Holdings: Das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in der Geschichte der Länder der böhmischen Krone

Das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in der Geschichte der Länder der böhmischen Krone: [Konferenz vom 24.-26. November 2010 in Olmütz]

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Bibliographic Details
Other Authors:	Vařeka, Marek 1980- (Editor), Zářický, Aleš 1973- (Editor)
Format:	Book
Language:	German
Published:	Ostrava Univ. Ostraviensis, Fac. Philosophica 2013 Vaduz Lichtensteinisches Landesmuseum
Edition:	1. Ausg.
Series:	Documenta Liechtensteiniana. Series Nova 1
Subjects:	Liechtenstein > Familie > ca. ab 12. Jh. Geschichte Böhmische Länder Konferenzschrift > 2010 > Olmütz
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Item Description:	Sammelband der Vorträge der Konferenz vom 24.-26. November 2010 in Olmütz. - Beitr. dt., Zsfassungen in engl. Sprache
Physical Description:	630 Seiten Ill., Kt.
ISBN:	9788074643828 9783952327654

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	Inhalt 9 Vorwort des Erzherzogs Michael Salvator von Habsburg-Lothringen 11 Vorwort der Herausgeber 13 Zur Einleitung Marek Vařeka 15 Die Liechtensteiner in der Geschichte der böhmischen Kronländer: Hauptentwicklungsaspekte 43 Die Liechtensteiner in Mähren im Mittelalter und in der Zeit vor der Schlacht am Weißen Berg Miroslav Plaček 45 Zu den Residenzen der Liechtensteiner vor ihrer mährischen Zeit Miroslav Svoboda 55 Das Vermögen der Liechtensteiner im mittelalterlichen Mähren Marek Starý 75 „Ich sehe keinen braveren Landeshauptmann als Herrn Karl von Liechtenstein . Die Liechtensteiner in der mährischen Landesverwaltung vor der Schlacht am Weißen Berg Kateřina Dufková 93 Johann Šembera Černohorský von Boskowitz und die Heiratspolitik der Liechtensteiner im 16. Jahrhundert Peter Futák 109 Die zwei Heiraten der Elisabeth von Liechtenstein 117 Aufstieg und Glanz des Fürstenhauses Liechtenstein Tomáš Knoz 119 Liechtenstein, Dietrichstein, Wallenstein - drei Wege zum Erfolg Gerald Schöpfer 147 Der Aufstieg des Hauses Liechtenstein - Kriege als Sprungbrett zur Macht Miroslav Geršic 163 Erbverträge der Familie Liechtenstein und Bemühungen, das Eigentum der Familie zu erhalten Hana Šústková 169 Die Beziehung der Fürstenfamilie von Liechtenstein zu [Österreichisch) Schlesien Karel Müller 179 Huldigung an Karl Eusebius, Fürst von Liechtenstein im Jahr 1632 in Troppau Herbert Haupt 187 Fürst Johann Adam I. Andreas von Liechtenstein. Repräsentation als Ausdruck von Sozialdifferenzierung und Herrschaftsanspruch Rostislav Smíšek 197 Anton Florian von Liechtenstein und Rom. Selbstpräsentation eines kaiserlichen Gesandten zum Ausgang des 17. Jahrhunderts Pavel Juřík 213 Josef WenzeJ von Liechtenstein. Reformator und Diplomat Dušan Uhlíř 221 Das militärische und diplomatische Engagement des Fürsten Johann Josef von Liechtenstein in den Koalitionskriegen gegen Frankreich 233 Die Liechtensteiner und die Gegenreformation Arthur StÖgmann 235 Hindernisse und Widerstände bei der Durchführung der Gegenreformation in niederösterreichischen und mährischen Herrschaften Gundakers von Liechtenstein Jan Al Saheb 247 Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Rekatholisierungspolitik der Liechtensteiner im Fürstentum Troppau Katarzyna Brzezina-Scheuerer 267 Zu den Stiftungs- und Patronatsfragen der Fürsten von Liechtenstein in Troppauer und Jägerndorfer Schlesien in der Zeit des Barock. Die Kirche in Lichten 275 Die Liechtensteiner als Grundherren Emil Kordiovský 277 Die südmährischen Herrschaften der Liechtensteiner in den Lahnregister und im Theresianischen Kataster Jan Štěpán 289 Ein neuer Herr - eine alte Herrschaft. Zu den gegenseitigen Beziehungen zwischen Karl von Liechtenstein und seiner Herrschaft Aussee Michaela Kokojanová 295 „Laus tu sit atque felix! Auf und Ab der Koexistenz zwischen Karl von Liechtenstein und den Proßnitzern Vladimír Mrvík 311 Schwarzkosteletz in der Ära der Liechtensteiner. Praktische Fragen des Betriebs eines Landschlosses und einer Herrschaft im 17.-19. Jahrhundert Marie Macková 337 Die Liechtensteinischen Beamten in den böhmischen Kronländern des 19. Jahrhunderts VÁCLAV ŠTĚPÁN 351 Glasherstellung in den Herrschaften der Liechtensteiner 369 Die Liechtensteiner im Strudel des 20. Jahrhunderts David В e atti e 371 Liechtensteins Kampf zur internationalen Anerkennung (1919-1922) Ondřej Horák 381 Das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein und die tschechoslowakische Rechtswissenschaft Miloš Hořejš - Jiří Křížek 407 Die Liechtensteiner und die Anfänge des Automobilismus Marcin Dziedzic 423 Der Beitrag der Fürsten von Liechtenstein zur Entwicklung des Tourismus im Altvatergebirge 435 Das Kunstschaffen auf den Domänen und in den Residenzen der Liechtensteiner Christine Salge 437 Römische Barockrezeption und architektonische Traditionspflege. Die Umgestaltungen des Schlosses Feldsberg unter Fürst Anton Florian von Liechtenstein (1713-1721) Hellmut Lorenz 455 Die Ansichten-Serie der Liechtenstein-Schlösser von Johann Adam Delsenbach Pavel Zatloukal 469 Das „lange Jahrhundert im Grenzland von Südmähren und Niederösterreich. Versuch einer Charakteristik des kulturellen Geschehens im Parkareal von Eisgrub, Feldsberg und Lundenburg in den Jahren 1785-1918 483 Sammlungen und Museen der Liechtensteiner in der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart Markéta Jarošová 485 Der Mäzen Johann II. von Liechtenstein im Kontext der Sammlung mittelalterlicher Kunst des Schlesischen Landesmuseums Marie Mžyková 499 Porträts der Liechtensteiner in den böhmischen und mährischen Sammlungen Hans Huysza 519 Das Schloss Wilfersdorf in der Geschichte der Familie Liechtenstein 525 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 527 Literaturverzeichnis 569 Personenregister 583 Ortsregister 595 Autorenverzeichnis 605 Summary 605 The Princely House of Liechtenstein in the History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown Introduction Marek Vařeka - Aleš Zářický The history of the Liechtensteins, princes from 1608, is inextricably con¬ nected with the history of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. The activities of this dynasty can be traced continuously from the Middle Ages to 1945, when they were interrupted for a time until their revival in the present day - based on new, democratic principles in an emerging integrated Eu¬ rope. The main aim of the international conference The Princely House of Liechtenstein in the History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown was to pre¬ sent and discuss the history of this dynasty in the widest possible range of contexts - not only in relation to the Czech lands but also in connection with the Habsburg monarchy and Europe as a whole. The conference - the first Czech-Liechtenstein academic event after the establishment of diplo¬ matic relations between the two countries - took place on 24-26 Novem¬ ber 2010 in the impressive surroundings of the Archdiocesan Museum in Olomouc; it was organized by the Centre for Economic and Social History at the Faculty of Arts, University of Ostrava in conjunction with the Histori¬ cal Society of the Principality of Liechtenstein. The event featured 45 aca¬ demics from 7 European countries, and was held under the auspices of the Prince of Liechtenstein Hans Adam II, the Archbishop of Olomouc and Metropolitan of Moravia Mons. Jan Graubner, and the Auxiliary Bishop of Olomouc and Titular Bishop of Thunudrum, Mons. Josef Hrdlička. The individual panel discussions at the conference traced the history of the dynasty, individual figures, their political, economic and cultural activi¬ ties, and aspects of their everyday lives. A particularly important topic of discussion was the process by which the family s property and assets were created, accumulated and then lost - including the family s relocation to the Principality of Liechtenstein. Participants also focused on issues of rel¬ evance at the regional level - especially the history of the estates, cities and villages owned by the Liechtensteins in the Czech lands - as well as exam¬ ining the traces left by the Liechtensteins in culture, architecture and art. We are confident that this publication will contribute to a deeper un¬ derstanding of the history of the Princely House of Liechtenstein - a family which has made a huge contribution to forming the space in which we live today. (506 V і ! ну, і -сміли.1. ! і ě і ; ! í - 1 ¡-.Nsn in ¡м dk« (нксчісп ι к mu Ι.λνπκκ ім;н hoiímischiín Kküní; Introduction The House of Liechtenstein in the History of the Czech Lands: Key Historical Aspects Marek Vařeka Every historical dynastic family has experienced phases of growth and also stagnation dur¬ ing its history. The same phases can be found in the history of the House of Liechtenstein. In relation to Czech history, seven individual phases can be identified. Each of them will be dealt with in turn by this paper, represented by key figures or events. The purpose of this presentation is to show - in brief- the 700-year history of the Liechtensteins in relation to Czech history. Not many families have been so closely associated with Czech history for so long; the Liechtensteins rank among names such as Sternberg, Lobkowicz and Kinsky as families which have made a decisive contribution to the nation s development. Moreover, the Liechtensteins have left a permanent architectural legacy in the landscape through¬ out the entire Czech Republic. Most people associate the family with the Lednice-Valtice [Eisgrub-Feldsberg] complex, however there are many more Liechtenstein structures - the châteaux at Plumlov, Úsov, Nové dvory, Mikulov, Koloděje, the Liechtenstein Palace in Prague, the château in Moravský Krumlov, the tombs in Vranov near Brno and Moravský Krumlov, and many more. A crucial impetus in the family s history came with the arrival of Heinrich of Liechten¬ stein at the Mikulov [Nikolsburg] estates in 1249 - the first member of the House of Liech¬ tenstein to come to the Czech lands. At the end of 1249 Heinrich I moved to Mikulov, ac¬ companied by his wife Mathilde and their many children. For Heinrich, the Mikulov region offered great potential thanks to its wealth of assets. Thanks to this property, the family began to develop and prosper. The Bohemian King Přemysl Otakar II needed a capable no¬ bleman to whom he could entrust the border regions of southern Moravia. Heinrich I stood out as a suitable candidate; he also owned property in the Duchy of Austria, and he knew the political situation there. It is evident that the King s decision soon began to pay divi¬ dends. Heinrich I brought stability to the Mikulov region, which began to prosper under his rule. The iron and golden King , as Přemysl Otakar II was known, needed his own man in place to maintain peace in the southern border regions. This was not an easy task, as the nobility were constantly involved in conflicts on both sides of the border. For this reason, the King s choice of an Austrian family - the Liechtensteins - for a Moravian border outpost was an astute one. Moreover, the King became so fond of Heinrich I that he appointed him governor of Styria. It is a great shame that the King did not continue in this astute policy of bringing local noble families on-side, but instead decided to send his own people from Bohemia to the Austrian provinces. This was to prove a major problem in the conflict which eventually flared up in 1278. However, as is often the case, a period of success was followed by less auspicious times. The end of the harmonious relationship between the Liechtensteins and King Přemysl Ota¬ kar II came with Henry s death (1265/66]. The estates were inherited by his sons Frie¬ drich I and Heinrich II (who had not yet come of age). Whose side would the Liechtenstein brothers join? That of the King, who had been abandoned by almost everybody, or that of the Habsburg King Rudolf I? It appears that the brothers decision was motivated by pure pragmatism; they came down on the side of Rudolf - as did the entire Austrian no¬ bility. At the decisive battle of the Marchfeld in 1278, Friedrich I and Heinrich II of Liech¬ tenstein fought for Austria, not for Bohemia. We may ask the question why they chose the side of Rudolf Habsburg, when the Bohemian King had provided them with such extensive estates? They knew that Přemysl Otakar s political power was on the wane, and simply calculated that it would be more advantageous to them to fight on the Austrian side, and Summary 607 then to attempt to rescue their father s possessions after the