Małopolska w VI-X wieku: Studium archeologiczne
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica"
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Opera Archaeologiae Iagellonicae
3 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Małopolska in the 6th - 10th centuries AD |
| Beschreibung: | 399 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9788362261666 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Małopolska w VI-X wieku |b Studium archeologiczne |c Jacek Poleski ; Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Archeologii |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Małopolska in the 6th - 10th centuries AD | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
SPIS TREŚCI
1.
Wstęp
.7
2.
Podstawy datowania
.11
2.1.
Niezależne wyznaczniki chronologii
.11
2.2.
Ceramika naczyniowa
.13
2.3.
Fizyko-chemiczne i przyrodnicze metody datowania
.23
2.4.
Fazy rozwoju kultury wczesnośredniowiecznych Słowian na terenie Małopolski w
VI
-Х
w.
. 23
3.
Osadnictwo
.29
3.1.
Geografía i
dynamika procesów osadniczych
.33
3.2.
Osady otwarte
.51
3.3.
Grody
.54
3.3.1.
Położenie grodów w odniesieniu do rzeźby terenu i powierzchniowej sieci
hydrograficznej
.56
3.3.2.
Wielkość i forma grodów
.58
3.3.3.
Typy wałów, fosy i bramy
.71
3.4.
Budownictwo mieszkalne i gospodarcze na terenie osad i grodów
.97
4.
Gospodarka i życie codzienne w świetle analizy źródeł archeologicznych
.107
5.
Uzbrojenie i oporządzenie jeździeckie
.123
6.
Biżuteria i części stroju na terenie Małopolski w
VI
-Х
w
.129
7.
Kultura symboliczna
.137
7.1.
Obrządek pogrzebowy
.138
7.2.
Problem tzw. grodów kultowych
.150
7.3.
Problem symbolicznej funkcji skarbów
.151
8.
Małopolska w
VI
-Х
w.
—
próba odtworzenia dynamiki procesu dziejowego
.155
8.1.
Faza wczesnosłowiańska
.155
8.2.
Małopolska w
2.
połowie
VII
i
VIII
w
.161
8.3.
Małopolska w
IX
i
X
w
.170
8.4.
Małopolska a problem stref kulturowych na terenie Słowiańszczyzny zachodniej w
VI
-Х
w.
198
9.
Podsumowanie
.209
Małopolska
in the 6th
-
IO"1
centuries
AD.
An archaeological study. (Summary)
.213
Bibliografía
.219
Tablice
1-111 .287
Płyta
CD:
Figures
Zestawienia znalezisk i stanowisk do rycin
(map)
Katalog grodzisk z
VIII-X
w. z terenu Małopolski
MAŁOPOLSKA IN THE
6τΗ
-
10th CENTURIES AD. AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL
STUDY.
SUMMARY
One of the issues that has spurred the longest debate in Polish archaeology is the origin of the Slavs,
and especially the question of potential settlement continuity in the Oder and Vistula basins between
the late antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. At present, two main positions have become
predominant. Neoautochtonists are the archaeologists, historians, physical anthropologists and linguists
who, based on existing sources (which, except for the archaeological record, are relatively limited and
show no further accumulation), claim that the population inhabiting the territory of present day Poland
before the 5th century AD was dominated by the biological and cultural ancestors of the early medieval
Slavs. Allochtonists are these representatives of the above disciplines who believe that the vast majority
of sources available today (including the archaeological record) suggest that the Slav people appeared in
the Vistula and Oder basins after the mid-5* century AD at the earliest. The author of this study has the
honour to count himself among the latter group of scholars. Of course, archaeologists representing the
allochtonic position do not exclude, and even consider it very likely, that small groups of people inhabit¬
ing the Vistula and Oder basins and representing mainly the
Przeworsk
and Wielbark cultures survived
until the arrival of the first Slav communities to this area. However, in light of the presently available
archaeological sources, the contact between these two groups did not bring any noticeable changes in
the culture of the Slavs, who in the eastern part of present day Poland represented the variant referred
to as the Prague culture. The population representing this early Slavic culture, as well as the groups that
formed two other early Slavic cultures in the 5th century (the so-called Kolotschin and Penkovka cultures)
originated from the territories on the middle and upper Dnieper River. In the 3rcMth centuries, these areas
were occupied by the Kiev culture, whose representatives should, in the light of the research conducted
over many decades, be regarded as the direct ancestors of the early medieval Slavs.
