Komunistyczny aparat bezpieczeństwa wobec pielgrzymek stanowych do Piekar Śląskich (1947 - 1989):
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Katowice
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
2013
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 351-363. Indeksy |
| Physical Description: | 389 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788376294728 |
Staff View
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| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 351-363. Indeksy | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1947-1989 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Summary
The Marian cult in
Piekary Śląskie
started in the second half of the 17th century. Then, the
sanctuary in that town was being developed throughout the following centuries, and so were
various forms of pilgrimage ministry. From the end of the 19th century, apart from parish pil¬
grimages, the state pilgrimage movement of religious, social, national or professional organisa¬
tions and associations also developed. In the inter-war period state and professional pilgrimages
were organised during special celebrations called rallies or gatherings. After World War II state
gatherings of men and young males as well as of women and girls became an important point in
the diocesan calendar of pilgrimages to
Piekary Śląskie.
They were held for the first time in
1947
and, apart from one four-year break
(1953—1956)
which was caused by banishing bishops from
the diocese, they have been organised every year on the initiative of the local ordinary bishop;
men and young males gather in
Piekary Śląskie
on the last weekend of May, and women and
girls have their meeting on the Sunday following the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin ceremony.
After World War II the sanctuary in
Piekary Śląskie,
feast and ceremonies that were organised
there and their participants were under special supervision of the communist authorities. Meet¬
ings of thousands of people publicly manifesting their attachment to religion and to the Roman
Catholic Church disturbed the concept that the communists planned for Upper Silesia
—
as
the strategic region in the country in terms of economy and ideology.
In years
1947-1989
the party apparatus, state administration and security agencies used
diverse methods to prevent those gatherings. Manipulating legal provisions on religious gath¬
erings, especially adopting the Act on Gatherings of 29th March
1962,
allowed to control
them by not granting permits to organise them. Apart from legal arguments, the development
of religious cult was also prevented by: restricting the space for religious cult, administrative
persecution of pilgrimage sites, annulment of certain bank holidays related with some religious
feasts and ceremonies, organising events aiming at drawing people away from religious feasts, an
unprecedented example of which was the organisation of national celebrations of One Thousand
Years of the Polish State at the time of religious celebrations of the Millennium of the Baptism
of Poland in
1966.
The religious policy in the Polish People s Republic aimed at detaching the
masses from the Church and making the clergy faithful to the state.
As concerning the party apparatus, state administration and security agencies, the least
known activities are those that were carried out by the political police. Due to their broad scope
of activity, technical and staff resources, security agencies were able to carry out multifaceted
activities in relation to state gatherings in
Piekary.
They were carried out internally, within the
structures of the political police, but also in external relations
—
with organisers and pilgrimage
313
Summary
participants, on one hand, and with party units and state administration on the other hand.
Those processes happened simultaneously and they intermingled.
At voivodeship level the units that dealt with religious issues in the political police struc¬
tures were the following: Section V of Department V of the Voivodeship Public Security Office
[WUBP]
(1946-1953),
Department XI of the Voivodeship Public Security Office [WUBP}
(1953-1955),
Department VI of the Voivodeship Office for Public Security [WUdsBP]
(1955-
1956),
Group V of Department III of the Voivodeship Citizens Militia Station [KW MO}
(1956-1962)
and department IV of the Voivodeship Citizens Militia Station {KWMOJ/Voivode-
ship Office of the Interior [WUSW]
(1962-1989).
In local Security Office [UBl/Security Service
[SB] units tasks related with religion were carried out by selected officers or departments or
sections as units that corresponded with voivodeship structures. The division for religious issues
was supported by other UB/SB departments, e.g. department III which dealt with political op¬
position, department II (counter-intelligence), investigation department, department B which
specialised in surveillance, department T which was responsible for operational engineering,
department W dealing with correspondence control, passport department or border traffic
control department. Celebrations in
Piekary Śląskie
were conducted under strict supervision of
UB/SB and Citizens Militia [MO] officers, together with Voluntary Citizen s Militia Reserves
[ORMO]
and Motorized Reserves of the Citizens Militia [ZOMO].
