Odpamiętane: o historii mówionej na przykładzie narracji kazachstańskich Polaków o represjach na tle narodowościowym i religijnym
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Kraków
Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych Universitas
2013
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 329-358. Indeks |
| Physical Description: | 372, [2] s., [20] s. tabl. il. kolor. 24 cm + CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9788324223428 |
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Record in the Search Index
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Spis treści
Wprowadzenie
. 11
Rozdział I
Konteksty historyczne narracji
. 23
Kazachstańscy Polacy w obiektywie polityki narodowościowej
. 24
Narodziny kazachstańskich Polaków
. 25
Sytuacja w trakcie
II
wojny światowej i w okresie
powojennym
. 30
Rusyfikacja
. 34
Polak-katolik w Sowieckim Kazachstanie
. 37
Podsumowanie
. 49
Rozdział
II
Początek drogi badawczej: między konwencją a wyjątkowością
. 51
Definiowanie pojęcia „represje"
. 51
Historiografia o kazachstańskich Polakach
. 54
Dyskusje kulturoznawcze
. 59
Kim są dzisiejsi Polacy w Kazachstanie?
. 63
Podsumowanie
. 70
Rozdział III
Poszukiwania i inspiracje metodologiczne
. 73
Narracje
oral h
istory
j ako
przestrzeń sensorium
. 74
Ku interdyscyplinarności
. 76
Interpretacja jest sztuką
. 80
Ewolucja jednej metody
. 82
Inspiracje językoznawcze
. 84
Ile prawdy w prawdzie?
. 85
W niewoli konwencji
. 88
Podsumowanie
. 90
Rozdział
IV
Pigmalion i jego
Galatea
—
czyli o tym, jak historyk tworzy źródło
historyczne
. 95
„Dobrodziejstwo inwentarza". Problemy i wątpliwości
transkrybowania źródeł mówionych
. 97
Ocalić w tłumaczeniu
. 109
Błędne tłumaczenie czy błędna interpretacja?
. 110
Trochę teorii
. 115
8
Spis treści
Trudności w tłumaczeniu narracji biograficznych
. 118
Podsumowanie
. 125
Rozdział
V
Dialog czy dwugłos? Badacz wobec doświadczeń rozmówcy
. 127
Odnaleźć złoty środek
. 130
Primům
non nocere
—
przede wszystkim nie szkodzić
. 140
Podsumowanie
. 149
Rozdział
VI
Relacje autobiograficzne kazachstańskich Polaków. Wejście w teren
. . 151
„Życie na podsłuchu". O praktycznych i metodologicznych
problemach korzystania z nagrań archiwalnych
. 152
Historie wysłuchane
. 161
Próba typologii
. 163
Bariery w konstruowaniu narracji
. 166
Dominacja narracji
. 169
Portret rozmówcy
. 171
W obrębie postpamięci
. 176
Podsumowanie
. 183
Rozdział
VII
Przepis na opowieści biograficzne
. 185
Gatunek czy gatunki?
. 186
Akt czy przedstawienie?
. 193
Od autonarracji do autofikcji
. 196
Podsumowanie
. 202
Rozdział
VIII
Językowy obraz represji w narracjach kazachstańskich Polaków
. . . 205
Język narracji
. 206
Zniewolenie
—
utrata wolności
. 212
Zniewolenie
—
brak wolności
. 220
Względnie dobrze czy względnie źle
. 221
Podsumowanie
. 229
Rozdział
IX
Impresje na temat zniewolenia
. 231
Bezradność
. 235
Upokorzenie
. 237
Gniew
. 243
Rozpacz
. 246
Poczucie wykluczenia społecznego
. 248
Żal
. 260
Podsumowanie
. 263
Spis
tresei
9
Rozdział
X
Odkryć w narratorze wyjątkowego człowieka
. 265
Zrozumieć świat narratora
. 265
Opowieści kołchozowe
. 270
Niecodzienne doświadczenie
. 278
Brak przekonania o własnej wartości
. 284-
Podsumowanie
. 287
Rozdział
XI
Być albo nie być. Dylematy tożsamościowe w narracjach
kazachstańskich Polaków
. 289
Potrzeba bycia w zgodzie ze sobą.
.
Tożsamość a obywatelstwo
i język narratora
. 291
Gdzie leży ojczyzna kazachstańskich Polaków?