Thanks to the account of
Jordanes,
the early Slavic population known to archaeologists as the Prague
culture (and whose material relics have been discovered over vast areas stretching from Kiev in the
east to Upper Silesia in the west) can be identified with the western branch of the early Slavs, called
the Sclaveni, The mentioned author announces in the mid-6th century that the territory occupied by the
Sclaveni reached as far to the west as the sources of the Vistula River. This clearly indicates that they
had occupied the area that later became known as
Małopolska
(which roughly corresponds with the
upper Vistula basin) at least since the beginning of the 6th century
ВС. То
present the settlement model
of the Early Slavic period in Poland, well investigated over the last
40
years thanks to the studies by
K.
Godłowski
and M.
Parczewski,
it is most convenient to use examples from
Małopolska.
The upper
Vistula basin is the area that has yielded the largest and most abundant sites of this culture in Poland
(39
sites, including
2
confirmed and
2
probable flat cremation burials in urns). The vast majority of these
sites are open settlements, usually small and of a rural character (no relics of fortifications dated to the
Early Slavic period have been discovered in
Małopolska).
The largest settlements comprised fewer than
twenty houses. The settlements represented a so-called 'unordered' layout, with households stretched in
chains along the edge of a flood terrace of a creek or major river. During the Early Slavic phase, which
in Poland
(Małopolska
included) dates to the period from the early 6th century (or the second half of the
5th century) until approximately mid-7th century, the type of house typical of the entire area of Slavdom
was clearly predominant. This was a sunken-floor hut, dug into the ground, more or less square in plan
and whose area varied from
12
to nearly
20
m2. In one of the corners (or by one of the walls) was situated
either a clay stove, a stove built of clay-bound stones, or just a simple hearth. The relics of various pits,
mainly of a storage character, are also common in settlements. The economy was based on agriculture
214
Summary
(in that period probably mostly slash-and-burn farming), oriented first of all towards cereals, and on
stationary animal husbandry, with the predominance of cattle but also including pigs, sheep, goats and
horses. The artefacts that have been unearthed during the exploration of Early Slavic settlements sug¬
gest the relatively unsophisticated manufacture of various categories of objects. Clay vessels (which are
the most numerous category of finds on Early Slavic archaeological sites) were produced without using
a potter's wheel in that period. The vast majority of vessels were simple, undecorated pots. Iron was
obtained from bog ore, and was mainly used to manufacture the objects of everyday use, such as knives,
fishing hooks, but also arrowheads and spearheads (as confirmed by written sources from the
6*-?*
centuries). Spindle whorls are quite numerously represented in the sites of the period, which testifies to
textile manufacture. Bone tools of various forms are also widespread (awls, polishing tools, perforators).
In
Małopolska,
the sites dated between the 6th and mid-7th century yielded a few specimens of two-sided
bone combs (most likely imported from the areas on the middle Danube) and single bronze ornaments.
Some of the latter might have been cast locally, as is suggested by the discovery of a clay spoon-crucible
on one of the Early Slavic settlements in the
Kraków
area. The analysis of the Frankish written sources
clearly indicates that the areas of southern Poland
(Małopolska
included) were crossed by the nomadic
Avars during the two plundering raids they undertook from their temporary homeland in the Ukrainian
steppes towards the middle Elbe. The discovery of an antler tool typical of the Avar culture of the second
half of the 6th and the 7th century in one of the Early Slavic settlements near
Kraków
may perhaps be the
reflection of these campaigns.