battle. This gamble paid off, as Přemysl Otakar was killed at the Marchfeld and Rudolf Habsburg emerged victorious. The second milestone in the family s history came with Johann I von Liechtenstein. This important nobleman managed to build up a huge power base for the family, and it was he who began the Liechtensteins expansion on the borders of Moravia and Austria. Until Jo¬ hann I, family members had purchased parts of villages, expanding their property gradually. But Johann made several major new acquisitions, transforming the provincial family into one of the wealthiest in the entire region. Johann I is associated with the acquisition of the Valtice [Feldsberg] estates, which re¬ mained in the family s possession until 1945. The most important event of 1388 was the acquisition of five-sixths of the estates. Johann I had had his sights fixed on Valtice for a while. He had purchased individual villages in the area in order to strengthen his posi¬ tion, encouraging him to be bolder in his demands. However, acquiring the whole of the estates was a more difficult task. The easiest way of achieving this goal appeared to be by marriage - so this was the policy Johann chose. In 1383 he married Elisabeth of Puchheim, giving him a sufficient claim over part of the Valtice estates. Moreover, Johann I served at the court of the Austrian Dukes, and thus had a direct influence over their domestic and for¬ eign policy. This brought him many advantages, but also many potential dangers. Johann I of Liechtenstein began to focus his sights on Bohemia, cultivating good relations with the Bohemian King Wenceslas [Václav] IV. It was Johann who helped Wenceslas to escape from Vienna. However, he paid a heavy price, when the Austrian Duke Albrecht III confiscated almost all of the family s property in Austria and incarcerated Johann I. This was the most significant loss of property experienced by the family in the Middle Ages. The next com¬ parable loss came after the First and Second World Wars, when the family lost most of its property in the Czech lands. However, for each action there is a reaction-and this case was no exception. The im¬ prisoned Johann I of Liechtenstein was supported by key figures on the Central European political scene: King Wenceslas IV, his younger brother Duke Jan Zhořelecký, and the Duke of Bavaria. They concluded a covenant with Matthias I of Liechtenstein against Albrecht III. The covenant was intended to intimidate the Duke -and it evidently served this purpose well. Johann was incarcerated sometime in the autumn of 1394; there is documented evi¬ dence that he was in custody in early December. However, at the end of April 1395 he was again a free man. We can assume that his incarceration did not involve the harsh conditions endured by the poorest sections of medieval society. The status of Johann I would have been reflected in his place of imprisonment - probably in a castle, under constant guard. Never¬ theless, even this form of incarceration leaves permanent psychological scars on a person - and Johann emerged from his captivity a changed man. He no longer harboured his former burning desire to accumulate wealth for the family. Although his name continues to ap¬ pear on some family documents, this is more in recognition of his former achievements for the House of Liechtenstein. These years also brought the death of Johann s elder brothers Georg II and Hartneid IV. Georg II, who had held the post of chamberlain to Albrecht III, died in around 1393. He was followed in 1395 by Hartneid IV, who had been provincial governor of Styria since 1388. Johann I was deeply affected by his loss of status, his imprisonment, the confiscation of huge amounts of wealth, and the death of his brothers - whom he would soon join. After his release, he lived as a recluse, waiting for his end. Johann was released from prison shortly before his death in 1397. He is an exceptional figure in the history of the House of Liechtenstein. It was he who showed future generations of the family which strategy they should adopt on the Moravian-Austrian border in order to placate both rulers. Loyalty to only one of the rulers was unthinkable; they had to learn to 608 [■ïiKSTKNKAIIS l.ll-XHTIïNSTF.tN IN DTR CľiSCl í ICÜTK DKR LÄNDER Ї>ЬК НОН M! SCI ¡EN K RO N lì live with both. This balancing act was not always simple. However, from 1526 onwards the task became easier when Moravia and Austria came to be ruled by a single monarch - with positive implications for the family as a whole. The well-known Liechtenstein urbary of 1414 is an important source ofinformation on the family s assets in the early 15th century. This document enables us to study the struc¬ ture of the House s property in Lower Austria and southern Moravia - making the urbary at least the equal of the Rosenberg urbaries from the same period. It remains an excellent source of insights into the lives of people in the Liechtenstein domains, and provides exten¬ sive information on the family s entire range of possessions along the Austrian-Moravian border. Johann s death signalled the start of a difficult 15th century for the Liechtensteins, when the family lost extensive property first as a result of the Hussite Wars, and subsequently in the Bohemian-Hungarian Wars. Before the outbreak of the Bohemian-Hungarian Wars, Perchta of Rosenberg [Rožmberk] - the wife of Johann V of Liechtenstein - received poor treatment in Mikulov [Nikolsburg]. Personal correspondence between Perchta and her fa¬ ther Ulrich of Rosenberg gives an insight into the world of the Liechtensteins in the mid- 15th century. This correspondence is a valuable source of information, making it possible to reconstruct the complex relationships among the individual members of the family. The letters offer a unique insight into the various Liechtensteins living together at the Mikulov château. Mikulov was the family s main base until 1504. It served as a central office from which the individual family members controlled and managed their extensive domains in Austria and Moravia. The Liechtensteins always stood on the side of the Moravian Margrave, who attempted to compensate the family for the considerable costs of defending the realm - largely without success. By the end of the 15th century the family s finances were in a par¬ lous state, its domains restricted to southern Moravia and Lower Austria. In the early 16th century the family split into separate lines, making it essential to keep the current property within the family and prevent its gradual erosion. A new family cov¬ enant was drawn up in 1504 to serve this purpose. Unfortunately, during the 16th century this covenant proved to be highly problematic - and it ultimately resulted in the sale of the Mikulov estates in 1560. The Mikulov Hne of the family was so heavily in debt that it was forced to sell the House s most important Moravian possessions. The other lines of the fam¬ ily were not able to pay the asking price - and so the family lost this domain entirely. We should also not forget the Liechtensteins Protestant phase, which was connected with the arrival in Mikulov of an Anabaptist sect from Switzerland. The Liechtensteins con¬ verted to Protestantism in the 1520s, remaining in this confession until their reversion to Catholicism at the turn of the 17th century. One figure often neglected in discussions of the family s history is Hartmann II of Liech¬ tenstein. Most historians emphasize the role played by his son Karl, who brought excep¬ tional political power to the family, while paying only minimal attention to Karl s father. However, it was Hartmann II who quickly understood the principles of loan finance in the 16th century and attempted to extract the maximum possible benefit from the system. He decided to consolidate his family s property, and managed to regain the Lednice [Eisgrub] estates near Mikulov. Hartmann not only introduced more efficient systems of manage¬ ment on the estates - as shown by extensive accounting documentation - but he also real¬ ized that the family needed more than one source of income. At the time, members of the nobility lived almost exclusively on the income from their own estates, which was collected twice a year. However, this money was insufficient to cover the needs of the nobility of the time - and so Hartmann II took advantage of the loan finance system which was becoming Summary gog increasingly popular throughout Europe. He was also the official provider of provisions for the imperial army. He invested his enormous income not into large-scale reconstructions of family seats, like most of his fellow noblemen, but into extensive loan financing opera¬ tions. This activity brought him to the imperial court, clearing the way for his successor Karl I of Liechtenstein. Hartmann H managed to halt the economic decline of the family and prepare the foundations for its future prosperity. A crucial role in the family s history was played by Karl I and his brothers Gundakar and Maximilian. Karl was the more prominent figure of the two. A pragmatist in every way, he was prepared to do almost anything to gain wealth and assets. First he married the Sembera heiress, Anna Maria, bringing him two new estates in Moravia - (Jsov and Černá Hora. However, this did not quench his thirst for enrichment. He began a complicated attempt to acquire the Plumlov estates, which were deeply in debt, succeeding in 1599. Karl I of Liechtenstein entered the 17th century as one of the richest nobles in Moravia, a recent convert to Catholicism. In combination with large- scale imperial loans, this opened his path to the highest strata of society. However, Karl was not satisfied with being a mere Moravian nobleman - his ambitions lay in higher places, at the imperial court itself. Emperor Rudolf II had received extensive loan finance from the young Liechtenstein, who was one of his most important creditors. It is clear to see that Karl continued the financial strategy begun by his father. As the Emperor was unable to repay the loans, Karl acquired further property - the town of Hustopeče [Auspitz] - and in 1607 he received a palatinate entitling him to mint coins. However, by this time Karl had entered the service of the new Hungarian King Matyas, who raised him to the rank of Prince in 1608. This marked the beginning of a stellar career for Karl I. However, what use was a princely title without a principality? The solution soon appeared in the rebellious Opava [Troppau] region, where Karl was installed as the hereditary prince in the local Duchy. The Opava estates protested, but could do nothing more. The rule of the young Liechtenstein was uncompromisingly absolutist. However, Opava represented merely an overture to Karl s career. The future Emperor Ferdinand II was paying close attention to Karl s handling of the Opava situation, and quickly realized that he would need Karl to help him implement his plans. Events took a rapid turn in 1619 when Moravia joined the rebellion of the Bohe¬ mian estates, creating a confederation. Karl fled from Brno to Vienna, determined not to return to the dangerous territory of Moravia. However, a turning point in his career came after the Battle of the White Mountain, when the Emperor entrusted the entire Kingdom of Bohemia to Karl, who - as the absolute governor - had enormous powers. Karl joined forces with other prominent figures - including Albrecht von Wallenstein and Johan de Witt - who formed a minting consortium which would eventually bring disaster to the im¬ perial treasury. Karl played a major role in these machinations, and acquired tremendous wealth - 427,000 gulden according to historical sources. He used this money to purchase confiscated estates, which swelled the family s possessions to an unprecedented extent. In 1622, he acquired the Duchy of Krnov [Jägerndorf] after the expulsion of the Margrave of Brandenburg Johann Georg. It was joked at the time that the property of the Liechtensteins was so extensive that you could travel from Lower Austria to Opava without ever leaving their estates. Of course this was something of an exaggeration, but if we take into account the property of Karl s brothers Maximilian and Gundakar, the family s assets by the end of the 1620s were truly enormous. In my view, the figure of Karl I of Liechtenstein is of key importance for understanding the family s history in its entirety. How should we view him? Certainly he was a highly ambitious man, driven by his desire for success. However, not all of his acquisitions were entirely legal. We should also not forget that it was Karl I of Liechtenstein who oversaw the execution of the 27 Czech nobles after the White Mountain. Fi; usti·: ν плі. . І.