Europenism şi dileme identitare în România interbelică gruparea Criterion:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Romanian |
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Bucureşti
Ed. Muzeului Naţional al Literaturii Române
2013
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| Series: | Colecţia Aula Magna
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 141 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789731671895 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
Cuprins
1.
FORMAREA GRUPĂRII
CRITERION.
MAESTRUL ŞI DISCIPOLII
.7
1.1.
Delimitări conceptuale, clarificări metodologice
.7
1.2.
Formarea Criterionului în cadrul Şcolii lui Nae Ionescu
.13
1.3.
Constantele filosofiei lui Nae Ionescu
.13
1.4.
Raporturile lui Nae Ionescu cu criterioniştii
.22
1.4.1.
Nae Ionescu şi Mircea Vulcănescu
.22
1.4.2.
Nae Ionescu şi Mircea Eliade
.35
1.4.3.
Nae Ionescu şi Emil Cioran
.45
1.4.4.
Nae Ionescu şi Constantin Noica
.51
2.
REPREZENTĂRILE CONCEPTUALE ALE CRITERIONULUI
.57
2.1.
Cadru istoric şi cultural
.57
2.2.
Aprofundări noţionale: generaţie, spiritualitate, experienţă
.59
3.
DINAMICA CONFERINŢELOR CRITERIONULUI
.80
3.1.
Programul conferinţelor Criterionului şi avatarurile lor
.81
3.2.
Structura şi rolul conferinţelor criterioniste
.87
4.
IDEOLOGIE ŞI POLITICĂ. SFÂRŞITUL AVENTURII
CRITERIONISTE
.111
CONCLUZII
.119
BIBLIOGRAFIE.
.124
ADDENDA
ABSTRACT
.131
TABLE
DES MATIERES
. 141
ADDENDA
Abstract
If we question the background of a modern culture that has offered
clear proof of its excellence, it doesn't mean we mistrust its reputation. Still,
it has been some criticism centered on this aspect, criticism that derives
from the social sciences. Referring a culture's content to the social forces
that sustains it, bestowing a special importance to the collective
manifestations against the forms of individual expression and preferring
the latent message against the stated one, the social sciences would lead to
disclaiming the existence of an hierarchy
-
through the intellectual values
-
in exchange for a cultural relativism where all forms of expression and all
periods count.
Our project tries to emphasize a singular moment of Romanian's
modern culture: the case of the Criterion group
-
an essential group
consisting of the interwar intellectual elite. Even though it has been active
only for a short period of time, its profile was marked by the cultural
practices and representations. The purpose of this intercession is essential
for the intellectual history's economy: highlighting a stage where the most
Europeanist group proposed a specific method to approach the theme of
identity, to the injury of any ethnocentric rhetoric and pious reflex and of
some automatism and autochthonism that were striking the solidarity of a
cultural space. This group brought together young generation's interwar
elite: from Mircea
Vulcănescu
and
Petru Comarnescu
-
the founders of the
group, to Mircea Eliade,
Emil
Cioran,
Horia
Starnato,
Dan
Botta,
Constantin
Noica,
Alexandru
Christian Tell,
Paul Sterian,
Arşavir
and Haig
Acterian,
Mihail Polihroniade,
Paul Costin Deleanu and others.
When the elaboration and determination of such an important
moment of cultural Europeanism is in connection with Criterion's name
-
a
special meaning, that refers to the original root of the Greek word:
krimin
==
131
to judge, form a critical judgment, but not in the way of nihilism, as an final
expression of criticism, but in the way of comparing what happens to the
natural and objective way of how things should happen, of a constructive
criticism-, then such an intercession is not only one of restitution, reclaimed
in the side of collective memory and cultural identity, but also one of
meaning retrieval, in the perimeter of a adaptation that generates existence
and dialogue with other
consubstanţial
spaces.
The paper consists of five sequential units: Criterion's development
inside the interwar school, Criterion's conceptual representations,
Criterion's conference's dynamics, Criterion's practices, ideology and
politics; the end of the Criterionist adventure.
In the first chapter concerning Criterion's development inside the
interwar school, the radiography of the relevance between Nae Ionescu and
some of Criterion's representatives, that have different attitudes inside this
bloc, expresses some indisputable aspects, such as: the existence of a co-
naturality between the master and his followers, the shaping of some major
dimensions inside this School
-
authenticity, structure, personalization
-,
the existence of an innovative way of thinking and a specific modus
vivendi,
the attainment of a paideic instruction that will fructify later through
criterionists practices and representations.