The beginning of the next phase of development of the culture of early medieval Slavs in Poland
(Małopolska
included) is marked by a number of evolutionary transformations in this culture. Many of
these changes should be linked with external cultural impulses, especially those from the south (from
the middle and lower Danube basin), which is from the areas where the Slavs also arrived during their
great migrations in the 5th, 6th, and 7th centuries. One of the new phenomena most easily discernible in
the Slav culture was the introduction of potter's wheel in manufacture of clay vessels. Thanks to the
discovery of a large collection of vessel fragments in a burned hut at
Kraków-Wyciąże,
and which was
dated dendrochronologically, we know that this innovation first emerged among the Slavs inhabiting the
upper Vistula basin shortly before mid-7th century. It should be emphasised for as long as until the 13th
century, the Slavs in Poland first made vessels only using their hands and then finished on a wheel or
turntable. In the
б"1—
7th centuries, wheel processing was applied only to the upper parts of vessels (the
so-called 'top-turning', using a slow wheel), to subsequently cover the central, and also finally lower,
parts of pots. At least from the
10*
century on, some of the vessels were processed using a fast-rotation
wheel. It is worth emphasising that vessels started to be decorated as early as during the first half of the
7th century. Decorative motifs were limited to grooves (horizontal and wavy) and the imprints of the
potter's knife or so-called potter's comb. Today, most archaeologists believe that the discussed innova¬
tion in pottery manufacture came from the south. During the 8th century, objects such as stirrups, spurs
with hook-like or
О
-shaped attachments, or even single specimens of swords from Rhineland became
widespread among most of the Slavs. These objects first appeared as imports from non-Slavic cultural
areas (the Avar Khanate and the Frankish culture of late Merovingian and early Carolingian periods),
which subsequently became copied locally by the Slavs. This comes as little surprise, as intensive contact
(sometimes peaceful, sometimes hostile) maintained by the Slavs from the middle Danube basin with the
Avars and Franks favoured a rapid diffusion of various cultural innovations.
One of the most important changes to be noticed after mid-7th century, which also affected the Slavic
tribes from
Małopolska,
was the spread of a new form of burial, namely a cremation barrow burial. It
should be emphasised that
Małopolska
was among the territories where a custom was adopted to place
clay vessels
—
urns containing the remains of the deceased on the top of a barrow, and not beneath it.
Under some of the barrows were discovered the charred remains of more or less square timber structures,
which are most often interpreted as a kind of 'house of the deceased'. Relatively recently, another form of
burial was identified in
Małopolska,
which also dates to the 7th-10th centuries. These are flat cremations,
without urns, resembling a square or a rectangle in plan, less often oval. Such graves were previously
known mainly from excavations in the northern parts of western Slavdom, where they are referred to as
burials of the Alt
Kabelích
type. These graves are also regarded as reflecting the idea of a 'house of the
deceased'. It should be emphasised that pre-Christian cremation burials in Poland were furnished only
with clay vessels. Any other artefacts are only discovered exceptionally in such graves. Excavations and
field-walking surveys confirm that the network of unfortified rural settlements, which were the basic form
215
of Slavic settlement, became considerably denser between the 7th and mid
10*
centuries. In some parts
of
Małopolska
the previous form of a house
—
a sunken-floor square building
—
was supplemented, or
even replaced by surface structures. These houses were probably 'log-cabin' or wattle-and-daub construc¬
tions. The relics of these new house forms are so-called bath shaped features (resembling an elongated
rectangle or oval in plan), which perhaps are the relics of cellars or pits used for house heating.
The first early medieval strongholds in
Małopolska
were built by local Slavic tribes. The information
from written sources of the 9th and
10*
centuries confirm that, in the pre-state phase of the early Mid¬
dle Ages, the upper Vistula basin was inhabited by two so-called large tribes: the
Wiślanie (Wiślane)
and
Lędzianie (Lędziane
or
Lendians).
The
Lędzianie
probably occupied the eastern part of present day
Małopolska
(their central strongholds in the second half of the 10th century were
Czerwień
and
Przemyśl)
and some parts of the upper Pripyat River basin, while the western part of
Małopolska
was inhabited by
the
Wiślanie.