. 303
Podsumowanie
. 319
Refleksje końcowe
. 321
Bibliografia
. 329
Summary
. 359
Indeks nazwisk
. 365
Summary
The book titled: Unremem
bered.
An oral history. Example narrations of
Poles from Kazakhstan about the repressions over nationality and religion is an
attempt to use the modern methodology of oral history in practice, until now mar¬
ginalised by historiography. It attempts to abandon the trend of placing individuals
in an impersonal group of "witnesses of history", instead considering them as one
of many sources of knowledge about the past.
In my considerations I put the narrators at the centre of attention and consider
them the creators of autobiographical narrations. I am interested in the human
being, who, through the narration, seeks the meaning of his or her own life, and
discovers or sometimes indeed shapes his or her own identity. Thus I am interested
both in the process of creating the narration and the contents and poetics of the nar¬
ration. Another aim of his book is to present the methodological considerations re¬
lated with running oral history research in communities for which this experience
is not new (i.e. the narrators would usually have already had several experiences
of a similar character). I have decided to illustrate my theoretical reflections with
examples of my own research, undertaken in a community of Kazakhstani Poles,
exactly because of their wealth of experience in talking about their traumatic past
and the numerous identity related dilemmas it has caused.
The source material of my dissertation consists of
51
interviews collected in
the North Kazakhstan and Akmola Provinces (in the following places: Oziernoye,
Stepnoye, Petropavlovsk, Tayinsha, Chkalovo, Krasnokyevka, Novoberezovka,
Podolskoye, Kellerovka, Dragomirovka, Donetskoye, Litovochnoye and Shchu-
chinsk) between July and August
2009.
I will also refer to the results of field
research
(32
narrative interviews) that was run by the Warsaw centre
KARTA
among the same community a year earlier. Additionally I am using authorised
interviews with repatriates living in Krakow that had been recorded during my
earlier projects. A special place in my book is reserved for the narrations col¬
lected in the course of the project titled
Z ziemi kazachskiej
do
Polski.
[From the
Kazakhstan land to Poland.], led by the inhabitants of the social support centre
"Pod
Dębami"
in Krakow. As a result of this research, two books documenting the
project have been published1. The most important aim of the above project was to
discover elements of collective memory which laid the foundations of the Polish
1
See: W. Kudela,
Z ziemi
kazachskiej do
Polski.,
t.
I: Deportacje Polaków
z obwodu winnickiego Ukrainy Sowieckiej w latach
30.
XX
wieku, Kraków
2007;
Z ziemi kazachskiej do Polski., t.
II:
Wspomnienia repatriantów z Kazachstanu, wysie¬
dlonych w latach
30.
XX
wieku w głąb ZSRR, red. W. Kudela, Kraków
2008.
360
Summary
expatriates' community in Kazakhstan. This was based on the memories of people
who had experienced the deportations within the USSR territory in the
1930s.
The
participants of the project were also interested at that time in changes of national
self-identification after their return and settlement in the land of their forefathers.
In the present book I often refer to the results of this project. The implementation
of several projects on similar topics among members of the same community has
forced me to strongly rethink my research methods and influenced the reflective
character of my book. It has, in a sense, become a summary of the journey I have
been through as a researcher, working as an oral historian for the last
8
years.
In the search for an appropriate research approach I have often wondered,
whether, by dissecting the experience of repression into primary particles until the
rules that organise past reality, the world of my narrators can be "cracked into"
enough to allow me to present it to my readers in a clear and understandable way.
However, in order to understand the experiences of my narrators and the impor¬
tance of them, I had to decide on a consistent approach. In fact, the urge to better
understand my interlocutors has prompted me to use the modern paradigm of oral
history in my research practice. I present my considerations in
11
topical chapters
that are an attempt to address my research questions, and each of these chapters is
a closed entirety. The content of the books present only apart of the discussed sub¬
ject which can be conveyed by the approach I have taken. It is, however, nearly
impossible to present in full the plenitude of the recorded narrations, due to the
nature of their transcribed form; therefore I have opted to attach the analysed frag¬
ments of recordings to the book in CD form.
The aims of this book required one initially to encompass a wide scope of his¬
torical background in order to enable further dissertations. This subject is tackled
in Chapter
/
The historical contexts of the narrations. The suggested historical
outline is necessary especially for readers only now discovering the specifics of
repression of Kazakhstani Poles.