The organisers of state pilgrimages (bishops, curia workers, parish priests, lay people) and
their participants (lay people, representatives of democratic opposition, members of the Polish
episcopate as well as foreign guests) were under special supervision of security agencies.
The operational-organisational scheme of activities carried out by security agencies was di¬
vided into three stages: before the pilgrimage, on the day of starting the celebrations and after
the pilgrimage. Reconnaissance of preparations for a pilgrimage allowed to provide party units
and state administration with confidential information which often constituted the basis for
assessing the situation and it influenced the process of decision-making in terms of counteract¬
ing those religious gatherings. On the day of celebrations the pilgrims were under operational
watch from the moment of beginning the pilgrimage until its end. The attention of the officers
focused on the following elements: clergy and lay people s attendance, number of delegations
and orchestras, the use of religious and anti-state symbols, decoration of pilgrimage groups, and
during the ceremony they paid attention to the contents of public speeches, the atmosphere
and behaviour of pilgrims. An important part in carrying out UB/SB tasks was that of their
co-workers who would pass information on preparations for a pilgrimage, they provided access
to church documents in this respect, and some realised some special tasks: they manipulated
the organisers e.g. to change slogans on Calvary plates or to change the contents of speeches,
they participated in pilgrimages by observing how the pilgrims behaved, they gave reports on
dinners for pilgrimage guests and made an assessment of the celebrations.
Other tasks of security agencies officers included collecting documents allowing to evaluate
the nature and course of the pilgrimage and also proving hostile behaviour of the participants.
That is why all the public speeches were recorded, some more important parts of the celebra¬
tions and people taking part in them were photographed and filmed, plate numbers of cars were
being written down and photos of those cars were taken, especially of institutional cars parked
314
Summary
in
Piekary
and in the area on the day of pilgrimage. After the celebrations ended and all the
materials were collected, detailed reports and statements were prepared for party units, state
administration and for the UB/SB management.
The performance of operational tasks related with state gatherings in years
1947—1989
was sinusoidal: if satisfactory results were achieved in some areas of activity, then other areas
also required improvement or some new challenges emerged.
Ifin
the initial period there were
problems with reconnaissance and obtaining information before the celebrations, then in years
1965—1966
they were recognised as satisfactory, while too great attendance at pilgrimages be¬
came a challenge. According to documents that survived until today, the confrontation related
with attendance led to a situation where the number of participants was overstated by church
organisers and it was understated by the government apparatus. At the beginning of
1970s,
as the regulations on international flow of citizens were relaxed, the problems of infiltration
and control of foreign guests inflow to
Piekary
occurred, as well as the problem of securing
their stay in Poland. On the other hand, the end of
1970s
and the beginning
oí
1980s
forced
the security agencies to face the problem of ostentatious presence, mainly at male pilgrim¬
ages, of democratic opposition representatives, especially of the Solidarity Movement {NSZZ
Solidarność }
members from various regions of the country.
Security agencies officers used a full range of methods on pilgrimage organisers and partici¬
pants: from repression, persecution and threatening (dominant in the Stalinist period), through
manipulation and disintegration of their activities, to official co-operation in organisational
terms (from the first pilgrimages of John Paul the Second to Poland). The number of security
agencies officers involved in those activities gradually increased and during May celebrations in
years
1983—1986
it reached around
350
operational officers and
250
prevention officers (apart
from ZOMO units).
In almost forty years history of securing gatherings in
Piekary Śląskie,
despite many years
of experience, applying the most advanced technology in opetational work, adequate number
of officers controlling the course of the meetings and a vast network of agents, security agen¬
cies did not manage to permanently limit the size of this massive feast. They did not manage
to eliminate undesired or even
—
according to the government apparatus
-
hostile events
and situations either. Those always included: hostile speeches of the church hierarchy and of lay
people who represented the pilgrims, elements of decoration of pilgrimage groups and of the
Calvary, pro-church and anti-state behaviour of the pilgrims.