Of the nearly
60
Slavic strongholds in
Małopolska
that date to before the
10*
century,
13
are
believed to have been constructed during the 8th century. Two of them, namely Trzcinica and Chodlik I,
are dated dendrochronologically to the 8th century, and the oldest phase of the stronghold at Naszacowice
has its 8th-century chronology confirmed by late-Avar imports. It can be concluded that among the earliest
defensive sites were small single-enclosure objects, as well as single- or multi-enclosure earthworks of
at least several hectares in size, such as the already mentioned strongholds at Chodlik, Naszacowice and
Trzcinica. As for the oldest phase of the Naszacowice stronghold, there are clues suggesting that the site
area might have amounted to
15
hectares already in that phase. However, this hypothesis requires further
research to be confirmed. It should be emphasised that the relics discovered within the ramparts of the
majority of the oldest strongholds in
Małopolska
(dated to the 8th century) suggest that these strongholds
were permanently inhabited by only a small group of people. This also applies to the Naszacowice strong¬
hold, where traces of iron processing were discovered and the manufacture of bone- and antler artefacts
was confirmed. However, this was most likely a local household production rather than large-scale activ¬
ity. It is worth mentioning that two strongholds from the southern part of
Małopolska
yielded late-Avar
fittings, and within eight other strongholds or in their immediate vicinity were discovered stirrups with
hook-like or
О
-shaped attachments. Recently, such discoveries have been interpreted as material traces
of the processes of the consolidation of tribal elites (which took place probably yet before the end of the
8th century), who concentrated in their hands the objects of luxury acquired through exchange or, more
likely, through military expeditions. Late-Avar bronze belt fittings and stirrups dated to the 8th century
were discovered on single strongholds in other parts of Poland
(Biskupin, Lubomia)
as well as in Bohemia,
Moravia and Slovakia. This confirms that the processes of the consolidation of tribal societies followed
a similar pattern in the southern part of western Slavdom.
The results of studies on the early-Slavic phase in
Małopolska
have confirmed that the vast majority
of the oldest strongholds were constructed within the already existing settlement clusters, which had
functioned since the
б"1-?"1
centuries. This is the case with the
Sącz
Basin, where Early Slavic features
were discovered on one of the sites at
Podegrodzie.
It is worth recalling in this context that despite its very
early strongholds,
Małopolska
was not among the areas where the oldest defensive sites of the Szeligi,
Haćki
or
Zimne
type occurred, and which are dated to the
б*-?*
centuries. There are insufficient clues to
determine why strongholds started to be constructed in
Małopolska
in the 8th century. One of the reasons
is believed to be the supposed, although very likely, threat from the Avar Khaganate. Another might have
been the internal processes of tribal elite formation, which found material reflection in the construction
of fortifications. Regardless of the reasons responsible for undertaking such enormous effort, it is beyond
any doubt that from their very beginning strongholds, apart from other supposed functions (e.g. symbolic
ones, connected with some cult rituals, with the enthronisation of tribal rulers, or as a place for tribal
assemblies), also played the role of
refugia
for the local population. The above is confirmed by written
accounts referring to the Bohemian Basin in the first half of the 9th century.
The process of stronghold building in the upper Vistula basin gained a considerable impetus during
the next, 9th century. Most of the
60
tribal strongholds in
Małopolska
were founded in this period. The
construction of the earliest stronghold at
Zawada Lanckorońska,
situated in the Zakliczyn Depression on
the lower
Dunajec
River, should perhaps be linked even with the second half of the 8th century. During
first two phases of its functioning, the stronghold was a small single-enclosure object, of slightly above
1
hectare in area. It was only in the third phase, during the last
30
years of the 9th century, that additional
lines of ramparts and a large outer enclosure were added, which increased the stronghold's area to
9
hectares. It cannot be ruled out that the stronghold at
Stradów in
Świętokrzyskie
province was built yet
216
Summary
before the end of the 8th century, although its enlargement to a site of nearly
25
hectares, took place most
likely during the 9th and 10th centuries. To the 9th century falls the construction of a subsequent phase
of the Naszacowice stronghold, as well as of two other, lesser strongholds in the
Sącz
Basin, namely at
Chełmiec
and Marcinkowice. Also in the 9th century the two-segment stronghold at Demblin in the fork
of the Vistula and
Dunajec
Rivers was built, the largest stronghold in
Małopolska.
It occupied an area of
over
26
hectares. The stronghold at
Zawada
near
Tarnów
was probably founded in the same period and
ranks among the largest in
Małopolska
with more than
15
hectares in area. The strongholds at
Zawada,
Naszacowice and
Stradów are
similar not only in their exceptionally large area, but also in the arrangement
of the ramparts that divided the entire complex into several outer enclosures and a clearly distinguished
central segment. Another distinct type of stronghold included those sites that followed the pattern first
recorded during the exploration of the
Wietrzno-Bóbrka
stronghold. Strongholds of this type were divided
into three or four contiguous enclosures arranged along a common axis of symmetry, and their area did
not exceed
3-4
hectares. Three such strongholds
—
the already mentioned complex at
Wietrzno,
and the
fortifications at Trzcinica and Przeczyca
—
were discovered in the
Wisłoka
River basin. On the other
hand, circular or oval strongholds surrounded with multiple lines of fortifications were a typical element
of settlement landscape in
Lubelskie
and
Podlasie
regions during the pre-state phase of the early Middle
Ages. These strongholds varied greatly in size, occupying from
1
to
8
hectares. Before the end of the 10th
century, tribal strongholds in
Małopolska
were distinguished by a great diversity in size (from less than
0.5
hectare to more than
26
hectares) and layout. The majority of small and medium-size strongholds
were not permanently inhabited. Those permanently occupied were inhabited by groups counting from
a few dozen to several hundred people (in the largest strongholds). As demonstrated by settlement studies
by M.
