The neurobiology of learning and memory:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Sunderland, Mass.
Sinauer
2014
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 435 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781605352305 |
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| adam_text | Titel: The neurobiology of learning and memory
Autor: Rudy, Jerry W
Jahr: 2014
Table of Contents
1 Introduction: Fundamental Concepts
and Historical Foundations 1
Learning and Memory Are Theoretical Concepts 2
Psychological and Neurobiologies! Approaches 3
Psychological Approach 3
Neurobiological Approach 5
Historical Influences: The Golden Age 6
Phenomena and Ideas 6
The Neuron Doctrine and Synaptic Plasticity 9
Behavioral Methods 11
Core Themes 13
Synaptic Plasticity 14
Molecules and Memory 14
Memory Systems 14
Summary 15
References 15
x Contents
PARTI
Synaptic Basis of Memories 17
2 Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity:
Introduction 19
Two Approaches to Studying Synapses
that Support Memory 20
Simple System: The Gill Withdrawal Reflex 20
Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus 24
The Conceptual Basis and Methodology of LTP 27
Understanding the Field EPSP 29
What is Synaptic Strength? 35
Inducing and Measuring LTP 36
Long-Term Depression: The Polar Opposite of LTP 39
Summary 40
References 40
3 Modifying Synapses:
Central Concepts 43
The Synapse as a Biochemical Factory 44
Postsynaptic Density 44
Other Synaptic Proteins 46
Signaling Cascades 46
First and Second Messengers 46
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases 47
Glutamate Receptors Are Critical to the Induction of LTP 48
LTP Induction Requires Both NMDA and AM PA Receptors 49
Two Events Open the NMDA Channel 51
Increasing AM PA Receptors Supports the Expression of LTP 53
Contents xi
An Organizing Framework: Three Principles 54
The Duration of LTP Can Vary 55
Molecular Processes Contribute to LTP Durability 56
Synapses Are Strengthened and Maintained in Stages 57
Summary 57
References 58
4 Generating and Stabilizing the Trace:
Post-Translation Processes 59
Generating the Trace 60
Dynamics of AM PA Receptor Membrane Trafficking 61
Dynamics of Actin Regulation 65
Generating the Trace: Summary 68
Stabilizing the Trace 68
Parallel Signaling Cascades Regulate Actin Dynamics 71
Cell Adhesion Molecules Help Stabilize the Trace 74
Summary 79
References 79
5 Consolidating Synaptic Changes:
Translation and Transcription 83
The De Novo Protein Synthesis Hypothesis 84
The Genomic Signaling Hypothesis 88
Synapse-to-Nucleus Signaling 88
Soma-to-Nucleus Signaling 90
Translating Protein Requires Increased Calcium Levels 92
Extracellular and Intracellular Sources of Calcium 94
Recruiting Multiple Calcium Sources Increases LTP Duration 97
Summary 99
References 100
xii Contents
6 Consolidating Synaptic Changes:
Specific Mechanisms 103
Activation of Local Protein Synthesis 104
The mTOR-TOP Pathway 104
The BDNF-TrkB Receptor Pathway 104
Synthesis of a Key New Protein: Arc 106
Arc Antisense Blocks Long-Lasting LTP 106
BDNF-TrkB Consolidation Depends on Arc 107
Arc Sustains Actin Regulation 108
Confirming the Role of Actin Regulation 108
Contribution of Single-Spine Imaging Studies 109
Distinct Actin Pools Regulate Spine Growth 111
Targeting Plasticity Products 113
Protein Degradation and LTP 116
The Ubiguitin Proteasome System 116
Protein Degradation Influences Three Phases of LTP 117
Compartment-Specific Protein Degradation 120
Summary 121
References 123
7 Maintaining the Consolidated Trace 127
PKMÇ: A Promising Maintenance Molecule 129
Inhibiting PKMt Prevents LTP Maintenance 130
PKM ç Releases and Maintains GluA2 AM PA Receptors 132
Two Key Contributions of PKM ç 134
Trapping PKMfç 134
Genetic Engineering Reveals Additional
Maintenance Molecules 136
Contents xiii
Summary 137
References 138
8 Toward a Synthesis 139
Generation 139
Stabilization 141
Consolidation 142
Maintenance 143