In Chapter II The beginning of the research adventure: between convention
and uniqueness, I briefly describe the sources and literature which shaped my
image of Kazakhstani Poles before I started recording narrative interviews. Here
I also present the elements which are considered essential for understanding the
socio-cultural
context they are entangled in.
Chapter III Methodological searches and inspirations
',
illustrates the research
dilemmas connected with running oral history researches at the present time. Here
I also discuss the specific research methods which have become an inspiration to
dissertations presented in this book.
During my work on the book I realised that opportunities granted to the histo¬
rian by a meeting with the narrator and co-creating the (auto)biographical narra¬
tion are connected with a number of research limitations. I return to my thoughts
on this subject in Chapter IVPygmalion and his Galatea
—
or what happens when
the historian creates the historical source which concentrates on the formal aspect
of using oral sources in historical research. I am especially interested in the prob¬
lem of the limitations of the researcher's interference in the creation of the source
while preparing the transcription (in my case it referred to choosing the quotations
as during the analysis I was working solely on phonic sources) and my translation
Summary
361
of fragments of dialogue which are quoted in this book. Of what I managed to re¬
tain in the adaptation and translation, and what has been irretrievably lost, I write
about in the final part of this chapter.
The next problem which pervaded my work both during field research and at
the stage of narration analysis, was the specific bond between the historian and
the research participants. I have therefore decided to devote a separate chapter to
this interaction (Chapter V Dialogue or duet? The researcher and the experiences
of his interlocutor). Here I discuss the question of the influence of my personality
on the interview process and on the interlocutor, including the way in which my
personal experience of the past might have determined the interview and the final
results of my research. The matter lies in the fact of my coming from a family of
Ukrainian Poles
—
often repressed due to their nationality and religion. My great
grandfather, Jan Radzicki, "was executed in
1936
as an enemy of the state. His two
brothers,
Antoni
and
Franciszek,
were that same year deported to Kazakhstan with
their families. In the meantime, my whole family shared for many years the fate of
many similar, hostile to the Soviet system, Polish nationals. A fate which lasted un¬
til the fall of the Communist regime. In the aforementioned chapter I also discuss
a number of ethical problems connected with running narration and biographical
interviews during short-term field research.
In Chapter VI The autobiographical relations of Kazakhstani Poles, I con¬
front the results of my field research with the records collected by the Warsaw
centre
KARTA.
Comparing the two research perspectives has allowed me to gain
a much deeper evaluation of my field research and the analytical potential of col¬
lected narrative material, there by demonstrating the unstable character of narra¬
tive sources.
Chapter
VII
The recipe for biographical stories, signifies the stage of my dis¬
sertations in which I separate and analyse the basic strategies used by my narrators.
I also discuss the narration patterns which my interlocutors followed in creating
their life stories and ponder the genre of stories I have heard.
In Chapter
VIII
The linguistic image of repression in the narratives of Kazakh¬
stani Poles, I discuss the manner in which my interlocutors understand and in¬
terpret the terms "repressions", "freedom" and "prosperity". An analysis of these
terms allows us to present the way in which the linguistic image of coercion among
Kazakhstani Poles, as Russian speakers or people using the expatriate Polish lan¬
guage, has been shaped.
In the next chapter (Chapter IX Impressions on the subject of coercion) I con¬
centrate on the analysis of the content of recorded narrations. Here I discuss the
personal attitude of my interlocutors both to the experience of repression and to
talking about it. The subject of my analysis are the descriptions of biographic
events described by the narrators themselves as repressions
—
an element of the
USSR's government policy. This leads me to Chapter X To discover in the narra¬
tor a unique person., to reflect on away of presenting the day-to-day biographical
experience (mainly the functioning person inside a kolkhoz settlement) by my
narrators, and on the manner in which they judge their lives from the perspective
of years gone by.
362
Summary
The vast majority of the narrators were constructing their life stories around
reflections of their own identity as well as the identity of other members of the
community. The narrations I have listened to have also revealed the difficult choic¬
es faced by Kazakhstani Poles as a result of their Polish identity. The dissertations
on this subject I have placed in the final chapter of this monograph (Chapter XI To
be or not to be. Identity dilemmas in the narrations of Kazakhstani Poles). By
asking the question "where is the fatherland of Kazakhstani Poles?", I attempt to
shed light on the main identity-related dilemmas of my narrators and on the way
in which they were affected by their biographical experience.
