Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7: diagnosis and clinical management
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
2014
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| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 341 S. graph. Darst. 23,4 x 15,5 x 3,5 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780444627032 |
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B and HHV-7 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Human herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B and HHV-7
Autor: Flamand, Louis
Jahr: 2014
Contents
List of Contributors xiii
Foreword by Philip E. Pellett xv
Foreword by Yoshizo Asano xvii
Dedication xix
1. HHV-6A and HHV-6B Officially Classified as
Distinct Viruses 1
Joshua C. Pritchett and Dharam V. Ablashi
Introduction and Classification History 1
Distinct Epidemiology and Disease Associations 2
Acknowledgment 4
References 4
2. Practical Diagnostic Procedures for HHV-6A,
HHV-6B, ana H H V-7 9
Agnès Gautheret-Dejean and Henri Agut
An Overview of Diagnostic Strategies 9
Objectives 9
Direct and Indirect Approaches 10
Specimens 11
Methods of Direct Diagnosis 12
Cell Culture 12
Antigen Detection 12
Nucleic Acid Detection, Quantitation, and Sequencing 12
Differential Diagnosis of HHV-6A and HHV-6B Infection 15
Antiviral Susceptibility Assays 15
Serologic Methods 15
Techniques 15
Viral Antigens Used for Serologic Testing 17
Characterization of Specific Antibodies 17
Indications and Findings 18
Primary Infection 19
Chronic Infection and Reactivations 19
Chromosomal Integration 22
Epidemiology 25
Therapeutic Follow-Up 25
Conclusions: Practical Management of Diagnosis 26
References 26
v
Contents
3. Pathologie Features of HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7
Infection (Light and Electron Microscopy) 35
Gerhard R.F. Krueger and Irmeli Lautenschlager
Introduction 35
Viral Infection and Pathogenesis 35
Morphogenesis of Cell and Tissue Lesions 38
Anatomic (Systemic) Pathology of Tissues and Organs 39
Diagnostic Criteria 39
Pathologic Lesions in Primary Infection 39
Viral Persistence and Chromosomal Integration 41
Pathologic Lesions in Reactivation and Endogenous Reinfection 44
Morphology of Organ Systems in Reactivated Infections 44
Autoimmune Disorders 55
Virus Interactions 55
References 56
4. HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 in Febrile Seizures
and Status Epilepticus 69
Leon C. Epstein and John J. Millichap
Introduction 69
History of HHV-6, Roseola Infantum, and Febrile Seizures 70
HHV-6B and Febrile Seizures 71
HHV-6B and Recurrence of Febrile Seizures 73
HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 in Children with Febrile
Status Epilepticus 74
HHV-6 and HHV-7 and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy 75
HHV-6 Encephalitis in Immunocompetent Patients 76
HHV-6 and Limbic Encephalitis in Immunosuppressed Patients 76
Conclusions 77
References 78
5. HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 in Encephalitis 81
Joseph Ongrádi, Balázs Stercz, Tetsushi Yoshikawa, and
Dharam V. Ablashi
Introduction 81
General Aspects and Neurotropism of Human Herpesvirus
6A Infection 82
General Aspects of Human Herpesvirus 6B Infection 82
Importance of Chromosomally Integrated HHV-6 in Neurological
Conditions 82
Human Herpesvirus 7 83
Clinical Presentation of HHV-6- or HHV-7-Associated Encephalitis 83
Encephalitis Following a Primary HHV-6 or HHV-7 Infection in
Immunocompetent Individuals 83
Contents
Encephalitis Following Reactivation of HHV-6 or HHV-7 in
Immunocompromised Patients 84
Pathology and Pathogenesis 86
Risk Factors 87
Diagnosis 88
Clinical Manifestations and Other Relevant Information 88
General Laboratory Procedures 88
Electroencephalography, Neuroimaging, and Histopathology 89
Virological and Microbiological Investigations 89
Differential Diagnosis 91
Prognosis, Therapy, and Prevention 92
Conclusions 93
Acknowledgments 94
References 94
6. Cognitive Dysfunction from HHV-6A and HHV-6B 99
Danielle M. Zerr and Anthony L Komaroff
Introduction 99
The Difficulty of Attributing a Causal Role to HHV-6 in
Encephalitis 100
The Definition of Encephalitis 100
Attributing Pathogenicity to What Is Typically a Ubiquitous
Commensal 100
Understandable Deficiencies in the Literature 100
Inherited, Chromosomally Integrated Virus 101
HHV-6 Encephalitis at the Time of Primary Infection 102
Case Reports 102
Case Series and Large Systematic Surveys 103
HHV-6 Encephalitis in Immunocompetent Adults 105
Case Reports 105
Case Series and Large Systematic Surveys 106
HHV-6 Encephalitis in Inherited, Chromosomally
Integrated Virus 107
HHV-6 Encephalitis in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Recipients 108