іксн ι í:ns j τ: i ν ¡ν ι u-ik G ksi л ¡сі пі. d t: r Läniiľh пек hö h m isen kn Krön к For these reasons, I think that we should view Karl I from several different angles. The first is the perspective of the family - and here Karl is an exceptional figure. During his life, he managed to acquire not only titles, but immense wealth and property. He was a key figure in the family s history, founding the princely dynasty. However, on the other hand we must also assess him as a human being. Here we can see a man who engaged in dubious financial practices throughout his life, in addition to a range of other activities which were to have a profound impact on the family in the coming decades. His activities have traditionally been viewed very differently by historians in the Czech lands and in Austria. The Czech view has been highly negative, seeing Karl as an unscrupulous man, whereas in Austria he has been viewed more charitably. This difference can also be seen in the different approaches to the Bohemian estates rebellion of 1618-1620. Czech historians have traditionally painted this movement as an act of defiance against Habsburg absolutism, while Austrian historians emphasize the successful quashing of a Czech insurgency. In the future it will be highly beneficial to learn more about the life of Karl I and gain a more rounded and subtle un¬ derstanding of his role. The polarized views of his activities can also be seen in the claim - made repeatedly in Czech historical literature - that Karl I acquired 10,500,000 gulden through his activities in the minting consortium; the real figure was considerably lower (427,000 gulden). Moreover, it is hardly ever mentioned that Karl s son, Karl Eusebius, was forced to pay 256,000 gulden to the imperial treasury to compensate for his father s role in the consortium. Karl Eusebius was the only descendant of a consortium member who actu¬ ally paid this compensation. The same applies to Karl s role in the execution of the 27 Czech nobles; in fact, Karl I petitioned the Emperor for clemency, but the appeal was rejected as groundless by Ferdinand II. Unlike his brother Karl, Prince Gundakar of Liechtenstein made a career as a soldier, achieving notable success in the military profession. He fought mainly in the first phase of the Thirty Years War, and managed to acquire two Moravian estates - Uherský Ostroh and Moravský Krumlov. In 1633 these estates were redesignated the Principality of Liech¬ tenstein as part of Gundakar s attempt to boost his status. The family was controlled by the young Karl Eusebius, the Prince of Opava and Krnov. Gundakar therefore decided to raise his own estates to the status of Principality - but the idea did not find favour with the estates, who petitioned the Emperor against it. Eventually, after Gundakar s death, both estates reverted to their original names. Prince Gundakar was to some extent overshadowed by his elder brother Karl. However, it was he who did the most to ensure the continuation of the line. He was bound by the highly effective family covenant of 1606, which defined the ruling line of the family as its oldest line - represented after 1627 by Karl s son, Karl Eusebius. Prince Gundakar never consid¬ ered attacking the covenant; he knew his position within the family, and did everything in his power to assist his nephew and his own children. The fifth important figure in the family history is Johann Adam I of Liechtenstein. Unlike his father, he entered public service at the Habsburg court. Prince Karl Eusebius tried to deter his son from entering a career at the court, which in many ways was a hazardous one. However, fathers advice is not always taken. From a very early age, the young Prince Johann Adam I was predestined to become the head of the entire House of Liechtenstein. His father Karl Eusebius urged him to concentrate on managing the family s estates and advised him against pursuing a court career, which in his view brought no benefits. Johann Adam inherited several dozen estates, which brought considerable income to the family s treasury. However, under the reign of Karl Eusebius the costs of the Principality s bureaucracy became too high, reaching a critical point after his death. The family s debts had grown to an astronomical 800,000 gulden - and it was clear Summary 611 that a few cosmetic changes to the bureaucratic system would not be enough to rectify the situation. Johann Adam I suspended all of his father s building projects, reduced the size of the court, and cut the bureaucratic apparatus by 75 % at all levels. These reforms began to bear fruit in the early 1690s. The family had saved enough money to pay off debts and invest in the purchase of new estates. The Prince attempted to acquire estates with good economic potential, located in fertile regions. In 1692 he bought one of the largest estates in Moravia: Hodonín [Göding]. He also invested in agricultural innova¬ tions, acquiring new livestock and improving productivity. Unlike his father, Johann Adam entered service at the imperial court. He began his career as an imperial chamberlain, having been helped to achieve this post by his father-in-law Ferdinand Josef. He then became a privy counsellor, and in 1693 he received the Order of the Golden Fleece. In recognition of the excellent financial management he had pioneered on his own estates, he was entrusted with the task of reforming the court s economic affairs. He proposed to reduce the number of officials, cut pension entitlements, increase exports and introduce state monopolies on selected goods. Unfortunately his working committee constantly ran up against resistance from the court structures, and it was disbanded in 1700. A new opportunity came his way in 1703, when he became the president of the first Austrian bank (Banco del Giro). This bank was set up to invest capital in manufacturing in order to increase the monarchy s economic self-sufficiency. However, foreign financiers and domestic opponents soon began to undermine the new bank, which was disbanded in 1705. It was not until later that the Vienna Municipal Bank was founded to perform the role of a state financial institution. In addition to the acquisition of the extensive estates of Hodonín and Sternberg, Johann Adam also purchased the Schellenberg estate (1699) and the County of Vaduz (1712). In 1719 these small estates became the basis for the Principality of Liechtenstein, which is controlled by the family to this day. Johann Adam had thus succeeded where Prince Gunda- kar had failed - he had created a Principality. Prince Johann Adam I took over his father s plans to build the most ambitious château in the family s history - in Plumlov. The new château was to replace Valtice as the princely res¬ idence. Originally it was planned that the Prince would reside their almost all year round. However, this soon proved unrealistic; Plumlov was too far from Vienna, and the cold cli¬ mate of the Drahany Hills was another obstacle. Building work was eventually stopped in 1690. The needs of Johann Adam I differed from those of his father. The Viennese palace at Herrengasse 8 was not adequate for a permanent presence at the imperial court, and so the Prince decided to build new palaces. The city palace near the Hofburg, designed by Do¬ menico Martinelli, was completed in 1705 under the supervision of the architect Gabriel de Gabriele. The garden palace in the in Rossau outside Vienna was built to plans by Domenico Egidio Rossi and Domenico Martinelli. This monumental building, with its cour d honneur, stables and extensive parkland, was completed in 1706. Prince Johann Adam I died in 1712, his death marking the end of the line established by Prince Karl I. Everything Johann Adam had built passed to the next line, founded by Gunda- kar - the line which still reigns today. Johann Adam I consolidated the family s property and brought further prosperity, which continued throughout the 18th century. The next important point in the Liechtensteins history was the construction of the huge complex at Lednice-Valtice [Eisgrub-Feldsberg], which was begun in the late 18th century and reached its completion in the mid-19th century. Naturally, the Liechtensteins could only build such a huge complex if they owned extensive lands. The estates of Lednice and Valtice had been held by the family since the Middle Ages, and they were viewed with great fond¬ ness. There are few families in Czech history which have managed to retain one piece of 612 NlKS ľKNIlAlIS [.JKCliTľNSTKIN IN DEH GhSCH ¡ÍJÍTK ПЕК LÄNIÍEK DER BÖHMISCHEN KRONE land from the Middle Ages right into the 20th century: in Moravia only the Liechtensteins were able to do so, and in Bohemia the Sternbergs (at Šternberk). The construction of this extensive complex raised the prominence of the Liechtensteins at all levels of Czech society, creating widespread public awareness of the family; Lednice and Valtice are among the most popular and frequently visited historical sites in Moravia. The complex is a unique achievement of landscaping, featuring sensitively positioned build¬ ings. The Liechtensteins had an intimate knowledge of the landscape on the borders of Moravia and Lower Austria, and so they were able to approach the project with great sen¬ sitivity. The result speaks for itself - the largest artificially created landscape in the world, always offering something new to visitors, who keep on returning. Here I would like to stop for a moment and discuss another major figure - Prince Jo¬ hann II of Liechtenstein. He was known as Johann the Good for his progressive treatment of his employees and his propensity to embrace the latest social trends. Besides improving the social status of his employees, he also built many churches, schools and houses, which can be seen today not only in Liechtenstein itself, but also in the Břeclav [Lundenburg] area and at Lednice-Valtice. The next major turning point in the family s history came in 1918, with the foundation of the Czechoslovak Republic. The Liechtensteins owned extensive lands in the new state, and they faced a similar situation to their predecessors in 1249-1526. Suddenly their es¬ tates were scattered across four different states - Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary and Liechtenstein - and they had to deal with this situation somehow. They were also among the largest landowners in Moravia. It was clear that major changes would soon follow. The new Czechoslovakia needed to carry out land reforms in order to support small farmers - who were to be the backbone of the new economic system. In this connection, it is impor¬ tant to mention the change of political system from a monarchy to a republic. Aristocratic titles and privileges could have no place in a republican system. It is interesting to trace the relationship between the new state and Prince Johann II, who was the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein, but lived for most of the year in Lednice and Valtice. For this reason the new Czechoslovakia was reluctant to recognize Liechtenstein as a state; it feared that the land confiscated in the first and second land reforms may have to be returned to its original owner. Prince Johann II did not live to see the recognition of Liechtenstein. These circum¬ stances gave rise to an interesting situation: Czechoslovakia was home to a monarch who was not recognized by the republic as a head of state. For the republic, he was merely a private citizen living in southern Moravia. By contrast, the majority of European countries - including the United Kingdom - did recognize Liechtenstein. The first and second land reforms deprived the Liechtensteins of a large part of their property. They did receive compensation for a large part of this loss before 1938. The first serious problem that clouded the relationship between Czechoslovakia and the Principality of Liechtenstein was the mutual recognition of both states. Moreover, until 1938 Liechten¬ stein was a very poor country, which had always gained the majority of its income from the Liechtenstein estates in Moravia. This served as a pretext for Czechoslovakia to refuse to recognize the principality. Mutual recognition did not come until the turbulent year of 1938, only for the relations between the two states to be cut off by the Second World War, when the Czech lands were under German occupation and Liechtenstein fought for its independ¬ ence as a neutral