Criterion's analysis, as a manifestation of a unique phenomenon of
Romanian intellectual interwar history, cannot be possible in the absence of
two fundamental operational concepts: genus proximus and differentia
specificae: the first term referring to the common denominator of this group,
and the second concept referring to the age diversity of its members. The
intellectual group, Criterion, which functions in the same triple registry:
social, cultural and ideological, represents the fundamental chapter of
Romanian modern intellectual history that appears as a model, although
for a short historical period.
Criterion's analysis could not be possible without highlighting its
steam, around which many personalities have irradiated. Nae Ionescu is
-
invariably- the common denominator of this group, an expression of the
young interwar generation, or of the
'27
generation, the cornerstone, or
simply: the reason for the possibility of any discussion about this
132
generation's existence. Therefore, building Criterion inside Nae Ionescu's
School is essential, being the presupposition on which we create the whole
functional theory of this intellectual group.
Without abolishing also the existence of some other tangential
contaminations on this group: Dimitrie
Gusti
for the representatives of the
young generation sociological direction
-
contamination that is more
related to a structured, technical way of work, not his beliefs
-
Nae Ionescu
and his School's decisive role in Criterion's movement remains essential.
The second chapter of the paper taps the generational problematic,
emphasizing its conceptual representations. Criterion's history works
based on some organic solidarity that modeled and structured this group of
intellectuals, giving it a special unity. This unity is also given by the specific
sociability form of this intellectual group, sociability that hallmarks any
intellectual generation. Criterion is an unusual phenomenon, since (in
terms of history) it can be considered as being a short generation, because of
its short existence, of almost two years, but it has continued to function as a
long generation, through its valuable members' prolongations, both outside
and inside the closed context of the communist Romania.
Two approaches are possible in the proper definition of the
intellectual generation: a first approach endorses the birth of the intellectual
generation as a result of some Youngman's encounter with an event or a
creationist crisis, leaving a common hallmark: a war or a convulsion of the
national community. The main objection that can be brought to this
approach is that these crises do not concern only one age class (generation),
but, through their amplitude, the whole civic structure.
The second approach implies the fact that the intellectual generations
appear and develop into a much wider perspective than the political one.
ТЋе
objection that can be brought to this type of approach implies avoiding
the ideological dimension of the generation, eliding that forma mentis that
structures an intellectual group. In fact, the generational effect appears
inside an age-range, recognized later by the collective memory, often
abusively, as being representative for the whole intellectual space.
The concept of generation pandered suspicion and reticence for a
long time: suspicion because the age-range succession is an inherent
."ív.;
. .
133
phenomenon of the societies, and reticence because the term of generation
was associated to other two concepts: the short time and the event.
Criterion's generation should be analyzed in the context of the
tension between tradition and modernity, as it tries to find that central
formula to combine the vernacularism with Occidental European's ideas. In
fact, the dialogue revolved around two types of models: the Community
model and the Association model. The organic invoked by the young
interwar generation, following in Nae Ionescu's tracks, does not identify
itself with the ethnic underlayer, but it does with the relationship
established at people's everyday existence level.
Hereby, they did not evoke the forces contented inside the political
class, but the organic solidarities
-
as it implies some sort of a public space.
This does not come against the European spirit, but against the
individualist one. In other terms, it is not about breaching Romania from
Europe, but about attaching the Romanian culture to the conservatism
established in a continental movement, with a clearly stated doctrine,
outside the abuses of the French Revolution.
The source of inspiration regarding the concept of generation, which
generated ample intellectual debates during the interwar period, is
represented by Nae Ionescu. This concept needed a theoretical elucidation
regarding the former generations. In contradistinction to the old
generation, which's mission was the fulfilling of the national ideal,
achieved on the 1st December
1918,
the post-war generation considered as
an ideal creating a strong culture, to carry the mark of the Romanian spirit.
In the perspective of the Romanian intellectual history, the apparition
of this group supposed the realization of the model elitist coordinate, both
critical and lucid, in the continuation of Maiorescu's program and of the
historical one of the
1906
generation. While the
1906
generation proposed
as a purpose fulfilling the historical ideal, through the unitary state of the
modern nation, Criterion tried to offer a valid cultural project leading to the
revelation of the elites, positioning paidea's track, through Europeanism.
