Zwierzęta w gospodarce wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina:
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Poznań
Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN
2013
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Rezension Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Animals in the economy of early medieval Szczecin |
| Physical Description: | 289 s. il. (gł. kolor.). - Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788363760120 |
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| adam_text | ANIMALS IN THE ECONOMY
OF EARLY MEDIEVAL SZCZECIN
Summary
The politics and economy of early medieval Szczecin were under the strong influence of
peoples inhabiting both the Baltic coastal region and the state of the early Piast kings in
Wielkopolska. It remained an important political entity for most of this period, affecting
economy and trade, as well as the religious sphere in Western Pomerania. It is also one
of the best investigated early medieval centers with postwar archaeological excavations
encompassing most of Castle Hill as well as different areas of the suburbium on the Oder
riverbank.
A few dozen years of archaeological digging have supplied abundant material evidence
of Szczecin’s commercial and political contacts. Archaeozoological studies have been
carried out since the 1950s. The present study follows in the wake of analyses of animal
bone material from the fort and the older western part of the suburbium presented by
M. Kubasiewicz and J. Gawlikowski. It complements and extends longtime research on
meat consumption and animal economy in early medieval Szczecin. Near to 16,000 animal
bone remains were examined from the youngest, eastern part of the Szczecin suburbium.
Archaeological excavations were carried out there in 1994—1999 by the Szczecin branch
of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IAE
PAN). These remains were studied in the context of the complete animal bone assemblage
from the site which numbers 64,769 whole and fragmentary bones. The bones came
both from the fort and the suburbium, from layers dated from the 10th century through
1243 when Szczecin became a township with German law. An innovative aspect of this
study on the economic role of animals is a consideration of animal bone assemblages,
Animals in the Economy of Early Medieval Szczecin
Summary
both the archival and newly excavated ones, in very short chronological units, which -
coupled with texts and knowledge of the historical and political background — permits
a synthetic view of the economic role of animals in early medieval times. The objective,
beside verifying current ideas on the role of animals in the economy of the town, was to
explore the following issues:
Development of the animal economy in the riverbank area of the Szczecin suburbium
from the initial occupation of the area through the founding of the town in 1243: was
it a continuous economic model or one that underwent dynamic evolution in the course
of a quarter of a millennium;
• Evolution of meat consumption and animal breeding patterns in the eastern sub-
urbium, contextualized with the evolution observed for the rest of early medieval
Szczecin, both the fort and the western part of the suburbium^
• Extent to which the population of the early medieval suburbium was self-sufficient
in terms of meat supply, meaning the importance of Szczecins economic base;
• Factors determining animal utilization and meat consumption patterns: political
situation, economy, geographical position and economic context of the site;
• Degree to which the early medieval animal economy of Szczecin was typical of
Pomeranian centers as compared to fortified inland towns.
The history
OF EARLY MEDIEVAL SZCZECIN
Szczecin’s initial development was dominated by the nearby center of Wolin. in the
middle of the 9th century the settlement on Cattle Hill was turned into a fort covering
an area of about 1 hectare. The old river flood land at the foot of the hill was settled as
a suburbium in the early 10th century. The development of the fort in the 10th century
reflected the political interests in the region of the Piast king Mieszko L At this time
Szczecin may have served as Wolin s economic base. It was surely a border harbor for the
Piast state, economically drawing on the commercial links with the hinterland. Much of
the commerce from the Piast kingdom would have passed through the large commercial
center of Santok on the border with Western Pomerania. As a vibrant artisanal and com-
mercial center, Szczecin in the 10th century took on many “early urban” traits. Economic
recession set in after a waning of Piast influence about 1005 and it continued through the
middle of the nth century. The suburbium became depopulated. Local trade picked up at
the turn of the nth century when long-distance markets declined and this strengthened
Szczecin’s economy, which was already based on ties with rural markets. The importance
of the center grew rapidly. In the early 12th century Szczecin became an urban republic
and it is assumed that a prince’s seat and temple of the Slav Three-headed god were located
on Castle Hill. The market in the suburbium played an important role at the time. The
political situation in the first half of the 12th century was dynamic as well, with influence
from the German emperors being counteracted by raids of the Polish king Boleslaus the
Wryface (Krzywousty). In 1121-1122 Western Pomerania entered once again the sphere
of Piast influence, also in the religious dimension, with the Polish king commissioning
the Bamberg bishop to convert Western Pomerania to Christianity.
The suburbium continued to develop in the second half of the 12th century. The
architecture became denser and the social status of the inhabitants underwent a growing
differentiation. The fortifications were aggrandized to counter a Danish threat. Castle
Hill was rebuilt eliminating the wooden streets and buildings and a princely castle was
erected in 1234-1237. A series of raids by the Brandenburgians and Danes in the end of
the 12th and early 13th centuries interfered with this development. The fortified town
and the suburbium in particular became impoverished and depopulated. It was not until
the second decade of the 13th century, in a period directly preceding Szczecin’s founding
with German law in 1243, that new land lots and streets were traced.
State of research on early medieval animal breeding
AND MEAT CONSUMPTION IN WESTERN POMERANIA
Osteological material from archaeological excavations constituted the most relevant
source of data on local economies in Polish territories in pre-medieval rimes. Digging in
early medieval Szczecin has contributed extensive animal bone assemblages, which have
resulted in archaeozoological analyses and studies. For the purposes of this presentation
the author has chosen relevant studies and analyses focused on the issue of animals in the
town economy. Detailed publication of sites from Western Pomerania from the relevant
period, that is, 9th to 13th centuries, were reviewed, as were also the more significant
synthetic studies on breeding, animal economy and hunting in early medieval Western
Pomerania. The result was an overview of studies of the animal economy issue and the
changes which have taken place in the thinking on this subject over the past few decades.
