearby. The civilian population, especially in the
countryside, actively supported the army by bringing provisions, especially bread,
cheese and eggs. Abandoned warehouses or bombarded freight trains and rolling
stock also contained supplies.
Religion played an important part in the soldiers lives, much like in peacetime.
Apart from Roman Catholics, there were Protestants, Orthodox Christians, Jews
and even Muslims. Chaplains stationed at the front provided spiritual care. They
heard confessions, held services and consoled the wounded and dying in field
hospitals, often even in the battlefield.
The army had frequent contacts with civilians, who inevitably found themselves
near military operations. They not only provided valuable information and food,
but also served as guides in unfamiliar territory. Some of the men who wanted to
volunteer were accepted into the units. Women gave the soldiers moral support,
and their very presence often allowed the troops to forget the horrors of war for
a moment. The army used local homes as dormitories, staff quarters, nursing
stations and resistance cells. There were instances of demoralized soldiers looting
abandoned shops and houses. At times, the civilian population interfered with
army movements by constructing roadblocks or, in the case with some national
minorities, committing acts of sabotage.
The troops image of the Germans combined pre-war stereotypes, rumours,
state propaganda and personal experiences and observations. The
Wehrmacht
surprised the Poles with its innovative tactics and very high quality of mechani¬
zation and firepower. The Poles witnessed the enemy s strengths, such as the
unquestionable dominance in the air and very methodical action. But the Germans
also had their weaknesses, which included insufficient hand-to-hand combat
374
training, a reluctance to operate in forested terrain or at night and occasional
overconfidence. The Soviets, on the other hand, had an untrained and ill-equipped
infantry, which suffered from low morale. They compensated for these shortcom¬
ings by deploying large numbers of tanks and an active air force. Polish soldiers
came into direct contact with the enemy after being captured or surrendering.
On
1
September, the Polish troops morale was high. They believed that they
could hold off the German invaders until the western allies intervened to relieve
the Polish front. But the unfavourable course of events gradually extinguished
these hopes. The dates of
3
September, France s and Britain s declaration of war
on Germany, and
17
September, the Soviet invasion, were the most important
influences on the Poles morale. The second half of the campaign saw sinking
spirits, but many units, despite knowing that there was no chance of victory,
wanted to fight until the end. A wide variety of factors affected soldiers morale,
including the spirit of community within the unit, its commander s personality,
the degree of discipline, news and rumours about fighting in other areas of the
country and the unit s own fortunes. Attitudes varied just as individuals do, with
heroism, fighting until the last shell and doing one s duty to the homeland ap¬
pearing alongside manifestations of apathy, nervous breakdowns and cowardice.
The fighting at the front was sometimes unpredictable and yielded surprising
results when unusual weapons or tactics were implemented. For instance, bottles
filled with petrol were widely used for fighting tanks. The fear that the enemy
would employ gasses, a memory of the First World War, led to numerous gas
alerts in this period. Sorties and patrols were another form of armed struggle.
There were also incidents of friendly fire between Polish units.
Fighting in the campaign ended with a soldier s death, injury, surrender, flight
outside the country or disguise in civilian clothing to avoid captivity. The Polish
first-aid services, for all their hard work and immense dedication, were unable to
care appropriate for all the wounded. There were also cases of suicide and fatal
accidents. The dead and injured numbered
200,000.
Several hundred thousand
men were captured by the Germans and Soviets, and tens of thousands fled to
neutral countries, most with the intention to continue fighting.
The Polish-German campaign of
1939,
despite its brevity, launched a global
conflict and had a huge impact on the course of events in Europe. The Polish
soldiers who fought in it, even though they failed to defend their homeland, played
a memorable role, not only in Poland s history but also in the history of twentieth-
-century warfare.
Translation
Maja Łatyńska
|
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| author_facet | Wodzyński, Artur |
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| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1939 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1939 |
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| id | DE-604.BV041786137 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:05:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788363029258 |
| language | Polish |
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| physical | 397, [3] s., [28] s. tabl. il. 22 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
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| publisher | Muzeum II Wojny Światowej |
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| spelling | Wodzyński, Artur Verfasser aut W odwrocie i walce codzienność żołnierzy polskich podczas kampanii 1939 roku Artur Wodzyński Wyd. 1. Gdańsk Muzeum II Wojny Światowej 2013 397, [3] s., [28] s. tabl. il. 22 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 347-369. Indeksy Geschichte 1939 gnd rswk-swf Kampania wrześniowa (1939) jhpk Kampania wrześniowa (1939) / historia jednostek / Polska jhpk Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd rswk-swf Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 s Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 s Geschichte 1939 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027231871&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027231871&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Wodzyński, Artur W odwrocie i walce codzienność żołnierzy polskich podczas kampanii 1939 roku Kampania wrześniowa (1939) jhpk Kampania wrześniowa (1939) / historia jednostek / Polska jhpk Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4001307-8 (DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | W odwrocie i walce codzienność żołnierzy polskich podczas kampanii 1939 roku |
| title_auth | W odwrocie i walce codzienność żołnierzy polskich podczas kampanii 1939 roku |
| title_exact_search | W odwrocie i walce codzienność żołnierzy polskich podczas kampanii 1939 roku |
| title_full | W odwrocie i walce codzienność żołnierzy polskich podczas kampanii 1939 roku Artur Wodzyński |
| title_fullStr | W odwrocie i walce codzienność żołnierzy polskich podczas kampanii 1939 roku Artur Wodzyński |
| title_full_unstemmed | W odwrocie i walce codzienność żołnierzy polskich podczas kampanii 1939 roku Artur Wodzyński |
| title_short | W odwrocie i walce |
| title_sort | w odwrocie i walce codziennosc zolnierzy polskich podczas kampanii 1939 roku |
| title_sub | codzienność żołnierzy polskich podczas kampanii 1939 roku |
| topic | Kampania wrześniowa (1939) jhpk Kampania wrześniowa (1939) / historia jednostek / Polska jhpk Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kampania wrześniowa (1939) Kampania wrześniowa (1939) / historia jednostek / Polska Alltag Militär Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027231871&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027231871&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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