In
1980s
the pilgrimage movement in
Piekary Śląskie
underwent a visible
revitalisation
and
the diocese May meetings gradually started transforming into pilgrimages of the labour world
with the participation of representatives of various regions and dioceses in the country. According
to SB, in years
1981—1982
around
200
pilgrims visited the Calvary in
Piekary Śląskie
in May.
SB officers
—
Marian Chwedczuk and
Andrzej Filipek
analysed the activities of the politi¬
cal police in reference to state pilgrimages in
Piekary
in years
1983—1986
and they presented
a number of charges which, in their opinion, were the reasons for this ineffectiveness and they
were due to shortcomings in the work of security agencies and state apparatus.
Ineffectiveness in counteracting state pilgrimages should have induced some party apparatus
reaction. Its lack could, on one hand, be a sign of the authorities weakness in relation to the
315
Summary
society in Poland, including its religious attitude. On the other hand, it could indicate a conscious
choice of tactics that allowed the society and the Church to express and manifest their attitudes
in a controlled way, restricted to the Calvary in
Piekary Śląskie.
Cardinal
William Baum
from the
USA, a participant of the gathering for males of the 28th of May
1978,
pointed to this aspect
of State-Church relationship in the context of state gatherings in
Piekary Śląskie.
According to
information collected by SB, he allegedly said that the authorities treated the men s pilgrimage
as a safety valve . Workers released their emotions in
Piekary Śląskie,
which helped them to
return to difficult reality.
Regardless of the causes due to which it was impossible to restrict the mass nature of state
meetings in
Piekary
in years
1947—1989,
they were definitely a global, religious phenomenon
—
a phenomenon of workers remaining with God and the hierarchic Church, of boldly opposing
the government apparatus and its anti-religious policy as well as of publicly manifesting one s
faith in a country belonging to the socialist block and, by ideological assumptions, to the atheist
countries of East-Central Europe.
Translated by
Magdalena Mańko-Kuzaj
316
Table
of Contents
Introduction
............................................................................................................ 5
Chapter I.
Piekary Śląskie
-the Main Marian Sanctuary of Upper Silesia
................. 17
1.1.
From the past of a pilgrimage site
.................................................................... 18
1.2.
Jasna Góra
and
Piekary Śląskie
........................................................................ 27
Chapter
II.
The Policy of the Party-State Apparatus Concerning the Post-War
Pilgrimage Movement
....................................................................................... 33
2.1.
Legal and administrative regulations on religious meetings
.............................. 35
2.2.
The mechanisms of interdependency and cooperation of government apparatus
structures in carrying out anti-church policy
.................................................... 48
2.3.
The space of cult and the space of the State
..................................................... 62
2.3.1.
Political classification of pilgrimages
.......................................................... 63
2.3-2.
Pilgrimage centres
..................................................................................... 66
2.3.3.
Feasts and ceremonies
................................................................................ 71
2.3.4.
Religious decorations and decorations of pilgrim s groups
......................... 73
2.4.
Competitive and confrontation counteractions
................................................. 76
Chapter Ml.
Local Security Apparatus Structures Participating in Activities Against
State Pilgrimages to
Piekary Śląskie...............................................................
87
3.1.
Voivodeship and poviat
UB
structures for religious issues
(1945-1956) ........... 87
3.1.1.
Section V of Department V of WUBP
(1946-1953) ................................. 88
3.1.2.
Department XI of WUBP
(1953-1955) ................................................... 90
3.1.3.
Department VI of WUdsBP
(1955-1956) ................................................ 91
3.1.4.
Poviat units on the example of the PUBP/PUdsBP in
Tarnowskie Góry
(1945-1956) ............................................................................................. 92
3.2.