Issues and Implications 143
The Importance of Actin Regulation 143
Synaptic Plasticity and Memory 145
Summary 148
References 149
PART 2
Molecules and Memories 151
9 Making Memories:
Conceptual Issues and Methods 153
LTP and Memory 154
Behavior and Memory 154
Test Behavior: The Window to the Memory Trace 155
The Learning-Performance Distinction 157
Dimensions of Memory Traces 158
The Concept of Memory Consolidation 159
xiv Contents
Electroconvulsive Shock and Memory Disruption 160
Memory Disruption: A Storage or Retrieval Failure? 160
Some Behavioral Test Methods for Studying Memory 161
Inhibitory Avoidance Conditioning 162
Fear Conditioning 163
Spatial Learning in a Water-Escape Task 164
Why These Three Behavioral Test Methods? 167
Methods for Manipulating Brain Function 167
Stereotaxic Surgery 167
Genetic Engineering 169
Summary 172
References 173
Memory Formation:
Early Stages 175
NMDA Receptors and Memory Formation 176
Pharmacological Alteration 177
Genetic Engineering 177
Cautions and Caveats 182
AM PA Receptors and Memory Formation 184
Fear Conditioning Drives GluAl AM PA Receptors into Spines 185
Preventing AMPA Receptor Trafficking Impairs Fear
Conditioning 185
Ampakines and Cognitive Enhancement 188
NMDA and AMPA Receptors: Acquisition and Retrieval 189
CaMKII and Memory Formation 191
Preventing Autophosphorylation of CaMKII Impairs Learning 192
CaMKII and Fear Memories 193
Actin Dynamics and Memory Formation 194
Contents xv
Working and Reference Memory Depend on Glutamate
Receptors 195
An Animal Model 196
Glutamate Receptor Composition Is Critical to Working
Memory 197
Summary 199
References 200
11
Memory Consolidation 205
The Research Paradigm 207
Transcription and Enduring Memories 208
The Importance of CREB 209
Some Memory Genes 213
Summary of Transcription 215
Translation and Enduring Memories 216
The De Novo Protein Synthesis Hypothesis 216
Methodological Issues 217
Multiple Rounds of Protein Synthesis 219
Protein Degradation Processes 226
Defining the Consolidation Window 227
Summary 228
References 229
12
Memory Maintenance
and Forgetting 233
PKMÇ and Memory Maintenance 234
Interfering with PKMÇ Erases a Taste-Aversion Memory 234
PKME Strengthens New Memories and Prevents Forgetting 235
xvi Contents
PKMÇ KO Mice Learn and Remember 235
Interpretive Caveat 236
Toward a Neurobiology of Forgetting 236
Summary 238
References 239
Memory Modulation Systems 241
Memory Modulation Framework 242
The Great Modulator: The Basolateral Amygdala 244
The Role of Epinephrine 246
The Epinephrine Vagus Connection 248
Norepinephrine Enhances Memories 251
Norepinephrine Enhances Glutamate Release
and Arc Translation 252
The Norepinephrine Signal in Other Storage Areas 254
The Epinephrine Liver-Glucose Connection 255
Bioenergenics and the Brain 255
Glucose Modulates Memory 255
Glucose and Aging 256
Glucose and Transcription 257
Glucocorticoids: The Other Adrenal Hormones 259
Summary 260
References 261
14 The Fate of Retrieved Memories 265
Reactivated Memory Disrupted by ECS 266
Active Trace Theory 266
Contents xvii
Reconsolidation Theory 268
Assessing Reconsolidation Theory 271
How Does Reactivation Destabilize the Trace? 272
Trace Restabilization and Trace Updating 275
Memory Erasure: A Potential Therapy 277
Preventing Drug Addiction Relapse 277
Eliminating Debilitating Fears 280
Stepping Back: Boundary Conditions 280
Summary 281
References 281
PART 3
Neural Systems and Memory 285
Memory Systems and
the Hippocampus 287
The Multiple Memory Systems Perspective 288
Example 1: Personal Facts and Emotions 288
Example 2: Personal Facts and Skills 289
The Case of Henry Molaison 290
The Episodic Memory System 292
The Animal Model Strategy 294
Studies of Patients with Selective Flippocampal Damage 296
The DNMS Paradox Resolved 298
Summary 299
References 299
xvîii Contents
The Hippocampus Index
and Episodic Memory 303
Properties of Episodic Memory 304
Conscious Recollection and Contextual Information Storage 304