Unpublished analyses and texts on the archaeozoological study of animal bone remains
from Szczecin were also researched, especially if they concerned early medieval material
coming from both the Castle Hill site and the Szczecin suburbium on the Oder riverbank.
Synthetic studies of animal breeding, hunting and meat consumption in early medieval
Szczecin were consulted in order to establish the current state of knowledge on the local
economy.
Osteological research documented the changing animal breeding structure in the
early Middle Ages, the key criterion for studies of material from any given site being im-
portantly the quantitative ratio of particular animal species recorded (e.g. Łosiński 1970;
1971, Leciejewicz, Wieczorkowski 1983, Cnotliwy and others 1983, Łosiński 2008). Cattle
bone occurrence compared to that of pig bones was considered a particularly sensitive fac-
tor evidencing significant changes in animal breeding and economy. Studies emphasized
an evident mutual interdependence of transformations occurring in agriculture and in
animal husbandry, observable especially well with regard to Western Pomerania, e.g. the
sites of Gołańcz Pomorski, Kędrzyno, Kołobrzeg-Budzistowo (Łosiński 1970). Declining
Animals in the Economy of Early Medieval Szczecin
Summary
oats crops were accompanied by a “drop in cattle significance”. The issue appears to have
been relatively well examined and the material base for the conclusions appropriate, but
the time which has elapsed since and the new material which has appeared justify sup-
plementary research and a new look at the economic issues involved. It should be noted
that there has been no synthetic analysis of all the available sources dealing with the
importance of animals in the early medieval economy of Szczecin.
The material
The subject of this study are the animal bone remains from archaeological excavations
in the early medieval suburbium of Szczecin and the Castle Hill fortified settlement.
The number of examined animal bones from Szczecin totals 64,769 and of these, 15,903
originating from the eastern part of the riverbank suburbium have been studied by the
present author. This bone assemblage (so-called Quarter VI) was divided into four groups
representing four chronological phases, corresponding substantially with the division
applied in an archaeological analysis of the finds from the excavations, which was based
on the pottery evidence and a study of the stratigraphy of cultural layers. Animal bone
assemblages from layers XXIII-XIX were classified as phase I, dated from the end of the
first quarter to the fourth quarter of the nth century. The total number of bone remains
from the examined eastern part of the Szczecin suburbium was 3287. Phase II corresponded
to the end of the fourth quarter of the nth century, extending into the second quarter of
the 12th century, that is, roughly the first half of the 12th century. Material from cultural
layers XVIII—XIII and VIII—VI was assigned to this phase. Altogether there were 2534
bone fragments. The third phase encompassed layers XII and XI, which were dated to
a period from the end of the second quarter of the 12th to the first quarter of the 13th
century. The bone assemblage from this phase counted 7077 animal remains. The last,
fourth phase of early medieval occupation in Szczecin lasted through the fifth decade
of the 10th century. Layers X and IX with a total of 2302 bone fragments were assigned
to this phase.
Identification by species and anatomy was possible for 13,157 bone remains, constitut-
ing 82.73% of the material; 2746 osteological fragments could not be identified for lack
of distinctive traits.
The bones were found in cultural strata from the site, as well as in the fill of individual
features, like huts, hearths, latrines, wells). The state of preservation of the bones was very
good, this being due to optimal deposition conditions on the site. Matted straw with lenses
of gray clay made up most of the cultural layers, occasionally including ashes, fragments
of wood from decaying structures and organic remains.
From a taphonomic point of view, the bones not only were not destroyed, but were
actually preserved by the environment in which they had been deposited. The principal
damages observed on the bones related to the first taphonomic stage, that is, carcass
dismemberment and preparation of meat for consumption. Some utilitarian processing-
related damages were also observed, on the bones of domesticated animals as much as
on deer antlers.
Marks attributed to the second taphonomic stage were also observed. These were most
often damages, which were the result of gnawing by dogs and the action of bacteria and
fungi once the remains had been excluded from a living culture context.
Methods
The first stage of the archaeozoological analysis was a general percentage count of identi-
fied animal bone remains and the share of successive systematic groups. Next the species
percentage shares for the four different sites were compared; the sites included Castle Hill
and, in the suburbium, site 6, Vegetable Market and the eastern part of the district. The
material from each site was considered taking into account the established chronological
divisions. For the Vegetable Market and Castle Hill sites, the chronological identification
of the remains was made using a correlation table of cultural layers from different sites
in early medieval Szczecin, prepared by M. Dworaczyk (Dworaczyk 2002, Dworaczyk
and others 2003, Kowalska, Dworaczyk 2011). The assemblage of animal bone remains
studied by the present author was discussed last and in the greatest detail.
Osteological remains from site 6 were identified to species and anatomy. They were
subdivided into groups: mollusks (Bivalvia), fish {Pisces), birds {Aves) and mammals
CMammalia), counting percentage shares for the total number of identified remains. The
remains were then divided into domesticated and wild mammals. Species distribution
was considered both in general terms, that is, from all the layers together, and in detail,
divided into successive cultural layers and occupational phases. An analysis of consump-
tion patterns for the four main species: pig, cattle, sheep and goat, was carried out based
on percentage shares of the different remains. The main criterium were the differences in
frequency of occurrence of the different species relative to one another.
Statistical analyses were carried out to study the differentiation of remains in layers
as well as successive phases. The homogeneity of the material was tested in the following
series: particular chronological groups by layers and assemblages from successive occupa-
tional phases of the suburbium. An examination of the variability vs. stability of the meat
consumption model in successive occupational stages followed. A three-level numerical
code method was applied to identify quantities: considerable (3), average (2) and low (1).