Parczewski,
tribal strongholds in the Carpathian zone (both in Poland and Slovakia) were located
almost exclusively on the margins of settlement clusters. This tendency distinguishes the southern part of
Małopolska
from its northern part, where strongholds were built in the centres of settlement clusters.
It remains unclear to what degree the development of strongholds in
Małopolska
was influenced by
contact with the Moravian state, noticeable in the archaeological record from the
9*
century. The conflict
between the duke of the
Wiślanie
and Great Moravia, attested to in The Life of St. Methodius, need not
necessarily be connected with the invasion of
Małopolska
by the forces of the Moravian ruler
Svatopluk
I (although the latter cannot be totally excluded). The discovery of the elements of equestrian equipment
originating from the Great Moravian culture in or in the immediate vicinity of eight tribal strongholds of
the 9th century only confirms the existence of contact with the Moravian state and connects these arte¬
facts with the tribal elites and strongholds they controlled. In
Małopolska,
the collection of
31
artefacts
regarded as imports or local imitations of artefacts of Great Moravian provenance is clearly dominated
by the elements of equestrian equipment (e.g. stirrups) and weaponry (e.g. battle-axes of the 'bradatica'
type). It cannot be ruled out that the tribal elites of the
Wiślanie
and
Lędzianie
adopted these technical
innovations from the Moravian culture in the 9th century.
It should be emphasised here that the entire southern part of western Slavdom shared several com¬
mon cultural elements in the pre-state phase, which allows us to speak of the existence of a kind of
cultural 'province' encompassing the territories of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia,
Małopolska,
parts of
Silesia and (in some aspects) also the south-eastern patches of Polabian Slavdom along the Elbe River.
In particular instances, the range of common elements could be smaller than described above, and the
areas of distribution of particular artefact categories did not always exactly overlap, too. However, it is
beyond any doubt that there was a discernible cultural canon which was common for the Slavic tribes
inhabiting these areas. Among the shared elements one should mention first of all a common burial rite
(barrow cremation) which was observed until the adoption of Christianity by the emerging states: first
the Moravian, then the Czech, and, finally, the Polish state. In most of the territory of this western-Slavic
'province', large and very large strongholds (up to more than
20
ha) were erected along with smaller
ones. Quite common in the discussed zone were so-called iron bowls of the Silesian type, which were
most likely a kind of non-monetary currency (and, at the same type, probably a kind of pan). The same
role was played by iron axe-shaped
grzywny (spatulate
bars of iron of a flat axe-like shape), commonly
discovered in the territory of Moravia, Slovakia and
Małopolska
and sporadically in Bohemia and Silesia,
as well as by so-called iron arrowhead-shaped
grzywny.
In Moravia, Silesia, Bohemia,
Małopolska,
and
sporadically in Silesia, hoards of iron objects were often deposited in the ground in the period preceding
the 10th century (and possibly even later in
Małopolska).
These hoards comprised the above-mentioned
217
grzywny
and Silesian-type bowls, as well as the elements of weaponry, equestrian equipment, and a wide
array of tools including those used by farmers, carpenters and blacksmiths.
The turbulent history of the tribes inhabiting
Małopolska
in the
10*
century, which finds a reflection
in the scanty written accounts and abundant (although 'historically numb') archaeological evidence,
calls for great caution in reconstructing the development of the network of strongholds of the first
Piast
state in this area. The archaeological record clearly indicates that
Małopolska
was penetrated by groups
of nomadic Hungarian warriors in late 9th and the first half of the 10th century. According to the account
of
Constantine
Porphyrogennetos, the
Lędzianie
were subdued by the Kievan
Rus
in the first half of the
IO"1
century. The reign of Boleslaus I the Cruel, the duke of Bohemia, turned out to be an important pe¬
riod in the history of southern Poland. One of his main achievements was the subordination of the tribes
inhabiting
Małopolska
to the Czech state, which most likely took place soon after the Hungarians had
been crushed by German forces in
955.