state (alongside Switzerland). Here it is worth remembering that Liech¬ tenstein (unlike Switzerland) did not recognize the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. After the Second World War, the entire Czechoslovak assets of the Liechtensteins were con¬ fiscated through the Beneš decrees. The main criterion for this confiscation was the alleged German nationality of the House of Liechtenstein - despite the fact that all members had Summary ґл q passports issued by the Principality of Liechtenstein, and were thus not German nationals. Relations between the two countries remained at a low point for 50 long years. It was only after 1989 that steps were taken towards a more healthy relationship, culminating in 2009 with the establishment of diplomatic relations between both states. The Liechtensteins in Moravia during the Middle Ages AND THE PRE-WHITE MOUNTAIN ERA The Seats of the Liechtensteins before their Arrival in Moravia Miroslav Plaček The beginnings of the Liechtensteins have been studied mainly by Austrian historians. It should be said that their ideas have developed over time, and sometimes differ. However, they do concur that the founder of the family was Hugo von Liechtenstein, documented in 1120/30-1143. Until the completion of Liechtenstein Castle, Hugo was probably known after Leesdorf [also near Mödling). It appears that he (or his ancestor) came to Austria from Bavaria, with the Vohburg margraves, though he soon sided with the Babenbergs, from whom he obtained estates on the Zaya river in Lower Austria. The only surviving remnants of the original castle are the lower part of the eastern tower and chapel, and also probably the courtyard area, which dates from the 13th century. Hugo s successors were members of the lower and free gentry - their allodial land was at Petronell, where they built another seat near the church of St John. We do not know what this building looked like; it probably consisted of fortifications to protect the church from Turkish attack. After the division of the family s assets into three lines around 1230, Dietrich built a lowland castle in Rohrau, which was completely obliterated by the later château. Heinrich I moved to his estates on the Zaya, where he was first based at a mud-and-timber structure known as Hutsaul , north of Altlichten warth; then a small castle with a masonry core (Neu- lichtenwarth) was built on higher ground above St. Ulrich by the mid-13th century. When Přemysl Otakar II and his father King Wenceslas gave Mikulov [Nikolsburg] to Heinrich I in 1249, the town s castle and estates represented a huge acquisition for the family, boost¬ ing its importance greatly. When the line in Petronell and Rohrau died out, the family lost Liechtenstein, although the successors of Heinrich I continued to use the name. Other small seats (Würnitz and Reichenberg) were received by female members of the family as dowry. Mikulov remained the family s most important property until the early modern era, and was the Liechtensteins main seat until 1560. The family regained the ruined Liechtenstein Castle in the 19th century, restoring it to the Romantic structure we see today. The Liechtenstein Family s Property in Moravia in the Middle Ages Miroslav Svoboda The Liechtenstein family gradually accumulated property in Moravia from the 13th century. The first member of the family to come to Moravia was Heinrich of Liechtenstein, who in 1249 was invested by Margrave Přemysl with the village of Mikulov and its holdings in rec¬ ognition of his services. A significant enlargement of property came to the Liechtensteins after the related Sirotek family died out, leaving them the Sirotek castle in the Palava Hills with an extensive hinterland. Two years later, Hartneid of Liechtenstein acquired Děvíčky Castle in the Palava Hills as well. All the property the Liechtensteins had received in Mora¬ via was feudal, which meant that they could not be judged by the Provincial Court, but only by the Margrave Court. They could not sell or exchange their property freely; however, on the other hand, its tenure was guaranteed even if they fell into debt. The obligations ensuing from the feudal 614 f-Ons гсхнлій I,ii:c¡i!4-:ns íkin ín υ г; к гісь снкінте n t; и Länokk dkr höhmischkn Krone status of the property included providing an armed force to the Margrave and also provid¬ ing him with refuge in the feudal castles. In return, the ruler was obliged to protect and defend his vassal. Most feudal tenures were given to the Liechtensteins by Margrave Jošt of Luxemburg, who pursued long and exhausting wars with his brother Prokop. From 1380, after the ac¬ quisition of Nový hrad [New Castle], the Liechtenstein family held all of the fortified loca¬ tions in the Palava Hills. In 1383 Margrave Jošt gave Jan 1 of Liechtenstein the fortress and estate of Břeclav as a pledge, but five years later it was given to the family as a feoff. Ten years later Margrave Jošt invested Jan I of Liechtenstein with the estate of Drnholec for 4,000 gulden and 54,000 groschen. Buchlov Castle was also held as a pledge by the Liech¬ tensteins for a short time, but they profited more in 1416 when they acquired Podivín; in 1422 they converted it into a free estate, though this had little impact. In the early 15* cen¬ tury the Liechtensteins had an urbary of all their property compiled, which was the oldest aristocratic property register in Moravia, recording in detail the size and form of all the family estates. The Liechtenstein family s property continued to grow even after Jošťs death, though not so quickly as before: their last purchase, in 1470, was Týnec Castle, which was also considered as a feudal tenure in 1486. The ruler invested the Liechtensteins with extensive estates and they in turn established the same feudal system on those estates, enabling in¬ dividual members of their family to have large groups of armed vassals. Unfortunately, due to a lack of sources we hardly know anything about the way in which this feudal system operated. At the turn of the 16th century, before the great division of the family into three lines, the Moravian property of the Liechtensteins made up an extensive domain in the south of Moravia. It was obtained as a feoff from the ruler of the country, nearly always in return for loyalty to the Margrave in many wars. The whole process undoubtedly represented a mutu¬ ally advantageous deal: the Liechtensteins continued to grow ever richer, while the ruler had this powerful family bound to himself by means of important feudal bonds. Moreover, the relationship enabled the ruler to secure the southern frontier of the province. I can see no more suitable Man for the Office of Governor than Karl of Liechtenstein (The Liechtensteins in the Moravian Provincial Government during the pre-White Mountain era) Marek Starý The Liechtensteins settled in Moravia in the mid-13th century, and in the period before the Battle of the White Mountain they grew to be one of the most firmly established Moravian families. This was confirmed by a resolution of the provincial assembly in 1479. The Liech¬ tensteins also retained extensive property on the Austrian side of the Dyje [Thaya], and they maintained close links with Austria. This is perhaps why they generally played only a minor role in Moravian provincial government, and did not hold posts in the highest offices. In the first half of the 16th century Linhart of Liechtenstein (f 1534) served for a short time at the provincial court, making him one of a select group of the most influential mem¬ bers of the Moravian nobility. Soon after his death he was followed by his nephew Johann (t 1552), who was also a member of a special court tribunal judging a prominent case of fraud in the Czech estates (1547). In the following year he took over the vacant office of the supreme provincial judge, becoming the first member of the family to penetrate into the highest echelons of the Moravian official hierarchy. The most important intersection between the Liechtensteins family history and the Moravian provincial government in the pre-White Mountain era is to be found in the Summary 615 activities of one of the most important, capable and best-known members of the family, later to become the Prince of Opava [Troppau] and Krnov [Jägerndorf] - Karl von Liechten¬ stein [f 1627). His father Hartmann II (1-1585) had served at the provincial court for sev¬ eral years, and Karl was nominated as a member of this elite body in 1596. Three years later he was appointed supreme provincial judge by the Emperor. He immediately converted to Catholicism, and in the spring of 1600 he was appointed as a member of the court, where he ultimately served as privy counsellor. This brought an end to his activities as judge, though he continued to hold the office formally until mid-1601. In 1603 Liechtenstein left the Prague court, and in March 1604 he was appointed by the Emperor to the vacant position of Moravian provincial governor. He thus became the only member of the family who had managed to reach the highest office in the province. His governorship ended similarly to his role as judge - in October 1606 he returned to the ser¬ vices of Rudolf II where he headed the privy council as the master of the court; he ceased to perform his role as governor, and was released from his duties as governor in June 1607. This study attempts to map Karl s official career in Moravia, mainly using the documents held by the National Archive. These materials are a valuable source ofinformation not only on the career of Karl and (to a lesser extent) other members of the family, but they also re¬ veal much about the mechanisms that were used in the pre-White Mountain period when appointing officials to provincial administrative and court positions. John Sembera Czernohorsky of Boskovice and the Marital Strategy of the Liechtenstein Family in the Іб 1 Century Kateřina Dufková John Sembera Czernohorsky of Boskovice was born sometime around 1543. After the early death of his father, John s older brother Albrecht Czernohorsky of Boskovice took over his education; John studied in Vienna and later undertook a grand tour of Italy. In 1560 he inherited his father s property, and in 1569 he was married for the first time, to Sidonia, Countess Schllik of Passau. She died in 1575 and immediately the next year John married his second wife, Mary Zabkovna of Limberk. Although this marriage ended soon, in 1581, it produced two daughters, Ann Mary and Catherine. John Sembera was reluctant to become involved in politics or in the management of his holdings, and he is rather famous for his bon vivant lifestyle. Yet during his life he man¬ aged to accumulate considerable property, which should have passed to his two daughters after his death. This made them very lucrative potential brides for many noblemen of this time. The most successful suitor was Charles of Liechtenstein, who [partly through the intercession of the Archduke Matthias) married the elder of the two sisters, Ann, in the mid-lSgOs. John Sembera died in his castle on 30 April 1597. Charles of Liechtenstein then became the guardian of his wife s younger sister, Catherine, who soon married his brother Maximilian. Both of these marriages had a crucial importance for Lords of Liechtenstein. Newly acquired property consolidated their position among the local nobility, while ensuring sufficient resources for the future careers of both brothers. Traditionally, therefore, both Charles and Maximilian s behaviour is considered primarily as a sophisticated economic move. But we must not forget the long tradition of marriages between both families, and the symbolic importance of such connections. John Sembera was the last male descend¬ ant of an old aristocratic family which first appeared in Moravia in the early 13th cen¬ tury. The transfer of this legacy to the House of Liechtenstein is among the provisions of John s will, and it is also mentioned in the annals of the Minorite monastery, which was the traditional burial-place of the Lords of Boskovice, over a hundred years later. Charles ν nr-.n fiji.sr:ni<:nrl·; πκι- Ι,λνοιϊκ oi::r böhmischen Krone of Liechtenstein was well aware of this legacy, as evidenced for example by his addition of a coat-of-arms of the Lords of Boskovice to his own arms, or the building of a beauti¬ ful mausoleum for his father-in-law. John s entire property was again consolidated after the death of the childless Maximilian, who passed his legacy to his brother s son Charles Eusebius of Liechtenstein. The two Marriages of Elisabeth von