Epidemiology of HHV-6 Encephalitis in the HCT Recipient 108
Clinical Presentation of HHV-6 Encephalitis in HCT Recipients 109
Laboratory Diagnosis in Encephalitis 110
Inherited Chromosomally Integrated HHV-6 111
Treatment of Encephalitis 112
Outcomes in Encephalitis 113
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 113
Conclusion 114
Acknowledgments 115
References 115
GD
Contents
7. HHV-6 and Multiple Sclerosis 123
Bridgette Jeanne Billioux, Roberto Alvarez Lafuente, and
Steven Jacobson
Introduction 123
Multiple Sclerosis 123
Genetic Factors in MS 124
Geographical Distribution in MS 124
Immigration Studies in MS 125
Environmental Factors and MS 125
Viruses and Multiple Sclerosis 126
EBV and MS 126
The Hygiene Hypothesis 127
Animal Models of Virally Induced Demyelination 127
Virally Induced Demyelination in Humans 128
Oligoclonal Bands and IgG Index in MS 129
Viruses Leading to MS Exacerbation 130
Antiviral Effects of lnterferon-ß and MS 130
HHV-6 and MS 131
History of HHV-6 Link with MS 131
Tissue Evidence of HHV-6 in MS 132
DNA Evidence for HHV-6 in MS Outside of the CNS 132
DNA Evidence for HHV-6 in MS in CSF 133
Serological Evidence for HHV-6 in MS 133
Effects of IFN-P on HHV-6 in MS 134
Evidence for HHV-6A in MS 134
Potential Mechanisms for HHV-6 Induced Autoimmunity in MS 134
Molecular Mimicry 134
Bystander Activation 135
Epitope Spreading 135
Additional Mechanisms by which HHV-6 May Affect MS 136
HHV-6 Leading to Apoptosis 136
HHV-6 Causing Inflammation 136
HHV-6 May Impair Remyelination 136
HHV-6 and Glutamate Dysregulation 137
HHV-6 and Impaired Phosphorylation of MBP 137
HHV-6 and HERVs 137
Conclusion 137
References 138
8. Human Herpes Virus 6B in Mesial Temporal Lobe
Epilepsy 143
Pitt Niehusmann, Jin-Mei Li, and Dong Zhou
Introduction 143
Immunohistochemical and PCR Studies on Epilepsy Biopsy Samples 146
Discussion 149
References 151
Contents
OD
9. HHV-6B and HHV-7 in Exanthema Subitum and
Related Skin Diseases 153
Tetsushi Yoshikawa
Introduction 153
Exanthem Subitum and HHV-6B 154
Exanthem Subitum and HHV-7 157
HHV-6B Reactivation in Severe Forms of Drug Allergy 157
Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease and HHV-6B 158
Pathogenesis of Skin Manifestations Due to HHV-6B Infection 159
References 161
10. HHV-6A and HHV-6B in Autoimmune Disease 167
Francesco Broccolo
Introduction 167
HHV-6 and Multiple Sclerosis 167
Pathogenic Hypotheses for HHV-6-lnduced Multiple Sclerosis 169
HHV-6 and Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases 172
Pathogenic Hypotheses for HHV-6-lnduced Autoimmune
Connective Tissue Diseases 172
HHV-6 in Hashimoto s Thyroiditis 173
Pathogenic Hypotheses for HHV-6-lnduced Hashimoto s Thyroiditis 173
References 174
11. HHV-6A and HHV-6B in Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity
Syndrome/Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and
Systemic Symptoms 179
Vincent Descamps, Mikoko Tohyama, Yoko Kano,
and Tetsuo Shiohara
Introduction 179
DIHS/DRESS Defined 179
Epidemiology 181
DIHS/DRESS Pathophysiology 181
Clinical Features and Laboratory Findings 183
Initial Findings 183
Flare-Ups and the Development of New Symptoms 186
Histopathology 186
Skin 186
Lymph Nodes 187
Liver 188
Viral Reactivation 188
HHV-6 188
Other Herpesviruses 189
Visceral Involvements and Sequelae of DIHS/DRESS 189
Visceral Involvement During the Course of DIHS/DRESS 190
CD
Contents
Sequelae of DIHS/DRESS 193
Differential Diagnosis 194
Management and Treatment 195
Conclusion 196
Acknowledgment 197
References 197
12. HHV-6A and HHV-6B in Solid Organ Transplantation 201
Irmeli Lautenschlager and Raymund R. Razonable
Introduction 201
HHV-6 Infections in Solid Organ Transplantation 202
Epidemiology 202
Clinical Perspectives 202
Chromosomally Integrated HHV-6 (ciHHV-6) in Organ Transplant
Patients 205
Diagnosis of HHV-6 Infection 207
Antiviral Treatment 209
Concluding Remarks 209
References 210
13. HHV-6A and HHV-6B in Recipients of Hematopoietic
Cell Transplantation 217
Danielle M. Zerr and Masao Ogata
Introduction 217
Epidemiology 217
HHV-6 Reactivation 217
Disease Associations 218
Pathogenesis 221
Encephalitis 222
Differential Diagnosis 223
Diagnosis 223
Chromosomal Integration 225
Approach to Diagnosis 226
Treatment 227
Prevention 227
Outcomes 228
Conclusion 229
References 229
14. The Immune Response to HHV-6 235
J. Mauricio Calvo-Calle and Lawrence J. Stern
Introduction 235
HHV-6 and Innate Immune Responses 235
Toll-Like Receptors and Type I Interferon Responses 236
NK Cell Responses 236
Contents f~~xTj
Modulation of the Chemokine Network by HHV-6 237
Adaptive Immune Response to HHV-6 237
Antibody Response to HHV-6 238
Modulation of T-Cell Responses 239
T-Cell Responses to HHV-6 240
Antigen Specificity of the T-Cell Response to HHV-6 242