The concept of generation becomes a major one, through comparative
and demonstrative reporting to the previous generations, and through the
permanent referral to the European generation. The young generation's
134
profile,
eloquently formulated by one of
iťs
founders, Mircea
Vulcănescu,
gravitates around two central points: experience and politics; neoclassicism,
purism, anti-historism, skepticism and agony; dialectical spiritualism, dualism,
salvation through culture, idealism and Christianity.
The young interwar generation's mission is to assure the synthesis
between objectivism and authenticity, not through imitation, but through
adequate methods that respond to the intellectual elite's specific problems.
These are specific: first
-
having the meaning of deliberate orientation
linked to the historical and local surroundings (Noica) and then with the
meaning of authentic living and universal problem solving by ingrained
consciences in the Romanian environment (EHade,
Vulcănescu, Cioran).
Through this second condition, the young generation tries to unravel a
problem that was crucial for the Romanian culture, for over a century: the
relationship between vernacularism and
universalism
and global
integration.
Criterion's representations acquire consistence through the three
fundamental concepts: generation, spirituality and experience, which give the
measure of complexity to a intellectual group that combined vernacularism's
tradition with the occidental idea's movement. The intellectual debate,
provoked by the young generation, around these concepts, highlights the
conscience of elite that this generation impressed to the Romanian space,
through the major role assumed, in forming a new strong culture; open to a
teeming dialogue with the European intellectual backgrounds.
Moreover, these concepts, as operational instruments, are the essence
for understanding the functioning mechanism of the Criterionist elite,
which refers not only to a generational becoming, but also to a natively
spiritual tradition, which assures its specificity in the Romanian intellectual
history.
The third chapter is dedicated to the dynamic of the criterionists
conferences. Criterion's presence in the public space through these
conferential cycles became more and more striking since it was not just a
simple captatio benevolentiae, but the idea of creating a new mood in
Romanian's modern culture. Criterion's activity in the public space was
visible through two specific forms:
135
1.
The conferences that this group kept between
1932-1933;
2.
The so called practices or cultural representations
-
by involving the
new interwar generation, coordinated by Nae Ionescu, in the great debates
of the interwar period, where the intellectual elite's role was that of
correcting the possible skids that different types of authorities (both lay and
charismatic) were producing. In fact, the participation of the young
generation to these cultural and spiritual debates will build the premises of
Criterion's future homogenization, in the perspective of outlining an
authentic elite that will assume the fulfillment of the cultural ideal.
Criterion's specificity consists of the conference practice as a cultural
manifestation form inside the public space. More exactly, they preferred the
conference of speafars, a special type of conference that is based on the
contradictory debate of the same subject, by three or more participants.
The plural approach of the same subject caused polemics and critical
ideas, just like those disputations, representing the innovation and
originality of this type of conference. The apparition of a fine and erudite
polemic trained the public's participation, creating a connatural link
between the audience and the lecturers. Through these conferences,
Criterion restored a solid intellectual tradition, constituting the mark of a
strong and healthy culture.
The Criterionist debates that threw together different ideological
positions formed a new direction in Romanian's modern culture. It could
be considered as a prolongation
-
in another horizon of expectations
-
of
the
Junimea
group. The terms: Criterion and symposium, just like forum, have
been introduced in the interwar circuit by
Petru Comarnescu.
The spirit of
ideas confrontation, of contradictory debates has been lifted by the
Criterion group at a new, lofty scientific level. The discursive spontaneity
assures the effervescence of the criterionists conferences.
By rejecting any exclusivity, simple attitudes or hollow rhetoric,
Criterion's conferences proved a new manner of creating culture: essential
themes for that specific historical context, in an atmosphere of intellectual
elegance, themes discussed from plural perspectives, with a substantial,
academic argumentation, everything based on the dimension of the
constructive criticism, not
dissolutive
criticism.
Through these conferences of speakers, Criterion brings back the
authentic intellectual tradition of Europeanism. To discuss great themes of
the occidental culture, without neglecting the details of the national culture,
represented Criterion's
sui
generis method of being innovative, original and
synchronized to the European intellectual flux. This way, it is possible to
mention Criterion's spirit
-
some sort of Ianus bifrons- in the Romanian
modern culture, in the way of a restorer force for the interwar space, a force
that tries to rebuild, through the conference practice, the lost bound with
the European spirituality.