Liechtenstein Peter Futák Elisabeth came from the Mikulov [Nikolsburg] line of the Liechtensteins. She was the daughter of Linhart von Liechtenstein and Catherine (f 1550), daughter of Beneš Czerno- horsky the Younger of Boskovice [Boskowitz]. She was born around 1534. In accordance with the custom at the time, female members of the nobility usually married when they reached 15 years of age. Elisabeth reached this age sometime between 1550 and 1555, when she married Jaroslav of Kunovice and Hluk. The lords of Kunovice were among the wealthiest and most influential Moravian noble families of the Іб 11 century. They held sev¬ eral large estates in south-eastern Moravia - the family seat at Kunovice, plus Uherský Os¬ troh, Louka u Ostrohu, Hluk and Uherský Brod. By 1555 Elisabeth was Jaroslav s wife. The couple moved to Hluk, where they had the local fortress - which was unsuitable for their required standard of living - reconstructed to create a comfortable Renaissance residence. However, the marriage remained childless. After Jaroslav s death on 20 October 1563, Elis¬ abeth married for a second time, taking Count Sebastian of Gutstein as her husband and moving to his home in western Bohemia. The Gutsteins were a branch of the old Bohemian Hrozňatov family, and Sebastian was the last male member of the Žirovnice line of the Gutsteins. Elisabeth s second marriage also remained childless. She is last mentioned in 1568. Her second husband Sebastian died in 1578 and is buried in the church of St John the Baptist in Teplice. The Liechtensteins Rise to Glory Liechtenstein, Dietrichstein, Wallenstein - three Paths to Success Tomáš Knoz The late 16th and early 17th century was one of the most important periods in the long his¬ tory of the Liechtensteins in Central Europe, personified primarily by Prince Karl of Liech¬ tenstein and also to an extent by his younger brothers Maximilian and Gundakar. In the period 1590-1650 the family became incorporated into the structures of the province, and the process of integration into the emerging structures of the Habsburg monarchy was also begun. Karl of Liechtenstein gradually rose to become the highest-ranking estates official in Moravia, and then the highest-ranking imperial officer in the most prominent of the lands of the Bohemian Crown. He became part of the imperial privy council, the emerg¬ ing stratum of princes, and the elite echelons of knights holding the Order of the Golden Fleece. Before the White Mountain, he linked the family by marriage with the Czernohor- skys of Boskovice, marking the culmination of many centuries of efforts to build a strong network of family possessions in Moravia; this was followed after the White Mountain by the acquisition of estates confiscated from the Žerotíns. His princely title also brought him extensive lands in the Duchy of Opava [Troppau] and later Krnov [Jägerndorf]. In the early 17th century, Karl s younger brother Gundakar had already attempted to achieve the promo¬ tion of the Moravian secundogeniture Liechtensteins estates to a principality. The family also made a major contribution to cultural life thanks to Karl, Maximilian, Gundakar and Summary 617 Karl Eusebias, who accumulated extensive art collections at their estates and undertook major building work in Valtice, Lednice, Moravská Třebová and Uherský Ostroh. In all of the criteria listed above it can be asserted that Karl von Liechtenstein s carrier mirrored that of his most important contemporaries - Franz von Dietrichstein and Albrecht von Wallen¬ stein. Wallenstein s career was launched from a weaker starting position, and he achieved prominence through his military exploits. For this reason, the end of the war after the Peace of Prague meant a dramatic change of fortunes for Wallenstein, bringing his career to a sud¬ den end and complicating the continuation of his family in all its lines. Compared to Liech¬ tenstein, Dietrichstein s career was also considerably more unusual, as he linked himself to the Church rather than with the territorially limited provincial boundaries of Moravia. Although Franz von Dietrichstein s career stimulated the development of other lines of his family, the Dietrichsteins did not achieve the same level of success as the Liechtensteins in any criterion. We can state that among his contemporaries in the Bohemian and Moravian nobility, it was Karl von Liechtenstein who had the greatest ability, and it was he who man¬ aged to harness this ability and achieve success for himself and his family. The Advancement of the Dynasty of Liechtenstein - Wars as a Stepping Stone to Lordship Gerald Schöpfer The history of the dynasty of the Liechtenstein princes goes back almost 800 years, with numerous ups and downs. But with eminent political skills and prudent diplomacy it was possible for the family to cope with all of the changing and critical situations that they faced. The dynasty of Liechtenstein provided many commanders for the armed forces under Habs¬ burg rule, who were very successful in countless battles throughout the centuries. However, the dynasty also included many highly effective businessmen, who increased the vested rights of the dynasty through testamentary contracts and a very prudent family policy. Over many centuries, the Liechtenstein dynasty dealt successfully with various conflicts; they always responded to the early signs of radical political changes, and managed to pre¬ serve their independence and sovereignty through the skilful use of a see-saw policy. Today the dynasty of the princes of Liechtenstein represents the only German-speaking monarchy. From this fact alone it is abundantly clear how successful the dynasty has been throughout its long-lasting history. Succession Agreements of the Liechtensteins and their Efforts to secure Family Property Miroslav Geršic From the 13th to the 16th century the Liechtensteins policy of succession rights applied the seniority principle, as did other European aristocratic families at the time. Unfortunately, this system constantly threatened to cause losses of the family estates. The family agreement dated 1386 was the first significant attempt to secure proprietary rights. In order to safeguard their joint estate, specifically the castles and manors of Miku¬ lov, Weissenstein and Maidburg, the parties to the contract acknowledged that ownership of their property would be shared and impartible once and for all. In the middle of the 15th century the Liechtensteins again faced problems connected with the division of their property and the maintenance of economic integrity. On 13 July 1452 a controversial agreement regarding the division and joint administration of manors was signed. The parties to the succession agreement dated 3 March 1504 were Christopher III from the Mikulov branch of the family, his nephews George VI and Erasmus from the Steyregg laica KN iJAiis l.itiCHTruNSTF.iN in ¡>vh fÎEscHiCHTr: dj:k [,λνιη:η okr böhmischen Kkuni: branch, and Hartmann I from the Valtice branch. The mismanagement of the Mikulov manor, its debts and the abandonment of the principle of economic unity ultimately led to the sale of the Mikulov dominion. The agreement of 1670 also threatened the integrity of the family assets; therefore three brothers, the sons of Hartmann II (Charles, Maximilian and Gundakar), signed a new suc¬ cession agreement based on the concept of trust (fideicommissum) and primogeniture. Most of the Liechtensteins family property became impartible and inalienable; it was a trust administered by the family sovereign. In 1712 Charles branch died off; Maximilian was childless, so the whole fund was transferred to the descendants of Prince Gundakar, the sovereigns of the Principality of Liechtenstein. Prince Franz Josef I founded the secundogeniture fund of Moravia-Krumlov for his younger brother Charles Borromeo - a famous imperial marshal and one of the victors over Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813. In 1823, Prince Johann I Josef founded the Neulengbach tertiogeniture fund for his third son Charles Johann, who ruled temporarily instead of his father between the years 1806 and 1814. To this day, the fund agreement of 1606 has represented the cornerstone of the Liechten¬ stein dominion and its wealth. The Relationship between the Princely Family of Liechtenstein and Silesia Hana Šústková This short article examines the relationship between the of Liechtensteins and their estates in Silesia (particularly Austrian Silesia), mainly during the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. The presence of the Liechtenstein princes in Silesia began in 1613, when Karl I became the ruler of the Troppau Principality. In 1622 he took over governance of the Jägerndorf Principality. Also his younger brother Gundakar tried to establish himself through marriage in the Teschen Principality, but this attempt failed. From the very begin¬ ning of their governance over two Silesian principalities to the end of their presence in Sile¬ sia, they did not choose this region as their place of residence. For the Liechtenstein princes, the Silesian dominions were merely a source of income. All their mansions in Silesia were used as administrative centres or agricultural buildings. After the partition of Silesia between Prussia and Austria following the first Silesian War in 1742, most of the Liechtenstein estates were located in the Austrian part of Silesia. The long war between Friedrich II and Maria Theresia caused extensive damage to the estates. However, economic reforms introduced by the princes turned the Silesian estates once more into a source of income for the princely family. The princes of Liechtenstein were known for their extensive building projects; during the second half of the 19th century, un¬ der the guidance of Prince Johann II, the family played an important role in the develop¬ ment of the Silesian Museum. After WWI the property of the Liechtensteins was affected by the agrarian reforms in¬ troduced in the newly created Czechoslovakia; half of their estates were lost. The Silesian estates were not seriously affected because most of them consisted of forests. Czechoslova¬ kia refused to establish diplomatic relations with the Principality of Liechtenstein, and its officials treated Prince Johann not as a head of state but as a private person. The relations between the Liechtensteins and Silesia were now very sporadic. Just before the outbreak of WWII, both states attempted to use Swiss diplomacy to estab¬ lish diplomatic relations; however, the Munich Agreement of 1938 brought an end to this. After WWII, the entire property of the Liechtenstein Family was confiscated, including their estates in Silesia. Summary 619 Homage to Karl Eusebius, Prince of Liechtenstein, in Opava, 1632 Karel Müller This paper traces the history of an interesting printed document published in 1632 in Olo¬ mouc by jan Václav Sedlnický z Choltic. The document contains a detailed description of a ceremony of homage paid by the estates of the Duchy of Opava [Troppau] to the new Prince, which took place in Opava in August 1632. It includes four unattributed engravings depict¬ ing the Prince s coat-of-arms, Karl Eusebius arrival in Opava with his entourage, his receipt of homage at the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, and a portrait of the Prince on horseback against the background of the city walls. Sedlnický was a member of the gentry, from an important family based in Moravia and the Opava region. He was born sometime in the second half of the 1580s; in 1619 he purchased the Třebovice estate in the Opava region, and during the rebellion of the estates he held the office of provincial chamberlain. After converting to Catholicism he gained the trust of Karl von Liechtenstein, who appointed him the supreme governor of the Liechtenstein estates in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1625). In 1632 he became the supreme judge of the Duchy of Opava, which made him one of the most important figures in the ceremony of homage to the new Prince. Several years later he withdrew from public life, dying on 18 October 1648 at his court in Vikantice near Kolštejn. This document - the only example of Sedlnicky s literary ambitions - was first described by the historian Faustin Ens in 1835; this description was then adopted by subsequent German historians. Among Czech historians, the print was also studied by Fer¬ dinand Menčík. In 1914 the Silesian Museum in Opava held a major exhibition on the Liech¬ tensteins to mark the ЗОО *1 anniversary of the family s arrival in the