Characterization of CD8+ T-Cell Responses 244
Conclusions 244
Acknowledgments 245
References 245
15. Chromosomally Integrated HHV-6 251
Mario Luppi, Leonardo Potenza, Guillaume Morissette,
and Louis Flamand
Historical Perspectives on ciHHV-6 251
ciHHV-6 and Diagnosis of HHV-6 Active Infection 254
Potential Clinical Outcomes Associated with ciHHV-6 256
Mechanism of Chromosomal Integration 257
Role for HHV-6 U94 in Chromosomal Integration 260
Conclusion 261
Acknowledgments 261
References 261
16. HHV-6 and HHV-7 in Cardiovascular Diseases and
Cardiomyopathies 267
Dirk Lassner, Gerhard R.V. Krueger, L. Maximilian Buja, and Uwe Kuehl
Introduction 267
Diseases of the Vascular System 269
HHV-6 and HHV-7 as Cardiac Pathogens 271
Conclusions 275
References 276
17. HHV-6 in Lymphohematopoietic Diseases 281
Sylvie Ranger-Rogez
Introduction 281
HHV-6 Cellular Tropism 282
Technical Advances and Evolving Results 282
Atypical Lymphoproliferations Induced by HHV-6 Infection 285
Hodgkin s Lymphoma as the Main Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Associated with HHV-6 in Immunocompetent Subjects 286
Characteristics of HHV-6 Found in Lymph Nodes 286
HHV-6 and Nodular Sclerosis HL (NSHL) in Young Adults 287
HHV-6 Association with EBV 288
Presence of HHV-6 in Various Cell Types and Reed-Sternberg Cells 288
Detection of HHV-6 in Other Lymphoproliferative Diseases 288
(xii j Contents
Non-Hodgkin s Lymphomas in Immunocompetent Subjects 288
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 290
H H V-6-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders in
Immunocompromised Individuals 290
Posttransplant LDs 290
AIDS-Related LDs 291
Proposed Mechanisms for HHV-6 in Lymphoproliferative Disorders 291
Transforming Capacities of HHV-6 291
HHV-6 Transactivation of Genes 291
Transactivation ofViral Genes 292
Ability of HHV-6 to Integrate into Host Cell Chromosomal DNA 293
Role of HHV-6 in Cell Proliferation by Dysregulation of the
Cytokine Network 293
Conclusion 293
References 293
18. HHV-6A and HHV-6B in Cancer 297
John R. Crawford
Introduction 297
HHV-6A and HHV-6B in Lymphoma 298
HHV-6A and HHV-6B in Leukemia 300
HHV-6A and HHV-6B in Cervical Carcinoma 300
H H V-6 A and HHV-6B in Brain Tumors 301
Mechanisms of HHV-6A and HHV-6B in Cancer 304
Discussion 305
References 306
19. Treating HHV-6 Infections 311
Joshua C. Pritchett, Lieve Naesens, and Jose Montoya
Introduction 311
HHV-6 Infection 311
Disease Associations and Need for Treatment of Acute HHV-6
Infections 311
Antiviral Treatment Options 312
In Vitro Efficacy of Commonly Used Anti-HHV-6 Agents 312
Virus Strains 314
Cell Lines 314
Antiviral Assays 318
Measurements and Data Calculations 319
Results 320
Clinical Treatment and Management of HHV-6 Infections 321
New Options for Management of HHV-6 Infections 321
Acknowledgments 325
References 325
Index
333
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| spelling | Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 diagnosis and clinical management Louis Flamand ... Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B and HHV-7 3. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2014 XIX, 341 S. graph. Darst. 23,4 x 15,5 x 3,5 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Herpes group virus type 6 cabt herpes cabt diagnostic techniques cabt Flamand, Louis Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027165100&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 diagnosis and clinical management Herpes group virus type 6 cabt herpes cabt diagnostic techniques cabt |
| title | Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 diagnosis and clinical management |
| title_alt | Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B and HHV-7 |
| title_auth | Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 diagnosis and clinical management |
| title_exact_search | Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 diagnosis and clinical management |
| title_full | Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 diagnosis and clinical management Louis Flamand ... |
| title_fullStr | Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 diagnosis and clinical management Louis Flamand ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 diagnosis and clinical management Louis Flamand ... |
| title_short | Human Herpesviruses HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 |
| title_sort | human herpesviruses hhv 6a hhv 6b and hhv 7 diagnosis and clinical management |
| title_sub | diagnosis and clinical management |
| topic | Herpes group virus type 6 cabt herpes cabt diagnostic techniques cabt |
| topic_facet | Herpes group virus type 6 herpes diagnostic techniques |
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