To arrive at this division the distribution of percentage shares (minimum — maximum) for
all assemblages of a given species was arbitrarily divided into three groups of identical class
divisions. The study was carried out in the following series: successive settlement phases
in the eastern part of the suburbium, all cultural layers together and percentage shares in
features dated to successive occupational phases. The next stage of archaeozological analysis
called for analyzing animal bone remains from the eastern part of the suburbium in the
context of the results of archaeozoological analyses of the material from the western part
of the suburbium and from the fortified settlement (Castle Hill). A comparative analysis
Animals in the Economy of Early Medieval Szczecin
Summary
was carried out, juxtaposing percentage shares for domesticated species from the three
areas taking into account successive occupational phases (wherever possible).
The degree of differentiation of the material from different parts of early medieval
Szczecin was subsequently examined. Statistical analysis was based on the frequency
of occurrence of remains of pigs, cattle, sheep and goats in successive cultural layers of
analogous date. A comparative analysis of consumption models based on osteological
remains was also conducted, separately for the suburbium and for early medieval Szc-
zecin as a whole. The objective was to see the differentiation between the different parts
of Szczecin, taking into consideration also chronological aspect in order to ensure the
reliability of the results.
The animal economy of Szczecin was considered subsequently in the context of other
centers of similar date from Western Pomerania as well as neighboring regions. A detailed
comparative analysis taking into consideration chronology (at 50-year intervals) was
carried out for Szczecin and Kołobrzeg. A comparison at 100-year intervals was possible
for three centers: Szczecin, Kołobrzeg and Santok. A general analysis of material from
nth—13th century contexts was possible for Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, Kamień Pomorski,
Wolin, Santok, Myślibórz, Cedynia, Szczecin-Mśdęcino (the data was insufficient for
a lesser time interval in these cases).
The anatomical identification called for identifying different parts of the animal
skeleton. Anatomical distribution studies were carried out for the remains of pig, cattle,
sheep, goats, horses, dogs and cats. Assemblages of bone remains of the main consumable
species were divided into groups corresponding to the technological dismemberment of
carcasses: heads, trunks, proximal and distal parts of the fore- and hind limbs, digits).
The material was grouped by cultural layers and occupational phases. Age at death of the
animals was also determined based on the ontogenetic development of teeth and bones,
calculating subsequently the percentage share of morphologically immature animals.
Estimates were made of the share of the two sexes for particular species and chronologi-
cal groups. Sex was established based on sexual dimorphism traits observable on skeletal
remains. Morphological studies of the remains, essential for any analysis of breeding
patterns, were obtained from bone measurements (using standards for domesticated
species established in von den Driesch 1976). Bone length was used to calculate height
at the withers using appropriate coefficients (Teichert, Matolcsi, Koudelka, Kiesewal-
ter cited after Driesch, 1976; Fock, Schramm, cited after Lasota-Moskalewska 2008).
Morphotypes for pig, cattle and horses were obtained by transferring the osteometric
measurement results to point scales, separately for pigs (Lasota-Moskalewska, Kobryń,
Swieżyński 1987), cattle (Lasota-Moskalewską 1984) and horses (Kobryń 1989). Abso-
lute metric data was thus changed to relative values on a scale from o to 100 points. The
point distribution for particular species in successive phases was the basis of an analysis
of population changes over time.
The last element of archaezoological analysis was recording marks on bones relat-
ing to different processing stages of the material. The first category was constituted by
evidence of pathological changes. Next came marks reflecting carcass dismemberment
and demeating. Traces of thermal processing were also noted. A different category were
marks on bones and antlers reflecting craftwork. Bone artifacts from the early medieval
layers were also analyzed in this respect.
Last but not least were gnawing marks on bones, which could be attributed to dogs
and pigs.
Results
The three areas of early medieval Szczecin that were analyzed (fortified settlement and
two parts of rhe suburbium produced a total of 64,796 animal bone remains, Of this
number 55,252 remains, that is, 85.27%, were identified by species and anatomical posi-
tion. The largest group was made up of mammal bone remains {Mammalia) (88.26%).
Also recorded were the remains of birds {Aves) (3.92%), fish (Pisces)(7.81%) and mollusks
CMollusca) (0.003%).
Animal species
Castle Hill
Altogether 698 osteological fragments were recorded from the excavations on Castle Hill
and of these 581 or 83% were identified to species and anatomy. Almost all represented
the mammals class and were found in layers dated to the 12th and 13th centuries. The
following were identified in these assemblages: cattle (46.3%), pig (37.34%), sheep/goat
(5.33%), dog (0.86%) and horse (0.17%). Wild species included boar (0.34%), deer (0.17%)
and auroch (0.17%).
Remains from the second half of the 12th century constituted a small assemblage
of just 125 bone fragments, of which 85% were identified as mainly cattle (46%). Other
species included pig (28%), sheep/goat (6.5%), boar (2%), horse and auroch (1% each).
A few bird bones were noted (9.3%) as well as fish (6.5%). Bone remains from the first
half of the 13th century amounted to 427 fragments, of which 77% were identified. The
remains included cattle (51%), pig (31%), sheep/goat (7%), birds (4%) and fish (3%), dog
(1.5%) and roe deer (0.3%).
Western part of the suburbium
Excavations on site 6 yielded 2654 animal bone remains, of which 2410 fragments were
identified. The assemblage was dated to the ioth-i3th centuries. The predominant species
was pig (58%), other remains including cattle (13%), sheep/goat (5%), cat (0.4%), horse
and dog (0.3% each), boar (0.2%), deer (0.1%) and hare (0.08%). The most completely
investigated site in the western part of the suburbium was the Vegetable Market, which
yielded 45,514 animal bone remains; 85% was identified to species and anatomical part.
The oldest bone assemblage originated from cultural layers dated to the first half of the
Animals in the Economy of Early Medieval Szczecin
Summary
ioth century, altogether 7389 remains. Pig clearly dominated in this material (72%), other
species including cattle (8.8%), sheep/goat (6.6%), cat (2%), dog (1.7%) and horse (0.2%).