Another fundamental dimension of this project stands in revealing
those mechanisms of Criterion's practices and cultural attitudes that are
related to the evolutional process of intellectual maturity of a space, in
which the training of the elites did not follow a basic direction, but an
urgent one
-
of the cultural imperative of the time.
The attention paid to the intellectual history implies an important
registry's decipherment, that of the relationship between identity and
different existence, of the combination between what we call the national
specificity and its projection in universality, without ignoring the relevance
between cultural and ideological. The elite's circulation of which Vilfredo
Pareto was speaking, that solidarity given by a specific hierarchic structure
and a specific
behaviorist
attitude, is relevant in Criterion's case, mainly
through the solidarity network created through its members and the
impact on the audience. Therefore, following Raymond Aron's typology on
elites, we can perceive Criterion as an aristocracy of the spirit.
Even though we tend to have the false idea or prejudice that the
theme of the elites is a mainly traditionalist one, belonging to the identity
agenda, especially in the meritocracy elites' case, that are not the free,
industrial society's revenue, we have in Criterion's case a confutation of
this theory, insomuch as the relevance of such a cultural phenomenon
belonged not only to a recalibration of the European tradition, but also of a
truly original, creative and open to the great intellectual problems of the
period, method of approach. Some of the problems are extremely fresh,
even in our postmodernism: let's just mention the relationship between the
Church and the state, the lay and theological instruction's purpose, the
inter-confessional approach.
Щ.
----------------------------------------137----------------------------------------.—
One of the elements of the specific interwar historical context is
constituted from the elite's position and its image. The meritocratic ideal
focuses once again on the traditional terms of the elite's social reproduction
on familial bases. This type of reproduction does not have legitimacy any
more, for as long as the intellectual represents, in the interwar context, at
least through the social imaginary level, the product of a new type of elite
generator, based
-
primordially- on a maximum of competence and self-
recruitment.
This new type of reproduction's characteristic is its selection from the
Universities, as it happened in Criterion's case. The obliteration of the
intellectuals from the strength field represents one of the origins of these
new forms of public intervention's inventions.
Our intercession sights the cultural history's explication upon the
relationship between ideological and the cultural as a real equation that has
adjusted, somehow, Criterion's functional mechanism. On this line, we
propose a plural approach for this intellectual group, from the perspective
of the intellectual history and the history of ideas, starting from the
structural relationship that is developed between cultural and ideological,
seen in a larger sense of mentality,
oí
forma mentis, and not in a restrictive,
political sense.
The forth chapter disputes the relationship between ideology and
politics, highlighting the end of the criterionist adventure. In a context
where the international political scene was profoundly split into two
distinctive camps: the Russian socialism and the European fascism,
Criterion Association could not avoid, at some point, this fall into the space
of the ideologies, against its cultural and spiritual challenge. This fight
between left and right
-
even though in the European space, the right was
not represented by the fascism, seen ideologically still as an appendix of the
left,
-
but, more exactly, of the nationalist movements.
In the interwar Romania, the ideological cleavage between left and
right was very clear: socialism (communism) and national Christianity. The
young criterionist generation was confronting with this ideological battle
that has dominated both the native and the international space.
138
The relationship between ideology and politics becomes a categorical
one for Criterion inasmuch way that inside the group it there are many
new orientations: the orientation towards the socialist and communist left,
the orientation towards the national-Christian right, tendency that becomes
major inside the group, the orientation towards the traditionalist right and
the democratic orientation
(Petru
Comarnescu,
Eugen
Ionescu).
The interwar Romania will have known these ideological
ingravescence avatars: right versus left, while the young generation also
had as a mission the spiritual fulfillment
-
creating an interior revolution,
that of reformation of the new man, able to bring back the lost moral
display and to splice the national identity to Christianity's pristine tradition
(the Orthodoxy).
Criterion's unity will have been broken by a series of events that
appear by the end of
1933,
events that have aggravate the tensions between
its members, ruining the organic solidarities between them and driving to
its dissolution. The rejection of thought manifestation, the attempt over the
thinking primate as a possibility of thought expression for the young
generation represented
primům movens
in the equability and unity fall
between Criterion's members. Plus, there was the strong state censorship
that wanted by any mean to obstruct Criterion's activity, for they became
too popular
-
leading to forbidding their manifestation in the public space.