Automatic Capture of Episodic and Incidental Information 305
Single Episode Capture with Protection from Interference 305
Properties Summary 306
A Neural System that Supports Episodic Memory 306
The Hierarchy and the Loop 306
The MTH System 308
The Indexing Theory of Episodic Memory 309
The Hippocampus Does Not Store Content 31 i
Pattern Completion and Pattern Separation 311
Why Not Just Store the Memory in the Neocortex? 312
Indexing Theory and Properties of Episodic Memory 313
Evidence for the Indexing Theory 314
Animal Studies 315
Shining Light on The Index 321
Summary 323
References 324
4 1 The MTH System: Episodic Memory,
I / Semantic Memory, and Ribot s Law 327
A Modular MTH System 329
Growing Up without the Hippocampus 329
Recognition Memory and MTH Modularity 331
Contents xix
The MTH System and Ribot s Law 332
The Standard Model of Systems Consolidation 333
Challenges to the Standard Model 336
Multiple Trace Theory 339
Other Evidence Relevant to the Debate 340
Ribot s Law Revisited: Summary 346
Summary 347
References 348
Actions, Habits, and the
Cortico-Striatal System 353
The Concept of Instrumental Behavior 354
Two Theories of Instrumental Behavior 356
Thorndike s Law of Effect 356
Tolman s Cognitive Expectancy Theory 356
Action and Habit Systems 358
With Practice, Actions Become Habits 361
A Conceptual Model for Actions and Habits 363
Action and Habit Systems Compete 364
Action Systems Are Vulnerable 365
A Cortico-Striatal System Supports Instrumental
Behavior 366
Neural Support for Actions 368
Neural Support for Habits 371
The Striatum Stores Action and Habit Memories 372
The Neural Basis of Rewarding Outcomes 374
Summary 376
References 376
xx Contents
Learning about Danger: The
Neurobiology of Fear Memories 379
The Fear System 380
The Neural Basis of Fear 382
Eliminating Dangerous Fears: Theories of Extinction 386
Neural Basis of Fear Extinction 389
The CS-noUS Neural Circuit 389
Why Fear Renews: A Role for the Hippocampus 389
Extinction Learning Depends on NMDA Receptors 391
New Insights: Extinction Can Erase Fear Memories 393
Extinction and Reconsolidation 394
Summary 395
References 396
Photo Credits 399
Glossary 401
Author Index 415
Subject Index 423
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| spelling | Rudy, Jerry W. 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)135725186 aut The neurobiology of learning and memory Jerry W. Rudy 2. ed. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer 2014 XX, 435 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 gnd rswk-swf Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 gnd rswk-swf Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd rswk-swf Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 s Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 s Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027059410&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rudy, Jerry W. 1942- The neurobiology of learning and memory Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 gnd Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 gnd Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd |
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| title | The neurobiology of learning and memory |
| title_auth | The neurobiology of learning and memory |
| title_exact_search | The neurobiology of learning and memory |
| title_full | The neurobiology of learning and memory Jerry W. Rudy |
| title_fullStr | The neurobiology of learning and memory Jerry W. Rudy |
| title_full_unstemmed | The neurobiology of learning and memory Jerry W. Rudy |
| title_short | The neurobiology of learning and memory |
| title_sort | the neurobiology of learning and memory |
| topic | Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 gnd Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 gnd Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd |
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