The list of wild species was long, although the share of particular species was minimal:
boar, beaver, seal, badger, otter, deer and roe deer. Also present were birds (4%) and fish
(3%), The younger osteological material, consisting of 6020 fragments, was dated to the
second half of the ioth century. Here the dominant species was pig (67.5%), accompanied
by sheep/goat (7.75%), cattle (6.8%), horse (0.1%), dog and cat (0.03% each), deer (0.07%),
roe deer, boar, fox (0.05% each), beaver (0.03%), bear, wildcat, hare (0.01% each), as well
as birds (6.34%) and fish (11.11%). Layers from the first half of the nth century included
4434 animal bone fragments. The biggest percentage was made up by bones of pig (75%),
other species including cattle (14%), sheep/goat (7.7%), and minimal shares of deer, wolf,
boar and seal. Bird remains constituted 2.2%, fish 0.5%. The next group of remains in
chronological terms was an assemblage of 11,948 animal bone fragments dated to the
second half of the nth century. The biggest percentage share of bones belonged to pig
(56%), followed by cattle (12%), sheep/goat (9%). Shares of bone remains of horse, dog,
hare, otter, deer, fox, rat, roe deer, beaver and seal were very low. Domestic hen remains
constituted 4.63%, fish 16.7%. The next period considered covered the first half of the
12th century. Layers from this period yielded 4692 animal bone remains, most of which
were identified as belonging to pig (47.5%), as well as cattle (21.7%), sheep/goat (6%),
horse (1.2%). Wild species were numerous although represented by small assemblages
each: boar, deer, roe deer, auroch, elk, hare, otter, fox, rat, beaver, bear, seal, badger.
Bird bones constituted 3.6%, fish 14%. Layers from the second half of the 12th century
produced 2166 animal bone remains with pig again dominating the assemblage (56%),
followed by cattle (22.57%), sheep/goat (6.43%), horse (1.26%), cat (0.5%), boar (0.87%),
deer (1.31%) and roe deer (0.54%), auroch (0.82%), elk (0.98%) and bear (0.10%). Other
species amounted to very low percentages: fox, marten, otter, seal and hare. Bird remains
constituted 5%, fish 2.47%. The last set of animal bone remains came from layers of the
first half of the 13th century, altogether 8907 osteological fragments, of which half was
identified as pig (51%). Also identified were cattle (30%), sheep/goat (14%) and minimal
percentage shares of deer, fox, otter, hare, boar, roe deer, seal, elk, squirrel, rat and badger.
Bird remains amounted to 5%.
Eastern part of the suburbium
Layers from the eastern part of the suburbium produced a total of 15,903 animal bone
remains, of which 13,157 fragments were identified to species (83%). The oldest assemblage
originated from layers of phase I, that is, the nth century - altogether 3287 bone frag-
ments. The largest percentage share in this material belonged to pig (60.7%); also identi-
fied were sheep/goat (20.75%), cattle (15.76%), horse (0.21%), dog (0.07%), deer (0.1%), roe
deer (0.03%), lynx (0.03%), finally also birds (1.62%) and fish (0.68%). Phase II from the
first half of the 12th century yielded 2620 animal bone remains, of which pig made up
38.42%. Cattle represented a lower percentage (33.23%), followed by sheep/goat (18.75%),
horse (2.5%), dog (1.5%), cat (0.29%), deer (0.48%), roe deer (0.72%), boar (0.33%), elk
(0.96%), hare (0.04%), beaver (0.09%), seal (0.09%), and birds (1.11%) and fish (1.4%). The
assemblage from phase III from the second half of the 12th century amounted to 7077
animal bone remains, which included pig (39.01%), cattle (31.76%), sheep/goat (18.42%),
horse (1.91%), dog (1.05%), cat (0.4%), deer (0.5%), boar (0.36%), roe deer (0.3%), hare
(0.16%), elk (0.13%), beaver (0.06%), fox (0.05%), seal (0.01%), birds (2.63%), fish (3.13%)
and mollusks (0.03%). The last phase from the early 13th century included remains of the
most numerous species, that is, pig (39.57%), as well as other identified species, that is,
cattle (30.23%), sheep/goat (30,23%), horse (0.8%), dog (4.08%), cat (3.38%), deer (0,17%),
roe deer (0.04%), elk (0.26%), boar (0.82%), hare (0.08%), lynx (0.04%), otter (0.08%),
weasel (0.04%), domestic hen (3.3%) and fish (1.52%).
The homogeneity of osteological material from the eastern part of the suburbium was
studied separately for each successive occupational phase. The study, based on remains
of pig, cattle and sheep/goat, revealed differences occurring between layers.
Four types of meat consumption were distinguished in the material. The analysis by
layers demonstrated a drop in the preference for pork over 250 years. The numerical code
method also helped to identify processes taking place in the early medieval economy. Only
12 of the 27 theoretically expected economic models were actually noted. An analysis
of similarities distinguished three main types of consumption, leading in effect to the
conclusion that there had been a gradual decline of pork in favor of beef in the diet of
the inhabitants of the Szczecin suburbium, especially its eastern part.