In
981,
the Kievan grand prince Vladimir Sviatoslavich the Great
organised an expedition
'na Lachów',
which probably means against the
Lędzianie
tribe, and captured,
among other places, their two strongholds at
Czerwień
and
Przemyśl.
Czech rule over
Małopolska
came
to an end with the conquest of this territory by the forces of Mieszko I, which most likely took place in
989
or one-two years before that date. The process of the formation of the foundations of the state of
Mieszko I and
Bolesław Chrobry
was crowned by the establishment of the archbishopric in
Gniezno
in
the year
1000.
One of its dioceses was established in
Małopolska,
with the seat in
Kraków.
The turbulent
history of
Małopolska
is further reflected by the fate of the tribal strongholds. Most of them fell or were
abandoned during this century, although unfortunately little is usually known about the precise time or
reasons. Some were probably captured in the course of the numerous conflicts of the period. This was
perhaps the case with the stronghold at
Zawada Lanckorońska,
which was destroyed by a violent fire. The
hoard of silver and glass ornaments should perhaps be linked with this incident, which was hidden within
the stronghold at some point during the 2nd or 3rd quarter of the 10th century. In the case of several other
tribal strongholds it has recently been demonstrated that the Piasts incorporated them into the network
of state strongholds after the conquest of
Małopolska.
This means that these strongholds were re-built
after
989.
This was the case with the strongholds in
Kraków, Naszacowice, Stradów, Będzin,
and prob¬
ably also
Wiślica
and Trzcinica. Apart from
Kraków
and
Będzin,
the above strongholds were destroyed
or abandoned in unknown circumstances during the
1
1th century, perhaps in its first half.
(translated by
Piotr Godlewski) |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Poleski, Jacek |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1133585787 |
| author_facet | Poleski, Jacek |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Poleski, Jacek |
| author_variant | j p jp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041756265 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)878560512 (DE-599)GBV780313895 |
| era | Geschichte 500-1000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 500-1000 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kleinpolen (DE-588)4098501-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kleinpolen |
| id | DE-604.BV041756265 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:10:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788362261666 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027202501 |
| oclc_num | 878560512 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| physical | 399 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Opera Archaeologiae Iagellonicae |
| series2 | Opera Archaeologiae Iagellonicae |
| spelling | Poleski, Jacek Verfasser (DE-588)1133585787 aut Małopolska w VI-X wieku Studium archeologiczne Jacek Poleski ; Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Archeologii Kraków Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica" 2013 399 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Opera Archaeologiae Iagellonicae 3 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Małopolska in the 6th - 10th centuries AD Geschichte 500-1000 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Kleinpolen (DE-588)4098501-5 gnd rswk-swf Kleinpolen (DE-588)4098501-5 g Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Geschichte 500-1000 z DE-604 Opera Archaeologiae Iagellonicae 3 (DE-604)BV040924315 3 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027202501&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027202501&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Poleski, Jacek Małopolska w VI-X wieku Studium archeologiczne Opera Archaeologiae Iagellonicae Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4098501-5 |
| title | Małopolska w VI-X wieku Studium archeologiczne |
| title_auth | Małopolska w VI-X wieku Studium archeologiczne |
| title_exact_search | Małopolska w VI-X wieku Studium archeologiczne |
| title_full | Małopolska w VI-X wieku Studium archeologiczne Jacek Poleski ; Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Archeologii |
| title_fullStr | Małopolska w VI-X wieku Studium archeologiczne Jacek Poleski ; Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Archeologii |
| title_full_unstemmed | Małopolska w VI-X wieku Studium archeologiczne Jacek Poleski ; Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Archeologii |
| title_short | Małopolska w VI-X wieku |
| title_sort | malopolska w vi x wieku studium archeologiczne |
| title_sub | Studium archeologiczne |
| topic | Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Kleinpolen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027202501&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027202501&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040924315 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT poleskijacek małopolskawvixwiekustudiumarcheologiczne |