region; as part of this exhibition, the museum s director Edmund Wilhelm Braun borrowed Sedlnicky s document from the family archive in Vienna. He photographed all four engravings, which were then reproduced in various historical studies, though the authors were not aware of the origin of the images. This situation changed in 1991, when a complete copy of Sedlnicky s print was acquired from the Liechtenstein family archive in Vaduz. The other known print is held by the Austrian National Library in Vienna; remarkably, it is not owned by any Czech libraries. Prince Johann Adam I. Andreas von Liechtenstein. Prestige Promotion as Manifestation of Social Distinction and Claim to Reign Herbert Haupt Prince Johann Adam I of Liechtenstein undertook to create a public demonstration of his family s power. Unlike his father Prince Karl Eusebius, Johann Adam did not restrict his ac¬ tivities to the family s own estates, but attempted to make a mark on the highest echelons of society. He built two grand Viennese palaces - one in the city centre and one garden palace. These structures were meant to reflect the powerful status achieved by the young Johann Adam through his activities at the imperial court. He was the prototype of a modern noble¬ man, and was keen to distance himself from his father s old-fashioned views; for example, his court no longer retained the services of alchemists, as his father had done. In every sense, Johann Adam was a progressive Baroque aristocrat who was highly skilled at demonstrat¬ ing his power - not only through grand buildings, but also through his clothing, carnages, horses, and all other attributes reflecting the high status of the Prince of Liechtenstein. Anton Florian of Liechtenstein and Rome. The Self-presentation of the Imperial Legate in the late 17th Century Rostislav Smíšek This paper focuses on the reconstruction of the image and the ways of self-presentation of Anton Florian of Liechtenstein to both inhabitants and visitors of Rome during his 620 l-Tnîsi i.NHAiîs Lri-in-iTiíNSTCiN sín ш:н (íkschichtk deh [,ανπκκ dkr böhmischen Kkonk diplomatic mission at the Papal court by the end of the 1680s and in the first half of the 1690s. The author examines two Baroque performances and Liechtenstein s everyday life as the Legate to Leopold I in the capital of the Papal States. The paper offers an interpre¬ tation of the ceremonial procession of the Legate to the College of Cardinals on Septem¬ ber 29, 1689 and on February 19, 1691, and an interpretation of the ceremonial caval¬ cade in commemoration of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth on December 25, 1691. For the Emperor and his Legate, performances of this kind presented a welcome opportunity to legitimise their real power and to display their wealth and social status in public. Further¬ more, the author describes the significance of social contacts in the eyes of Anton Florian of Liechtenstein. The carefully defined circle of chosen people with whom the diplomat met personally gave him a certain exclusivity within the hierarchically structured Roman society and at the Papal court. For many individuals from Italy and beyond he was a highly respected and much sought-after person, as his recommendation could play an important role in obtaining a favour from the Emperor. Moreover, these meetings had a greater so¬ cial importance, as they helped to establish and strengthen the relationships among their participants. Josef Wenzel von Liechtenstein - Reformer and Diplomat Pavel Juřík Prince Josef Wenzel [9.8.1696, Prague- 10.2.1772, Vienna] was the son of the Deputy Field Marshal Philipp Erasmus von Liechtenstein (11.8.1664-9.1.1704) and Christina, née Countess zu Löwenstein (1699-1753). His father served in the imperial army, fighting in Italy under Prince Eugene of Savoy, and fell at the Battle of Castelnuovo at the age of 40 (11.1.1704). Prince Josef Wenzel made a major contribution not only to his family s history, but also to Austrian diplomacy and military history. He showed great talent in military tac¬ tics and organization. His interests included a wide range of typical pastimes of a Baroque nobleman. The Military and Diplomatic Contribution of Johann Josef von Liechtenstein in the Coalition Wars against France Dušan Uhlíř Prince Johann Josef von Liechtenstein twice played the role of diplomat, each time when the Austrian monarchy had been plunged into a serious crisis - the first time in 1805 after the Battle of Austerlitz, and then in 1809 after the Battle of Wagram. The role was forced upon him by circumstances, and he could not refuse to perform this service to the throne and the empire. He carried out this role to the best of his ability without receiving any reward. He had little room for manoeuvre, because the final result of the negotiations was always conditioned by the crushing defeats inflicted upon the Austrian army. As a soldier, Johann Josef was not a great strategist. However, as a cavalry officer his tactical excellence was evident, as he was able to make astute use of the advantages offered by a mounted army. His rapid career was undoubtedly helped by his noble birth, yet his talents meant that he was fully deserving of his success. Liechtenstein s operations were courageous, intelligent and thorough. He often managed to trick his opponents into defeat. He was also popular among his troops, and was prepared to lead them into action even in the most dangerous situations. Alongside Archduke Karl, Marshal Karl von Schwarzenberg and Josef Radetzky, Johann Josef von Liechtenstein ranked among the foremost Austrian military commanders at the time of the Napoleonic Wars. Summary The Liechtensteins and the Counter-Reformation 621 Obstacles and Resistance to Counterreformation on the Lower Austrian and Moravian Estates of Gundakar von Liechtenstein Arthur Stögmann The article analyzes the phenomena of counterreformation and ecclesiastical reform in specific cases, focusing on events in some estates and parishes belonging to the princes Gundakar and Maximilian of Liechtenstein in the Habsburg provinces of Lower Austria and of Moravia. While the role of Catholic rulers and that of leading ecclesiastical representa¬ tives constitutes one of the most frequently studied topics in both Austrian and interna¬ tional research, the actions of the local lords, the parish clergy and their „agents among the members of the communities both in towns and in the countryside has hardly attracted the attention of historians until now. The same can be stated about the factors that hindered the advancement of Catholicism in regions that had been influenced by Protestantism to varying degrees. This study aims to address this problem by applying a microhistorical approach. It is shown how seriously specific ecclesiastical, social and economic problems affected the religious behaviour of ordinary people and the efforts of Catholic landowners, like the princes of Liechtenstein, to implement their visions of religious discipline within the context of Catholic confessionalisation. Catholic landowners, governmental and eccle¬ siastical authorities had to take these problems seriously, if they wanted their claims for religious uniformity and discipline to be accepted by the people. The explored cases show how fragile those attempts could be if they were not supported by an effective ecclesiastical organisation that was able to produce well-trained priests who were willing to act as spiritual advisers and as models who tried to aid the people in their afflictions and troubles. Only a high standard of theological knowledge and pastoral credibility made it possible for them to be recognized as mediators between mankind and God. Isolated and purely normative attempts to establish religious obedience were doomed to fail and to evoke resistance against the clergy and the standardized behaviour, practices and rituals of religious life within Catholic Church. The Possibilities and Limits of the Re-Catholicization Policies of the Liechtensteins in the Duchy of Opava Jan Al Saheb Whereas the Olomouc bishops supported an uncompromising programme of blanket re-Ca- tholicization, Prince Karl von Liechtenstein, and later Karl Eusebius, took a more reserved approach to the process within the Duchy of Opava. Although there is no doubt that Karl and Karl Eusebius had a personal interest in implementing a re-Catholicization programme in their lands, it was the CatholicChurch which played the leading role in the process in the Opava region throughout the 17th century. A fully coordinated approach by secular and ecclesiasti¬ cal authorities proved impossible; this eventually led to the preservation of a relatively large non-Catholic diaspora in the region almost up until the issuing of the patent of tolerance. On the Question of the Foundation and Patronage of the Liechtenstein Princes in the Silesian Duchies of Opava and Krnov during the Baroque Era: the Church at Lichnov Katarzyna Brzezina-Scheuerer This paper focuses on the different types of church foundations practised by the Princes of Liechtenstein in the Silesian Duchies of Opava [Troppau] and Krnov [Jägerndorf]. On the one hand the Liechtensteins built monumental structures in their residential towns of Opava and Krnov - which were important centres of the Counter-Reformation. On the 522 Ічш л-і nüa;¡s і.іі-.сіп і sii:iN in ш:і< Gr.sfinfciľiť ηκκ Länder diìk höhmiscmen Kronu other hand they founded small churches supporting the Counter-Reformation in rural ar¬ eas. These examples show the Liechtenstein Princes as important founders and patrons in the region, who used these activities to influence life in their dominions. They also sup¬ ported the production of interesting works of art, which merit further research not only with respect to their patrons, but also for their artistic quality. The Liechtenstein as Landowners Liechtenstein Holdings in Southern Moravia as Recorded in Ylib and 18th Century Land Registers Emil Kordiovský The land registers preserved from the years 1673-1675 are an important source of 17th cen¬ tury information concerning the economics of the Liechtensteins estates in southern Mora¬ via. Another source is a list of subjects and their property from 1716. TheTheresian register of subjects and their property, and its expansion to include the property of the nobility, are the most important sources from the mid-18th century. Information concerning numbers of inhabitants was acquired from the first preserved general census in Moravia in 1763. The Liechtenstein family owned 9 estates in the regions of Brno, Uherské Hradiště and Znojmo. These estates consisted of 134 villages, 18 townlets and 6 towns with 7829 tax- paying farmsteads. During the Thirty Years War the number of renting farmers fell down to 47.08% of the pre-war count. About 50% of arable land lay fallow. The worst hit were the vineyards, which were reduced to one third of their pre-war area. In 1716 there were 6,008 tax-paying renting farmers in the farmsteads of the Brno, Uherské Hradiště and Znojmo regions. If we consider the data from the pre-war land reg¬ istry tobe 100%, then a hundred years later their number reached 76.74% of the pre-war number and in 1763 it reached 130.9% of the pre-war number. The census in 1763 recorded 10248 families of renting farmers and 4,254 families of farm servants. The ratio of children to adults was 51.58 : 48.42 %. The data suggests high mortal¬ ity of children before the fifteenth year of age. Of a total 61,759 inhabitants, 93.33 % were subject farmers and farm servants. In second place were domestic servants with 3.34%. Craftsmen constitute a mere 0.2 % of the total. Only 92 civil servants were recorded on the farmsteads, which is 0.15 % of the population. Equally surprising is only 122 clergymen in 5 small towns, 20 townlets and 132 villages in the middle of the 18th century - a mere 0.2 %. An the time of the Theresian land register, the nine Liechtensteins estates had an overall area of 369,920 metzen . Two thirds of the area was farmed by subjects; one third belonged to the landlord s farmsteads. The Liechtensteins paid great attention to forestry. Forests occupied 80.05 % of their ma¬ norial land. Only 3.78% of forests were owned by subjects. The areas of manorial vineyards (0.48%), gardens (0.42%) and commons (0.02%) were negligible. 