Comparison of animal bone remains from early medieval Szczecin
The most numerous assemblages used in the study came from the town s suburbium:
altogether 64,071 fragments of animal bones and teeth. A feature that all of them shared
was the evident dominance of pig, observed from the beginning of the nth century
through the middle of the 13th century. Over time this superiority waned in the face
of a rising share of cattle remains. The consumption model in the first half of the nth
century was homogeneous with a strong preference for pork. In the second half of the
century there was a slight but notable drop in the share of pig accompanied by a rising
percentage share of cattle observed for the western part of the suburbium, whereas the
reverse was true of the remains from the eastern part. Important changes of meat con-
sumption models occurred in the early 12th century. Preference for beef instead of pork
became visible especially with regard to the eastern part of the suburbium, being marked
much more strongly there than in the western part of the suburbium, where the process
appeared to take a more gentle course. The drop in preference for sheep/goat was evident in
all of Szczecin in the early 12th century. The second half of the 12th century was a time of
stability in terms of meat consumption models with the models becoming more uniform
compared to the previous phase. Differences between the older and younger parts of the
suburbium became evident again in the first half of the 13th century with a continued
drop in preferences for pork in the Vegetable Market countered with a growing interest
in this kind of meat in the modernized other part of the suburbium. Nevertheless, in
general terms, the meat consumption model for the suburbium in the period preceding
the founding of the town on German law was homogeneous.
Animals in the Economy of Early Medieval Szczecin
Summary
The meat supply for inhabitants of Szczecin, both the fortified town and the suburbium,
could not be studied in sufficient detail owing to the lack of more specific chronological
units distinguished for the published “early medieval” material from the Castle Hill site.
A comparison of bone assemblages permitted some general conclusions. Pork appeared to
play the biggest role in the diet of the suburbium residents in the part nearer to the fortified
town, a slightly lesser role in the diet of the town inhabitants and the least significant role
in the case of the riverbank part of the suburbium. Beef supplies were relatively the most
abundant at Castle Hill, slightly less in the eastern part of the suburbium and the least in
the older western part. Homogeneity studies of the assemblages from different parts of
early medieval Szczecin demonstrated considerable diversity. An analysis by numerical
code of consumption types from different parts of the suburbium indicated the presence
of five different models instead of the 27 that were theoretically expected. A study of the
coded percentage shares of the main domesticated species revealed differences related
to the location within the suburbium as well as to the place on the timescale. Remains
were coded for the chief species: pig, cattle and sheep/goat from three sites: the riverbank
suburbium; Vegetable Market (western part pf the suburbium) and Castle Hill (centre of
Szczecin administration and religion). Only three of the expected 27 theoretical consump-
tion models were recorded. The conclusion was that meat consumption in early medieval
Szczecin was quite varied. Beef was consumed preferentially on Castle Hill and in general
compared to other districts, whereas pork was the meat of choice in the older (western)
part of the suburbium and mutton and goat in the riverbank zone.
To address the issue of Szczecin’s economic ties with the Baltic zone a comparative
analysis was carried out of bone assemblages belonging to the most important animals
from an economic point of view from seven centers: Wolin, Kołobrzeg, Kamień Pomorski
and Szczecin—Mścięcin from Western Pomerania, and the more inland sites of Myślibórz,
Santok and Cedynia in the Lubusz Land and northern Wielkopolska. Owing to different
ways of publishing the older material it was possible to compare Szczecin and Kołobrzeg
in 50-year units and Szczecin, Kołobrzeg and Santok in 100-year units. For the remaining
sites the generalization had to be the biggest with comparisons being made on the entire
material from the nth through 13th centuries. The comparison of bone assemblages from
Szczecin and Kołobrzeg demonstrated that the two centers in the first half of the nth
century were almost identical in economic terms. As time drew on these assemblages dif-
fered and became similar again. Comparing the consumption models for two Pomeranian
centers: Szczecin and Kołobrzeg, with that for an inland fortified site at Santok showed an
evident economic similarity of all the sites in the early 11 th century. This similarity was
expressed among others by a clear preference for pork in the diet. The importance of pig
for breeding and consumption declined over time, but much more rapidly in Pomerania
than on inland sites. A comparison of osteological material from the eight early medieval
centers indicated a clear preference for pork, although the scale of this preference dif-
fered between centers. An analysis of the variability of consumption patterns in Western
Pomerania revealed that the economic model, which was still uniform in the early nth
century, changed abruptly, first in Kołobrzeg (second half of the nth century), and later
in Szczecin (first half of the 12th century). Ruminants, that is, cattle and sheep/goat,
took on economic importance. A study of the economic model variability of the sites in
Pomerania and those situated further inland using a numerical code confirmed earlier
observations concerning the differentiated economic patterns in these two areas. From
the nth through the 13th centuries there were two economic models in Pomerania and
the Lubusz Land or Wielkopolska; one featured a continuously high preference for pig,
the other a considerable importance of the ruminants, mainly cattle.
Anatomical distribution analysis
High percentage shares of head remains characterized the pig bone assemblage from the
eastern part of the Szczecin suburbium. It could attest to the consumption appeal of this
part of the pork carcass. The carcass anatomical division model for pig remained stable
throughout the chronological periods encompassed by the present study. That for cattle
underwent slight modification over time, the most important of the observed processes
being a declining share of head and body remains. Percentage shares of bones from the
proximal limbs grew gradually. A detailed analysis of the anatomic distribution of sheep
and goat bones revealed analogous changes occurring over time. The horse bone anatomic
distribution model was substantially different from the model one, being characterized
by a distinctly higher share of remains from attractive parts of the carcass. In the older
phases the remains were evidently post-consumptive; in the younger ones, however, horse
remains apparently represented carrion or material for artisanal production.
Slaughter age of domesticated animals
The remains of morphologically immature animals were of no major importance in the
total number. The largest number of bones of this type was noted for pig. The percentage
share of remains from morphologically immature animals for the different species was
much lower in Szczecin compared to the model recorded at archaeological sites. It can be
assumed therefore that ruminants were bred in the riverbank part of the Szczecin subur-
bium for other purposes than consumption, while pigs were kept as a source of porkfat.
Breeding for reproduction purposes should also be taken into account.