Therefore it became possible to grasp the present judgement of the past made
by the interlocutor (in the story the narrator describes their past experience from
the point of view of the present). It seems to me that perceiving the narration as
a kind of auto creation does not limit the researcher to only studying the biogra¬
phies of his or her narrators. He or she also gains the opportunity to analyse the
contents in the aspect of the storyline and the genre of the narration. These tools
are, however, insufficient for studies of identity which has been pinpointed as one
of the main factors leading the narrations of Kazakhstani Poles. Therefore it ap¬
pears equally important to study the linguistic aspect of the narrations, as during
a spontaneous conversation the narrator is more likely to reveal his or her true
identity by using statements and opinions rather unacceptable in writing, or indeed
even after a minutes reflection.
For the majority of my narrators the story about repressions over nationality
and religion was the main interpretative basis of their own biography, broader
family history or that of the Polish minority in Kazakhstan. The majority of most
narrations were memories of the deportation of
1936,
considered a prelude to the
real suffering: adaptation to new living conditions. Other elements of repression
were presented
—
events connected with difficult living conditions in the kolkhoz,
the discipline of commanders and other ways of restricting citizens' rights. In some
narrations, the disdainful attitude to educated people who were not members of
the Communist Party was listed as an element of oppression, as well as those who
manifested their religious beliefs. In other words, the collected narrations are the
narrators' interpretation of the subject of my research.
The stories of the Kazakhstani Poles which I have recorded are quite alike as
regards topic and grammar structure. The narrators were using a similar set of nar¬
ration patterns, and regardless of their individual biographical experiences were
creating their stories around the same events which had become the topics form¬
ing the general framework characteristic of the whole group. The narrations of my
interlocutors consisted mainly of bringing up memories of dark events and images
of suffering and reflected the hardships of everyday life; overcoming or surviving
was a value by itself. By phrases such as "we made it", "we have survived", "af¬
terwards it became much easier", "that's what our parents went through", etc., the
narrators were trying to tackle their own experience of repression and interpreted
their past by labelling specific events as examples of an open or hidden discrimina¬
tion due to their national and religious identity. When the presented experiences
were put into a narrative form, however, they bore more resemblance to paintings
than photographs. In the majority of cases they are completely unrealistic, refined,
Summary
363
devoid of emotions (shame, embarrassment, anger, despair, bitterness)
—
feelings
that were undoubtedly present "there and then", but which during the conversa¬
tion, put into words, were lost in the formalised genre of (auto)biographical nar¬
ration. Often the narrators had to use gestures or voice modulation to persuade me
about the scope and authenticity of their suffering, to convince me of their right¬
eousness. These attempts, however, were not always successful, i.e. sufficiently
convincing and vivid. It depended mainly on the individual oratory abilities of the
given narrator.
In all narrations, however, the memory of repressions over nationality and re¬
ligion which affected the group appears as a legitimisation of their Polish identity.
They think: if we were being repressed as Poles, there should be no doubt we are
Poles. This was, in fact, why I wanted to reach outside the social pattern in my
dissertation and present my interlocutors as not only people suffering and tried as
Poles, but who also deal with the usual human dilemmas and problems and are
not necessarily morally beyond reproach. It was not my intention to whitewash
anyone's past as a Communist Party member in justifying it by talking of their dif¬
ficult living circumstances, or to diminish people's suffering by avoiding present¬
ing Kazakhstani Poles as martyrs. In my opinion, this perspective was achieved
by revealing the technical aspect of my research and presenting all the research
methods I have used, and by revealing to the readers my own identity.