82.23% of subjects land was arable land. In second place were vineyards with 7.16%. The total area of the Liechtensteins land consisted of 28.10% forests, 59.16% arable land, 5.57% pastures, 4.9% vineyards and 0.98% gardens. Only 0.21% of the land was barren, and 1.06% was commons. New Lord - old Estate. Karl von Liechtenstein and his Estate at Úsov Jan Štěpán The Úsov estate originally belonged to high-ranking officials, and during the 14th and 15th centuries it passed into the holdings of various noble families. In 1513 it was acquired by the Czernohorskys of Boskovice, who held it through male succession until the death of Summary John Sembera of Boskovice in 1597. In 1598 the estate passed to Karl von Liechtenstein by virtue of his marriage to Ann Elisabeth Sembera of Boskovice. The estates thus acquired by the Liechtensteins were Lutheran, though Karl was a Catholic; logically, one of the first obstacles was confessional. Karl naturally wanted to turn his subjects back to the Catholic faith. However, as he spent very little time at Úsov, this proved rather difficult, and when he died in 1627 he had still not achieved his aim - despite the fact that the estate was not far from Olomouc, where Karl attempted to make use of his contacts with the Olomouc Bishop and Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein. More information on the religious composition of the estate is known from the parish inventory of 1606, ordered by Bishop Dietrichstein, which broke down the territory of the Bishopric into separate districts. This document reveals that the district of Uničov had three Catholic parishes and three heretical parishes; the district of Mohelnice had ten Catholic parishes, though three of them had large numbers of heretics, and Litovel was also heretical. At the time, nobody could have known that the estates would rebel, nor that the rebellion would be short-lived; in any case, the re-Catholi- cization of the estates did not begin until a later date. Laus tu sit atque felix! On the Changing Relationship between Karl von Liechtenstein and the Town of Prostějov Michaela Kokojanová At the end of the ló 11 century, Prostějov - known as the largest and richest subject town in Moravia- found itself in an unenviable position as the most heavily indebted holding of Jan of Pernštejn. The constant threat of the seizure of assets placed the burghers into a posi¬ tion of isolation - both economically and socially. All of the town s main activities - finance, trade, crafts, and supply - were negatively affected. It is no surprise that the people of Prostějov welcomed Karl von Liechtenstein s interest in the Plumlov estates; they collected 27,000 gulden in donations to help finance the pur¬ chase. The new lord rewarded this gesture by preserving as many of the subjects previous rights as possible; he promised that the town would no longer be burdened with loans, paid regular contributions to the town s hospital, and in the first years of his rule took a very sensitive approach to dealing with the problems left behind by the Pernštejns. In the autumn of 1607, Karl decided to terminate his service with Rudolf II and consid¬ ered relocating the Liechtenstein family residence to Prostějov. However, in the following years he abandoned this idea, as better alternatives presented themselves. His patriarchal approach to his subjects gradually cooled into a more problematic relationship. He changed certain official structures, and gradually passed judicial powers to himself. The Latin phrase in the title of this paper was written in 1599 by Prostejov s private chronicler Pavel Zlýpivo (who later emigrated after the White Mountain) as part of a record of Karl s purchase, and expressed the wish that the purchase would be blessed with fortune. These hopes were soon to turn sour - though until 1624 the burghers of Prostějov were left in relative peace to concentrate mainly on economic affairs. Although the town then experienced the most critical and turbulent period in its history (during the re-Catholicization and the Thirty Years War], the townspeople did not gener¬ ally associate these problems with Karl von Liechtenstein - perhaps because the events occurred under Karl s successors, and perhaps because people remained fascinated with him as a genuinely exceptional figure. The traditional view emphasized the good relations between the people of Prostějov and the first Liechtenstein to rule the town. As late as the 18th century, servants told stories recalling the happy times Karl spent at the local château. Karl s obituary in the town s chronicle is extensive, while the chronicler entirely omitted the name of Jan of Pernštejn in the death records. (324 ί4Π:;- Π:.ΝΗΛΙ ?! ¡Лід, Mii NSTKi.N ÍN DUí ОгіЗСШСНТК iii: !-: LÄNDľ.R DKK HÚHMISC.HIíN KlíONb Kostelec nad Černými lesy in the Liechtenstein Era - Practical Questions of Running a Rural Château and Estate in the 17th-19th Century Vladimír Jakub Mrvík The château of Kostelec nad Černými lesy [Schwarzkosteletz] in the region of Central Bo¬ hemia is a typical example of many aristocratic sites which were not used as permanent residences by nobles in the Baroque period; the lord of the domain was present there only rarely and irregularly. The château eventually became used only as the administrative cen¬ tre for a large princely dominium. As a result it lived its own way of life; the aim of this study is to show how this kind of château functioned, how often the Prince of Liechtenstein came here, and the types and functions of the interior fittings in the Baroque era and the 19th century. The first part of the paper observes how often the owner (the princely family of Liechten¬ stein) stayed here. The château of Kostelec was used especially by Prince Charles II Euse- bius of Liechtenstein (1627-1684). It is interesting that the young Charles Eusebius was sent here by his father to learn the Czech language, and he had to write letters in Czech to his father - so he spent part of his youth in this castle. Later, this ruling prince slept here on his journeys to Prague and when hunting. It is necessary to say that parts of this castle were more comfortable in the first half of 17th century than the family s main residence in Valtice [Feldsberg]. Prince Charles II also died in Kostelec in April 1684. A radical break in the relationship of the princely family to this castle came in the autumn of 1663. At that time, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV launched a campaign against the Habsburg monarchy. As a reaction, Charles Eusebius of Liechtenstein (with his family and his whole court) left their home in Valtice, southern Moravia, and moved to the safety of Kostelec for one year. The family celebrated feasts of Christmas and Easter here, and they introduced one important liturgical novelty (originally from a German-speaking region) to Bohemia - the sculpture of the Holy Tomb (found today in every Catholic parish church), which local people had never seen before. In the following years, the château in Kostelec failed to measure up to the Baroque era s requirements for comfort, and it was deemed insufficiently grand to represent an impor¬ tant aristocratic dynasty such as the Liechtensteins. The son of Charles Eusebius, prince Hans Adam I, hardly ever came here, and nor did his successors. The only exception was Hans Adam s daughter, Duchess Maria Theresia, married to Duke Thomas Emanuel of Sa- voy-Carignan. She lived here between 1712 and 1717 while a new and comfortable Ba¬ roque château in nearby Koloděje was being built. The Koloděje château then took over the position of the Liechtensteins main Bohemian home, and the family started to go there instead. The second part of the paper observes some aspects of social rank and the private life of princely patrimonial officers. For example, it is interesting that the salary and perquisite of the chief officer of the Kostelec dominium was as much as an average small nobiliary allodium (one farmyard) earned in a single year - and without risk of crop failure (in the years 1642-1650 the salary was on average 725 Kopas of Meissner Groschen plus per¬ quisite). He also had luxury items such as a golden shrine with a part of the Christi cross and a bone relic of St. John of Nepomuk, three horses, and several diamond rings. From the 18th and 19th centuries in the Kostelec dominium, there was a pension fund for all old or permanently ill princely officers, employees and, in many cases, for their surviving relatives too. Summary 625 Clerks of the House of Liechtenstein in the Czech Lands during the 19th Century Marie Macková The possessions of the Liechtenstein family in the Habsburg Monarchy, which were still growing in the 19th century, needed clerical staff to function well. These clerks were part of the middle class - or more precisely, the upper middle class. Most of them had a good level of education; they were often university graduates. Since the majority of them held their of¬ fices directly in individual demesnes and later large estates, they became members of the top layer of provincial society. These men were always well-off. However, they were not always the richest in the region. Compared to civil servants in the second half of the 19th century, the private clerks employed by the Liechtenstein administration were better paid. This was a common practice at that time: almost all private clerks were paid more than civil servants. In the first half of the 19th century, some of the demesne clerks had to take part in judicial matters as well as in public administration. Thus a great deal of power was concentrated in their hands. This power seemed stronger in remote demesnes than it really was. Such demesnes managed to welcome the ruling prince in person only once during his reign in the 19th century. Nevertheless, the clerks had to justify their decisions to superior officers at higher levels in the administration (e.g. inspectorates or central authorities). The clerical staff changed in the second half of the 19th century. Their main tasks came to focus on the economic prosperity of large estates. The structure of clerical staff was trans¬ formed in the Liechtenstein demesnes after 1858, i.e. after the death of Prince Alois Jo¬ seph II. Their number decreased, and their powers and qualification requirements changed. The demesne clerks and later large estate clerks were a small and limited social group. This socio-professional group guarded its own exclusivity, and at the same time it was (as a minority group] forced to become exclusive. This was the reason why real clerical dynasties were formed within the Liechtenstein possessions. Glassmaking on the Liechtenstein Estates Vaclav Štěpán The role of the Liechtensteins in glassmaking began after the Battle of the White Moun¬ tain, when the family expanded its possessions through confiscation or shrewd purchases. They also acquired some manors where glassworks were located. The circumstances of the Thirty Years War and the conservative attitudes of family members - who were unwilling to become involved in industrial production - soon led to the closure of the glassworks at the manors of Lanškroun, Ruda nad Moravou, Štíty and Moravská Třebová. Only the glass factory at Malá Morava in the Branná manor survived. It was later joined by the glassworks in Nová Josefova and Kvetná, and in the 19th century, the glassworks at Františkov. In the second half of the 17th century the alchemist Pietro del Bono was called to the ser¬ vice of the Liechtensteins in connection with Prince Karl Eusebius artistic and alchemistic inclinations and with the effort to create the Prince s Mint in Litovel to deal with the prob¬ lem of the family s insolvency. He established the glassworks in Olomoučany at Pozořice Manor in 1676. This was the most influential Moravian glass factory in the feudal period. Its importance surpassed that of the Drahany Hills region. However, from 1689 the Liech¬ tensteins focused their glassmaking on domestic consumption at their manors. This ex¬ cluded the works from participating in foreign trade, and was the reason why glassmaking in Moravia and Silesia did not become as famous as glassmaking in Bohemia. The Liechten¬ steins funded the operation of the glassworks themselves. They aimed to optimise profits, but they were not always successful. The glass factory at Olomoučany was closed in 1747 due to the lack of timber from the surrounding forests; this situation was partly caused by the high consumption of wood by the iron mills at Adamov. These iron mills were used 626 Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in dhr Geschichte her Länder der böhmischen Krone for armaments production, according to the reforms of the Austrian army implemented by Prince Josef Vaclav Vavřinec of Liechtenstein. At