Animal sex and morphological analysis
No apparent sex selection for consumption purposes was noted in the Szczecin material,
although there does seem to have been a growing tendency for slaughtering female pigs
over time. The analysis for cattle suggests more life uses for the animals, especially in the
nth and early 12th centuries. In the end of the 12th century cattle importance as draft
Animals in the Economy of Early Medieval Szczecin
Summary
animals declines, while consumptive importance grew. The very low number of remains
with distinctive sex features for the small ruminants did not permit an overall analysis;
similarly so in the case of horse and wild game.
The withers height of pig in the Szczecin material considered as a whole ranged from
66 to 105 cm. Not all animals were fully domesticated as the height of domesticated pig
does not exceed 80 cm (Lasota-Moskalewska 2008). Animals demonstrating traits of
cross-breeding with boars and intensive mobility/physical activity appeared in the eastern
part of the suburbium in the end of the 11 th and the first half of the 12th century. Withers
height of cattle from early medieval Szczecin ranged between 95 and 112 cm, indicating
the exclusive breeding of a brachyceric variant. Slightly greater morphological diversity and
larger animals appeared again in the first half of the 12th century. A look at recalculated
osteometric data shows that larger animals were imported and introduced in the local
herd especially in the 12th century. Over time the Szczecin cattle became bigger. With
regard to sheep and goat, these animals from the Szczecin suburbium represented mainly
large varieties. Preference for these varieties is observable especially in the osteoiogical
assemblages from the second half of the 12th century. Withers height for horses from early
medieval Szczecin has been calculated at from 100 to 146 cm. This indicates the presence
of horses of both low and medium-high animals, in the second half of the 12th century
the horse population in Szczecin was particularly differentiated, including animals with
traits of Oriental horses as well as ponies of the Shetland type.
Pathological changes, marks and damage to bones
FROM THE EASTERN PART OF THE SUBURBIUM
Pathologically changed bones of pigs were few, but were present in material from all
the distinguished phases. These were on the whole traces of healed trauma, fractures,
pointing to crowded breeding areas. Heavy dental calculus characterized the Szczecin
pig population. The share of ruminant bones with pathological changes was also low.
Evidence of lengthy inflammation of the glenohumeral, tarsal and carpal joints was ob-
served the most frequently. The largest share of pathologically changed bones was noted
for horses - altogether 3.1% of the total osteoiogical remains of this species. Pathologies
included traces of inflammation of the fetlock area (intertasal joint of the digits) and the
tarsal and heel joint. Bone damage resulting from carcass division was observed in mate-
rial from all the chronological units, same for pigs, cattle and small ruminants. Cattle
bones solely presented a slightly larger diversity of damages and changing frequency in
the different phases. Marks which are the effect of carcass division were observed also
on the bones of horses, roe deer and elk. Gnawing marks left on bones by pigs and dogs
were also relatively frequent.
Bone artifacts of two classes were discovered in the eastern part of the suburbium.
They included products of craftsmanship on one hand and items made for home use
on the other. Archeozoological analysis encompassed bone combs and their fragments,
weaving combs, bone handles, a stylus, as well as objects for home use, e.g. needles, tog-
gles, skates and runners.
Animals in early medieval Szczecin
Archaeozoological analyses of animal bone assemblages are the main source of data on
the economic importance of animals and a meat diet in the early Middle Ages. Written
sources speak of daily life in this period in indirect terms. The inhabitants of Szczecin
during this period had a clear dietary preference for pork and were quite meticulous in
using the entire carcass. They ate the best cuts of meat, that is, ham, shoulder, pork loin,
ribs, but were not above headcheese and foot. Pork fat was highly valued in early medieval
times. Bone marrow, headcheese and jelly were appreciated as well. From the nth century
there is a rising preference for beef. An analogous process could be observed with regard
to a slightly earlier period in Kołobrzeg (end of the nth century).
The issue is interesting from an interpretative point of view with regard to Szczecin.
Growing beef consumption in large medieval centers is usually interpreted as a mark of
progressing urbanization, but in Szczecin it may have had a different background. The
author is inclined to see the source of changes of the Szczecin economic model of con-
sumption in economic transformation, the growing liking for beef of the inhabitants of
the suburbium being a reflection of the growing role of agriculture in the towns economy.
Ways of preparing beef for eating changed as well. Early medieval sources, Arab as well
as European (Gall Anonymous), reported the Slavs as eating beef. The importance of
mutton and goat meat in the diet of the inhabitants of the Szczecin suburbium clearly
changed in the course of the early Middle Ages. During the age of prosperity the relatively
high interest in mutton and goat meat started to decline, especially in the younger part
of the suburbium. Here, animals were bred, slaughtered and butchered on the spot and
consumption took place only in the eastern part of the suburbium. All through Szczecin’s
development as a settlement and its dominant role in Western Pomeranian trade (nth-12-
th century), domestic livestock played an important role as it was a major source of meat
for the inhabitants’ diet. The early medieval suburbium appears to have functioned as
a complex of farms crowded in a fairly restricted area and self-sufficient in terms of their
meat supply. The first signs of a more “urban” organization of space inside the settlement
could be observed in the period directly preceding the towns founding.
Wild game played a marginal role in the inhabitants’ diet and most of the remains
can be considered rather as workshop waste. This was indicated by the anatomical dis-
tribution, most of the remains being antlers. Fish were undoubtedly a dietary staple.