Voivodeship and field SB structures for religious issues
(1956-1989)................ 95
3.2.1.
Group V of Department III of KW MO and SB field units
(1956-1962) ... 95
3.2.2.
Department IV of SB at
KW MO/WUSW
and field units of the division for
religious issues
(1962-1989)...................................................................... 97
387
Table
of Contents
3.3-
Other
UB/SB
departments participating in activities related with pilgrimages to
Piekary Śląskie.................................................................................................
104
3.4.
The number of officers and equipment used in
Piekary
.................................... 107
Chapter IV.
Operational-Organisational Scheme of Activities of the Security
Apparatus in Relation to State Pilgrimages
..................................................
1
15
4.1.
Activities preceding pilgrimages
...................................................................... 116
4.1.1.
Reconnaissance and counteracting the preparations
................................... 116
4.1.2.
Organisational tasks and documents preparation
....................................... 135
4.2.
Piekary Śląskie
on the day of pilgrimage
—
under the supervision of security
agencies
........................................................................................................... 142
4.3-
Post-pilgrimage tasks
....................................................................................... 154
Chapter V.
Basic Methods of Operational Work Carried Out in Reference to State
Gatherings Organisers
...................................................................................... 157
5.1.
Organisers of state pilgrimages in
Piekary Śląskie ............................................
158
5.2.
Gaining and deepening the knowledge on pilgrimage organisation and pro¬
gramme
........................................................................................................... 160
5.3.
Operational work in parishes
........................................................................... 170
5.3.1-
Control of the execution of curia s instructions
........................................... 171
5.3.2.
Disintegration of pilgrimage organisation
.................................................. 178
5.4.
Repressive methods of restricting organisers activities
..................................... 182
5.4.1.
Interrogations and charges
........................................................................ 184
5.4.2.
Attempts of forcing to co-operation
........................................................... 187
5.4.3.
Administrative penalties
............................................................................ 189
5.5.
Manipulative methods of influencing the organisers
......................................... 193
5.5.1.
Organisers and destroyers
.......................................................................... 194
5.5-2,
Plates and decorations on the Calvary
........................................................ 202
5.5.3.
Comprehensive manipulative activities on the example of the visit of Abp.
Luigi Poggi................................................................................................
206
5.5.4.
Attendance
................................................................................................ 209
Chapter VI.
Participants of Gatherings in
Piekary Śląskie
under Control of the
Security Apparatus
............................................................................................. 217
6.1.
Lay participants of state gatherings
.................................................................. 217
6.2.
Church hierarchy at a pilgrimage in
Piekary Śląskie .........................................
245
6.3.
Foreign guests to pilgrimages
.......................................................................... 265
6.4.
Representatives of the democratic opposition in
Piekary Śląskie .......................