Criterion's story represents an important page of Romanian modern
intellectual history, a history pointed by the presence of a young interwar
generation that tried to embody the Romanian idea (originality,
personalism,
creativity, the liberty of thought and maximum competence)
in the national culture and to recalibrate it to the European idea (the
intellectual tradition and occidental
spirituality).
Criterion represents the plenitude of the free manifestation of the
thought and the spirit, inside a constructive exercise of criticism,
compulsory to a solid and healthy intellectual tradition. Even though is
apparently unequal and contradictory in the manner of attitudes and
orientations, the Criterion association fulfills the cultural and spiritual ideal
of the modern Romania:
organicism
and universal aperture,
cosmopolitanism and elitism, tradition and innovation.
139
Criterion's intellectual history not only is essential for the study of
ideas from the interwar period, but it also allows the questioning over the
fight of ideas and ideologies from the Romanian society, mostly at the
different type of representation level. From this perspective, Criterion's
mapping becomes emblematic for the history of ideas and elites: in their
role of ideas producers, the criterionist intellectuals are, above all, actors of
the cultural. Studying them involves the establishment at the crossing
between cultural and social history, in the prolongations of the history of
mentalities.
Our intention of highlighting the intellectual history is submersed to
the cultural history, since the approach of collective representations
becomes one of the inner criterionist phenomena. The attention that we pay
to the functioning mechanisms of the criterionist elite drives invariably to
the dimension of the cultural practices, definitive for the modus
vivendi
of
this intellectual group.
The revelation of such a project is related not only to its recovery
dimension, the restoration of an important page of intellectual history that
leans on the Romanian modern culture, of commemorating of some
European cultural models, but also of the urgent recall of a solid
intellectual tradition of creativity, freedom, personal thinking, competence
and authenticity. The intellectual history of Criterion represents the
measure of a modern culture in its way to Europeanism, without neglecting
the identity roots to which it refers every time, for a better disposal and
reference to a solid, creative, original and profound intellectual space.
140
·,·: "-■ '
''V.Í'
Ι^Έ.'.'-.;;';';.
'ş 'ţ
'-'/'í í'í'.f |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mihai, Constantin 1977- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)104634823X |
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| author_sort | Mihai, Constantin 1977- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041579831 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)869884258 (DE-599)BVBBV041579831 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV041579831 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-07T18:04:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789731671895 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027025110 |
| oclc_num | 869884258 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 141 S. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Ed. Muzeului Naţional al Literaturii Române |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Colecţia Aula Magna |
| spelling | Mihai, Constantin 1977- Verfasser (DE-588)104634823X aut Europenism şi dileme identitare în România interbelică gruparea Criterion Constantin Mihai Bucureşti Ed. Muzeului Naţional al Literaturii Române 2013 141 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colecţia Aula Magna Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Asociaţia Criterion (DE-588)1047169819 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Asociaţia Criterion (DE-588)1047169819 b Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027025110&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027025110&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Mihai, Constantin 1977- Europenism şi dileme identitare în România interbelică gruparea Criterion Asociaţia Criterion (DE-588)1047169819 gnd Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1047169819 (DE-588)4026482-8 (DE-588)4015701-5 |
| title | Europenism şi dileme identitare în România interbelică gruparea Criterion |
| title_auth | Europenism şi dileme identitare în România interbelică gruparea Criterion |
| title_exact_search | Europenism şi dileme identitare în România interbelică gruparea Criterion |
| title_full | Europenism şi dileme identitare în România interbelică gruparea Criterion Constantin Mihai |
| title_fullStr | Europenism şi dileme identitare în România interbelică gruparea Criterion Constantin Mihai |
| title_full_unstemmed | Europenism şi dileme identitare în România interbelică gruparea Criterion Constantin Mihai |
| title_short | Europenism şi dileme identitare în România interbelică gruparea Criterion |
| title_sort | europenism si dileme identitare in romania interbelica gruparea criterion |
| topic | Asociaţia Criterion (DE-588)1047169819 gnd Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Asociaţia Criterion Identität Europa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027025110&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027025110&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mihaiconstantin europenismsidilemeidentitareinromaniainterbelicagrupareacriterion |