The meat consumption model in early medieval Szczecin was clearly differentiated in
socio-topographic terms. It can be assumed that the eastern part of the developing eastern
suburbium was developed in the early 12th century especially, which was characterized
by a rural model of the economy. The economic model for this part of Szczecin differed
substantially from that in the western part where craftsmanship prevailed. Here, the
Animals in the Economy of Early Medieval Szczecin
Summary
emphasis was on agriculture, especially in the 12th century, acting as the agricultural
hinterland for the settlement on the hill and at its base, which continued to be based on
an economic model encompassing trade and crafts. Difficult breeding conditions in the
suburbium affected herd morphology with the diversity of the cattle phenotype suffering in
particular. Trade in livestock was of importance, leading to a considerable morphological
diversity in the 12th century, of cattle, pig and horse especially. Hunting was not a major
factor, especially foe people living in the suburbium, although it appears to have gained
somewhat in popularity in the second half of the 12th century, possibly because of the
new political organization of the town and the presence of a princely court on Castle
Hill. Evidence of an arrowhead piercing the shoulderblade of a deer was of interest, but
for the most part the finds reflected the suburbium’s involvement in craftsmanship and
the hide and pelt trade. It may be of importance that in scholarly opinion the Baltic zone
was second only to Russia with regard to the importance of pelts as a primitive monetary
unit. Fishing and fish consumption must have been a staple in the economy of early me-
dieval Szczecin, especially in the 12th and nth centuries. Fish from sweet and brackish
waters held the largest percentage share (72%); second place was taken by silurids (27%).
Judging by the remains, individual fish could have weighed even 200 kg. A distinctive
trait of the early medieval fishing industry in Szczecin was the predominance of carp.
Sturgeons also appears to have been an important branch of the fishing industry; in the
oldest layers, sturgeon constituted half of all the ichthyologic remains. Fishing nets were
preferred to harpoons, stabbing tools and fishing rods. A penchant for fishing, especially
among the suburbium residents, was connected with the early urban economy phase,
whereas in the 12th century, when agricultural activities gained in importance, fishing
became marginal.
Conclusions
An examination of archaezoological material in the context of a sociotopographic division
of Szczecin, as well as political and economic changes taking place in the early Middle
Ages, has given a comprehensive view of the economic importance of animal breed-
ing, hunting and meat consumption. Tracing economic processes in different sectors
of this major center in Western Pomerania has highlighted the complexity of the social
processes accompanying Szczecin’s urban development. In many aspects the town was
a conglomerate of typical characteristics of an early medieval Pomeranian center and of
traits characterizing centers in the hinterland. The following main conclusions can be
formulated based on this research:
• In the period from the 12th through the mid 13th century there were two models
of animal use in the Szczecin suburbium. One had an early urban character, which
was typical of the early Piast centers in Great Poland (Wielkopolska) and which
was characterized by a clear preference for pork and common pig breeding. The
other model was typical of agricultural settlements where cattle played the more
important role, both as draught animals and beef cattle.
In the said period there is evidence for a sociotopographic division of the Szczecin
suburbium derived from the economic traditions of the local populace. In the
older, western part of the suburbium pork was clearly predominant as a dietary
preference and trade and craftsmanship were the main economic activities. The
younger part of the suburbium on the riverbank was characterized by a much
larger economic role of ruminants, mainly cattle, and a greater occupational
involvement of the inhabitants in agricultural activities.
Szczecin’s extensive economic base, comprising trade in livestock as well as hides
and antlers, supported the town s development. At the same time, the riverside
part of the suburbium constituted the agricultural and animal breeding base for
the Szczecin elite.
The consumption model in early medieval Szczecin was determined first and
foremost by the economy type.
Early medieval Szczecin undoubtedly developed a specific model of the animal
economy that was characterized by variability and flexibility; it constituted an
exceptional set of characteristics typical of fortified settlements both in Pomerania
and in the neighboring Piast lands.
j jisbibliothek
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ZWIERZĘTA W GOSPODARCE
WCZESNOŚREDNIOWIECZNEGO SZCZECINA
W՜.
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SPIS TREŚCI
i. Wprowadzenie do prob/ematyki badań
nad szczątkami zwierzęcymi z wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina | 9
1. Wstęp j 9
Cel pracy i jej zakres | 11
Układ pracy | 12
Podziękowania | 14
2. Ujście Odry we wczesnym średniowieczu ֊ tło historyczne | 14
Początki szczecińskiej osady i grodu | 14
Rozwój Szczecina w okresie przedlokacyjnym {X-XIII w.)
na tle historii Pomorza Zachodniego ] 16
Nadodrzańska dzielnica Szczecina.
Wschodnia część suburbium I 21
3. Stan wiedzy o wczesnośredniowiecznej hodowli i łowiectwie
na Pomorzu Zachodnim | 25
II. Opis materiału archeozoologicznego | 39
III. Metody badawcze 49
IV. Wyniki analizy archeozoologicznej szczątków zwierzęcych
z obszaru wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina | 57
1. Gatunki zwierząt z wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina -
ujęcie ogólne
57
2. Zidentyfikowane gatunki. Wzgórze Zamkowe
Wzgórze Zamkowe - 2. połowa XII wieku
Wzgórze Zamkowe-XIII wiek 60
57
58
3. Zidentyfikowane gatun ki-zachodnia część podgrodzia (st.VI)
4. Zidentyfikowane gatunki,
zachodnia część suburbium (Rynek Warzywny)
62
Zachodnia część suburbium, 1. połowa X wieku
Zachodnia część suburbium 2. połowa X wieku
Zachodnia część suburbium, 1. połowa XI wieku |
Zachodnia część suburbium, 2. połowa X! wieku |
Zachodnia część suburbium, 1. połowa XII wieku
Zachodnia część suburbium, 2. połowa XII wieku |
Zachodnia część suburbium, 1.połowa XIII wieku
5. Zidentyfikowane gatunki ֊ wschodnia część podgrodzia
64
65
167
I 68
I 69
I 70
I 72
74
Gatunki z części wschodniej szczecińskiego podgrodzia -
ogólna charakterystyka 76
Podgrodzie - część wschodnia, faza I, XI wiek 76
Podgrodzie - część wschodnia, faza II, 1. pot. XII wieku |
Podgrodzie - część wschodnia, faza III, 2. poł. XII wieku
Podgrodzie - część wschodnia, faza IV, 1. poł. XIII wieku
Badanie jednorodności materiałów osteologicznych
z terenu wschodniej części suburbium
85
Analiza typów konsumpcji w części wschodniej
suburbium szczecińskiego 86
Badanie zmienności typów konsumpcji wraz z upływem
w części wschodniej suburbium szczecińskiego 87
6. Zestawienie materiałów osteoiogicznych
z terenu wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina
Suburbium szczecińskie ( 90
Wzgórze Trzygłowa i suburbium 92
90
Badanie homogenności wczesnośredniowiecznych materiałów
osteoiogicznych z obszaru Szczecina
93
Analiza typów konsumpcji we wczesnośredniowiecznym Szczecinie.