284
388
Table
of Contents
Conclusion
............................................................................................................... 305
Summary
................................................................................................................. 313
Appendix (photographs, maps, documents)
............................................................. 317
List of abbreviations
................................................................................................. 345
List of tables
............................................................................................................ 349
Bibliography
............................................................................................................ 351
List of names and nicknames
.................................................................................... 365
List of places
..................................................,......................................................... 377
Bayerische
389
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Banaś, Kornelia |
| author_GND | (DE-588)139668691 |
| author_facet | Banaś, Kornelia |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Banaś, Kornelia |
| author_variant | k b kb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041619147 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)873428769 (DE-599)BVBBV041619147 |
| era | Geschichte 1947-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1947-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Piekary Śląskie (Polska) / Sanktuarium Matki Sprawiedliwości i Miłości Społecznej jhpk Piekary Śląskie (DE-588)4517464-7 gnd Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Piekary Śląskie (Polska) / Sanktuarium Matki Sprawiedliwości i Miłości Społecznej Piekary Śląskie Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV041619147 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:01:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788376294728 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027060217 |
| oclc_num | 873428769 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 389 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Banaś, Kornelia Verfasser (DE-588)139668691 aut Komunistyczny aparat bezpieczeństwa wobec pielgrzymek stanowych do Piekar Śląskich (1947 - 1989) Kornelia Banaś Katowice Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 2013 389 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 351-363. Indeksy Geschichte 1947-1989 gnd rswk-swf Kościół katolicki / Polska / 20 w / źródła jhpk Pielgrzymi i pielgrzymki chrześcijańskie / Polska / Śląsk, Górny (region) / historia jhpk Kościół i państwo / Polska / Śląsk, Górny (region) / historia jhpk Sicherheitsbehörde (DE-588)4054793-0 gnd rswk-swf Wallfahrt (DE-588)4064460-1 gnd rswk-swf Piekary Śląskie (Polska) / Sanktuarium Matki Sprawiedliwości i Miłości Społecznej jhpk Piekary Śląskie (DE-588)4517464-7 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Sicherheitsbehörde (DE-588)4054793-0 s Piekary Śląskie (DE-588)4517464-7 g Wallfahrt (DE-588)4064460-1 s Geschichte 1947-1989 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027060217&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027060217&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Banaś, Kornelia Komunistyczny aparat bezpieczeństwa wobec pielgrzymek stanowych do Piekar Śląskich (1947 - 1989) Kościół katolicki / Polska / 20 w / źródła jhpk Pielgrzymi i pielgrzymki chrześcijańskie / Polska / Śląsk, Górny (region) / historia jhpk Kościół i państwo / Polska / Śląsk, Górny (region) / historia jhpk Sicherheitsbehörde (DE-588)4054793-0 gnd Wallfahrt (DE-588)4064460-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054793-0 (DE-588)4064460-1 (DE-588)4517464-7 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Komunistyczny aparat bezpieczeństwa wobec pielgrzymek stanowych do Piekar Śląskich (1947 - 1989) |
| title_auth | Komunistyczny aparat bezpieczeństwa wobec pielgrzymek stanowych do Piekar Śląskich (1947 - 1989) |
| title_exact_search | Komunistyczny aparat bezpieczeństwa wobec pielgrzymek stanowych do Piekar Śląskich (1947 - 1989) |
| title_full | Komunistyczny aparat bezpieczeństwa wobec pielgrzymek stanowych do Piekar Śląskich (1947 - 1989) Kornelia Banaś |
| title_fullStr | Komunistyczny aparat bezpieczeństwa wobec pielgrzymek stanowych do Piekar Śląskich (1947 - 1989) Kornelia Banaś |
| title_full_unstemmed | Komunistyczny aparat bezpieczeństwa wobec pielgrzymek stanowych do Piekar Śląskich (1947 - 1989) Kornelia Banaś |
| title_short | Komunistyczny aparat bezpieczeństwa wobec pielgrzymek stanowych do Piekar Śląskich (1947 - 1989) |
| title_sort | komunistyczny aparat bezpieczenstwa wobec pielgrzymek stanowych do piekar slaskich 1947 1989 |
| topic | Kościół katolicki / Polska / 20 w / źródła jhpk Pielgrzymi i pielgrzymki chrześcijańskie / Polska / Śląsk, Górny (region) / historia jhpk Kościół i państwo / Polska / Śląsk, Górny (region) / historia jhpk Sicherheitsbehörde (DE-588)4054793-0 gnd Wallfahrt (DE-588)4064460-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kościół katolicki / Polska / 20 w / źródła Pielgrzymi i pielgrzymki chrześcijańskie / Polska / Śląsk, Górny (region) / historia Kościół i państwo / Polska / Śląsk, Górny (region) / historia Sicherheitsbehörde Wallfahrt Piekary Śląskie (Polska) / Sanktuarium Matki Sprawiedliwości i Miłości Społecznej Piekary Śląskie Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027060217&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027060217&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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