The above factors have allowed the book to take in some parts the stylistic
form of a research diary, in which factual solutions are accompanied by a deep
reflection over the methods which led to these results. On the one hand, I pres¬
ent in this manner the journey I have made as a researcher while working on this
monograph. On the other, I often allow myself to add loose ad hoc remarks and
comments which present the evolution of my research views; I also often reveal
my own feelings regarding the stories I have heard. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kudela-Świątek, Wiktoria |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1221633295 |
| author_facet | Kudela-Świątek, Wiktoria |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kudela-Świątek, Wiktoria |
| author_variant | w k ś wkś |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041781726 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)881659509 (DE-599)BVBBV041781726 |
| era | Geschichte 1917-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1917-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kazachstan / emigracja i imigracja / relacje osobiste jhpk Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kazachstan / emigracja i imigracja / relacje osobiste Kasachstan |
| id | DE-604.BV041781726 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-30T13:01:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788324223428 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027227518 |
| oclc_num | 881659509 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 372, [2] s., [20] s. tabl. il. kolor. 24 cm + CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych Universitas |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kudela-Świątek, Wiktoria Verfasser (DE-588)1221633295 aut Odpamiętane o historii mówionej na przykładzie narracji kazachstańskich Polaków o represjach na tle narodowościowym i religijnym Wiktoria Kudela-Świątek Kraków Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych Universitas 2013 372, [2] s., [20] s. tabl. il. kolor. 24 cm + CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 329-358. Indeks Geschichte 1917-1945 gnd rswk-swf Mniejszości / Kazachstan jhpk Polacy / Kazachstan / 1900-1945 jhpk Deportowani polscy / Kazachstan / 1900-1945 jhpk Deportacja / Kazachstan / 1900-1945 / relacje osobiste jhpk Religiöse Verfolgung (DE-588)4221524-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Politische Verfolgung (DE-588)4046565-2 gnd rswk-swf Minderheit (DE-588)4752223-9 gnd rswk-swf Kazachstan / emigracja i imigracja / relacje osobiste jhpk Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 gnd rswk-swf Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 g Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Minderheit (DE-588)4752223-9 s Politische Verfolgung (DE-588)4046565-2 s Religiöse Verfolgung (DE-588)4221524-9 s Geschichte 1917-1945 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027227518&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027227518&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kudela-Świątek, Wiktoria Odpamiętane o historii mówionej na przykładzie narracji kazachstańskich Polaków o represjach na tle narodowościowym i religijnym Mniejszości / Kazachstan jhpk Polacy / Kazachstan / 1900-1945 jhpk Deportowani polscy / Kazachstan / 1900-1945 jhpk Deportacja / Kazachstan / 1900-1945 / relacje osobiste jhpk Religiöse Verfolgung (DE-588)4221524-9 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Politische Verfolgung (DE-588)4046565-2 gnd Minderheit (DE-588)4752223-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4221524-9 (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4046565-2 (DE-588)4752223-9 (DE-588)4029839-5 |
| title | Odpamiętane o historii mówionej na przykładzie narracji kazachstańskich Polaków o represjach na tle narodowościowym i religijnym |
| title_auth | Odpamiętane o historii mówionej na przykładzie narracji kazachstańskich Polaków o represjach na tle narodowościowym i religijnym |
| title_exact_search | Odpamiętane o historii mówionej na przykładzie narracji kazachstańskich Polaków o represjach na tle narodowościowym i religijnym |
| title_full | Odpamiętane o historii mówionej na przykładzie narracji kazachstańskich Polaków o represjach na tle narodowościowym i religijnym Wiktoria Kudela-Świątek |
| title_fullStr | Odpamiętane o historii mówionej na przykładzie narracji kazachstańskich Polaków o represjach na tle narodowościowym i religijnym Wiktoria Kudela-Świątek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Odpamiętane o historii mówionej na przykładzie narracji kazachstańskich Polaków o represjach na tle narodowościowym i religijnym Wiktoria Kudela-Świątek |
| title_short | Odpamiętane |
| title_sort | odpamietane o historii mowionej na przykladzie narracji kazachstanskich polakow o represjach na tle narodowosciowym i religijnym |
| title_sub | o historii mówionej na przykładzie narracji kazachstańskich Polaków o represjach na tle narodowościowym i religijnym |
| topic | Mniejszości / Kazachstan jhpk Polacy / Kazachstan / 1900-1945 jhpk Deportowani polscy / Kazachstan / 1900-1945 jhpk Deportacja / Kazachstan / 1900-1945 / relacje osobiste jhpk Religiöse Verfolgung (DE-588)4221524-9 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Politische Verfolgung (DE-588)4046565-2 gnd Minderheit (DE-588)4752223-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mniejszości / Kazachstan Polacy / Kazachstan / 1900-1945 Deportowani polscy / Kazachstan / 1900-1945 Deportacja / Kazachstan / 1900-1945 / relacje osobiste Religiöse Verfolgung Polen Volk Politische Verfolgung Minderheit Kazachstan / emigracja i imigracja / relacje osobiste Kasachstan |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027227518&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027227518&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kudelaswiatekwiktoria odpamietaneohistoriimowionejnaprzykładzienarracjikazachstanskichpolakoworepresjachnatlenarodowosciowymireligijnym |