Wschodnia i zachodnia część suburbium 94
Analiza modeli konsumpcji mięsa
z terenu całego wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina
96
7. Analiza porównawcza rozkładów gatunkowych
materiałów osteoiogicznych z ośmiu wczesnośredniowiecznych
ośrodków osadniczych i Szczecina
97
Zamienność modeli konsumpcji na Pomorzu Zachodnim
we wczesnym średniowieczu 105
8. Rozkład anatomiczny szczątków zwierzęcych
z obszaru wschodniej części suburbium
110
Rozkład anatomiczny szczątków zwierzęcych.
Udziały procentowe części tuszy
podzielonej wg rozbioru technologicznego 110
Podsumowanie wyników analizy
rozkładów anatomicznych [ 120
9. Wiek uboju zwierząt hodowlanych | 121
10. Płeć zwierząt i analiza morfologii | 125
Określenie płci zwierząt na podstawie szczątków | 125
Typ morfologiczny zwierząt hodowlanych
ze wschodniej części suburbium 127
11. Zmiany patologiczne, ślady i uszkodzenia kości
135
ze wschodniej części suburbium
Zmiany chorobowe na kościach
135
Ślady na kościach związane
z obróbką konsumpcyjną tuszy | 141
Rzemiosło i obróbka użytkowa kości
144
V. Zwierzęta we wczesnośredniowiecznym Szczecinie.
Omówienie wyników analizy archeozoologicznej
153
1. Konsumpcja mięsa na terenie nadodrzańskiej części suburbium
2. Konsumpcja mięsa we wczesnośredniowiecznym Szczecinie
166
3. Hodowla i użytkowanie zwierząt w Szczecinie
171
4. Zwierzęta dzikie i łowiectwo
204
5. Rybołówstwo
214
VI. Gospodarcze znaczenie zwierząt w Szczecinie na tle innych
wczesnośredniowiecznych ośrodków osadniczych
217
VII. Podsumowanie
221
VIII. Literatura
229
IX. Tabele katalogu
243
Animáis in the Economy of Early Medieval Szczecin. Summary 275
153
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Osypińska, Marta |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1285630408 |
| author_facet | Osypińska, Marta |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Osypińska, Marta |
| author_variant | m o mo |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041765859 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)878986893 (DE-599)BVBBV041765859 |
| era | Geschichte 900-1300 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 900-1300 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Stettin (DE-588)4057392-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Stettin |
| id | DE-604.BV041765859 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:04:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788363760120 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027211952 |
| oclc_num | 878986893 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M157 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M157 |
| physical | 289 s. il. (gł. kolor.). - Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Osypińska, Marta Verfasser (DE-588)1285630408 aut Zwierzęta w gospodarce wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina Marta Osypińska Poznań Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN 2013 289 s. il. (gł. kolor.). - Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Animals in the economy of early medieval Szczecin Geschichte 900-1300 gnd rswk-swf Wildtiere (DE-588)4135893-4 gnd rswk-swf Nutztiere (DE-588)4042839-4 gnd rswk-swf Fleischverbrauch (DE-588)4352756-5 gnd rswk-swf Stettin (DE-588)4057392-8 gnd rswk-swf Stettin (DE-588)4057392-8 g Nutztiere (DE-588)4042839-4 s Wildtiere (DE-588)4135893-4 s Fleischverbrauch (DE-588)4352756-5 s Geschichte 900-1300 z DE-604 https://www.recensio.net/r/419289944752409faca7f3cbe9450b57 rezensiert in: Jahrbuch des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, 22 (2014), S. 438 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027211952&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027211952&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Osypińska, Marta Zwierzęta w gospodarce wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina Wildtiere (DE-588)4135893-4 gnd Nutztiere (DE-588)4042839-4 gnd Fleischverbrauch (DE-588)4352756-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4135893-4 (DE-588)4042839-4 (DE-588)4352756-5 (DE-588)4057392-8 |
| title | Zwierzęta w gospodarce wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina |
| title_auth | Zwierzęta w gospodarce wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina |
| title_exact_search | Zwierzęta w gospodarce wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina |
| title_full | Zwierzęta w gospodarce wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina Marta Osypińska |
| title_fullStr | Zwierzęta w gospodarce wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina Marta Osypińska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zwierzęta w gospodarce wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina Marta Osypińska |
| title_short | Zwierzęta w gospodarce wczesnośredniowiecznego Szczecina |
| title_sort | zwierzeta w gospodarce wczesnosredniowiecznego szczecina |
| topic | Wildtiere (DE-588)4135893-4 gnd Nutztiere (DE-588)4042839-4 gnd Fleischverbrauch (DE-588)4352756-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wildtiere Nutztiere Fleischverbrauch Stettin |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/419289944752409faca7f3cbe9450b57 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027211952&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027211952&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT osypinskamarta zwierzetawgospodarcewczesnosredniowiecznegoszczecina |