the end of the 18th century the Liechtensteins employed the chemist and doctor Franz von Weissbach. He transformed the glassmaking process to base it on more scientific pro¬ cesses and introduced new technological procedures; in 1794-1795 he established the new glass factory at Stráně in the Uherský Ostroh manor (nowadays Květná). He tried to raise production levels and sell the Liechtensteins glass products abroad. The crisis of Czech glassmaking during the Napoleonic Wars presented an obstacle to his aims. In 1802 the members of the Liechtenstein secundogeniture in Moravský Krumlov bought the Velké Losiny manor, which included a glass factory in Annin. This glass factory was replaced by the glass factory in Rapotin, which is still in production today. Both of these glass factories were influential companies which supplied much of Eastern and Northern Bohemia. After overcoming the crisis period, from 1830 onwards new developments in Czech glassmaking saw industrial companies re-orient their efforts to capitalist mass production; the tradi¬ tional forms of business clearly had no future. The Liechtensteins had to ensure the future of the glassworks in Rapotin and Květná at Uherský Brod - the rest of the works had already closed down. Both factories were acquired by private entrepreneurs, who developed them into prosperous businesses - thanks to which they both survive to the present day. The existence of the glass factories at the Liechtensteins manors of Červený Hrádek at Cho¬ mutov, Kostelec nad Černými lesy, Uhříněves-Skvorec and Rataje nad Sázavou is documented by historical sources. Very little is known about these glass factories, and so a large field of research into the Liechtensteins glassmaking and its contribution to the industrial and ar¬ tistic history of the Czech lands is open for the future. The plans for a Museum of Mining and Glassmaking in the Jeseníky Mountains (at Branná Castle) will also be of great importance. The Liechtensteins in the Turbulent 20th Century Liechtenstein s Campaign for International Recognition (1919-1922) David Beattie In 1918 Liechtenstein faced disaster. Internally, there was a constitutional crisis and the economy collapsed. Externally, the Dual Monarchy s disintegration had left Liechtenstein isolated and unprotected. If Vorarlberg were to join Switzerland, the Principality would find itself embedded within Swiss territory. The Princely House s possessions in Czecho¬ slovakia were threatened by land reform or even by confiscation without compensation. In these circumstances it was essential to the political and economic interests of Liech¬ tenstein and the Princely House that the Principality s sovereignty, independence and war¬ time neutrality should be internationally recognised. The Princely House and Government conducted a vigorous campaign to that end. The constitutional settlement (1921) helped Liechtenstein to survive the dangerous years of 1933-1945. The customs union with Swit¬ zerland (1924) gave stability and the possibility of economic development. Vorarlberg stayed with Austria. Liechtenstein s efforts to join the Paris Peace Conference and the League of Nations failed, but its sovereignty, independence and neutrality were interna¬ tionally recognised except by Czechoslovakia. The British Government consistently viewed Liechtenstein as a sovereign, independ¬ ent, neutral and friendly state. It therefore considered that confiscation of the Sovereign Prince s properties in Czechoslovakia would not be justifiable in international law. However, it saw no reason why Czechoslovak land reform legislation applied generally (that is, not against the Sovereign Prince in particular) should not be applied to the Prince s property. Summary 627 The Liechtensteins and Czechoslovak jurisprudence Ondřej Horák The recently established Czech-Liechtenstein committee of historians represents an im¬ portant signal that the problematic areas of the two countries common history will finally be viewed objectively and critically. The main focus will be on the events of the White Mountain, and also on the Protectorate and the events in the Sudetenland. The Liechten¬ steins activities during the Second World War did not play a legally relevant role in the post-war decisions of official bodies and courts; however, the committee should investi¬ gate this chapter of the family s history in more detail, 1) evaluating the reliability of exist¬ ing sources, especially with respect to the moral credit of those who wrote them (e.g. infor¬ mation written by Nazi officials or controversial communist officials with links to foreign intelligence services), and 2) evaluating them in the context of their time - especially by comparison with citizens of other neutral states. This work should lead the historians to clear conclusions on whether and how the status of Liechtenstein differed from that of Switzerland (including the activities of both countries citizens especially in the former Czechoslovakia). This may lay the foundation for different legal approaches to citizens of these neutral states - not only in cases of confiscations car¬ ried out by state bodies, but also in subsequent negotiations on compensation. However, if the committee finds that the distinction between Liechtenstein and Switzerland was purely one of convenience and expediency, enabled by the international political situation of the time, then it should state this finding clearly and explicitly. The Liechtensteins and the Beginnings of Motorizing Miloš Hořejš - Jiří Křížek At the end of the 19th century, the members of the aristocracy did not remain detached from progress in technology - though their perception of progress in science and technology continues to be viewed through the lens of many stereotypes. This was also the case with the revolutionary invention of the motor car, which was used by the aristocracy not only for amusement or reasons of prestige, but often also to satisfy their interest in technical in¬ novation and, later, to enhance the economic effectiveness of their estates. The aristocrats lived their lives of traditional rituals. Despite these established routines, the motor car soon gained a firm place in many families. The car ceased soon to be viewed only as an exclusive personal means of transport and started to be used for transportation of commodities and materials. As in the case of previous technical inventions and innovations, this way of using the car did not escape the notice of the noble owners of estates. The employment of cars for the management of estates was often influenced by the owner s personal experience with the car. The Liechtensteins were no exception, also using cars for their economic activities. Detailed journey logs of the Plumlov Forest Administration from 1929-1930 can be found among preserved archive materials. The car was viewed more and more as a means of in¬ creasing profits. Taking into account the increasing use of combustion engines in agriculture in general, aristocratic estates in the 1920s and 1930s made wide use of motorized tech¬ nologies. In 1906, Prince Johann von und zu Liechtenstein - the uncle of the future Ruling Prince of Liechtenstein, Franz Josef 11 von und zu Liechtenstein (1906-1989) - was married to Maria (Marizze) Gabriella Andrássy (1886-1961). This brought the Liechtensteins into the favour of a family which stood at the birth of motorizing in Hungary. This naturally had an impact on Johann Liechtenstein and his family. A preserved collection of photographs documents their intense interest in automotive technology during the first four decades of the 20th century. The affection of Princess Eleonora of Liechtenstein for motorizing is inter¬ esting from the point of view of gender history; the Princess drove cars as early as the 1920s. 528 KÜKKTHNHAIIS Lu-XnTßNSTKlN IN iìl.K ClïSCI-llCHTK VER LÀNIJKK (IKK BÖHMISCHISN KRONE The Contribution of the Liechtenstein Princes to the Development of Tourism in the Jeseníky Mountains Marcin Dziedzic The article examines the contribution of the Liechtenstein princes to the development of tourism in the Jeseníky mountains. Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, sponsored the Mora- vian-Silesian Mountaineering Club - which was the main organisation for hiking tourism in the Jeseníky mountains. He paid annual contributions to the Club and also helped to fund building work done by the organisation. He gave his consent to the building of view¬ ing towers on the hill of Cvilin near Krnov (1902) and Pastvisko near Moravská Třebová (1906). Both towers bore his name, being known as Liechtensteinwarte. Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein also gave money and donated timber, which made it possible to build an inn on Králický Sněžník (1908-1912). It also bore his name - Fürst Johann Liechtenstein- Schutzhaus. The Liechtenstein family from Velké Losiny gave the Moravian-Silesian Moun¬ taineering Club permission to build a shelter on Praděd (1883), builtan inn near Praděd called Schweizerei (1887), and financially supported children s summer camps in Velké Losiny. Art on the Liechtenstein Estates The Reception of Roman Baroque and the Conservation of Architectural Tradition: The Reconstruction of the Feldsberg [Valtice] Château under the Supervision of Prince Anton Florian von Liechtenstein (1713-1721) Christiane Salge It is clear that Prince Anton Florian abided very closely by the instructions of his predeces¬ sor Karl Eusebius. Anton Florian evidently wanted to preserve as much as possible at the Feldsberg [Valtice] château - which was of great importance to the family - by preserving the old system. However, he also wanted to build an image of himself as a man of artistic sensibility, as well as demonstrating his family s success in politics by creating a grand ap¬ proach to the château and creating innovative interiors for the stables and riding school in Borromini s Roman style. This approach represented a sensitive means of conserving architectural traditions. Johann Adam Delsenbach s Series of Drawings of Liechtenstein Châteaux Hellmut Lorenz The drawings and engravings of Johann Adam Delsenbach remain an important source of knowledge of the culture of the nobility in one of the most artistically rich regions of Cen¬ tral Europe; in a way they can be viewed as seminal works on Baroque architecture. The pieces also clearly document the importance of the nobility for Central European Baroque art; this is a fascinating subject for art-historic research. A Long Century on the Border of south Moravia and Lower Austria. An Attempt to characterize Cultural Events at Lednice-Valtice-Břeclav in 1785-1918 Pavel Zatloukal The Liechtenstein s complex at Lednice-Valtice-Břeclav [Eisgrub-Feldsberg-Lundenberg] underwent major changes during the 19th century to become the largest artificial landscape in Europe. At least eight major phases can be distinguished with regard to architecture and park landscaping: the formal gardens at the Lednice [Eisgrub] château (early 18th century); the celebration of light, enlightenment and magical numbers (late 18th century); the cult of ruins; the development of a Classicist repertoire based on the combination of a colonnade Summary 629 with a triumphal arch; celebrations of hunting through the cult of the goddess Diana; the construction of a landscape of temples accompanied by major re-landscaping work to create various types of landscape while respecting the genius loci; the expression of con¬ tinuity through the use of secular and sacred neo-Gothic forms; and finally at the end of the 19th century, the construction of a church to dominate the surrounding landscape, its architecture returning to the roots of Christian art. More detailed excursions are devoted to Apollo s temple (1817-1819), whose creators - the Liechtenstein s own architects Jo¬ seph Kornhäusel and Josef Franz Engel - modelled it on the Paris house of Marie Madeleine Guimard (1770-1773) designed by Claude Nicolas Ledoux. While the facade of the Paris building hid a Libertine palace, the Lednice structure was the centrepiece of a complex of sacred buildings and small châteaux positioned around three ponds, representing a culmi¬ nation of the cult of light. Ledoux s building was widely cited throughout Europe at the time. At Lednice, it represents a culmination of the contemporary aesthetic debate, marking a transition from the picturesque (including the curious and ephemeral) to the sublime (the grand and eternal). Liechtenstein Collections and Museums - Past and Present The Patron Johann II von Liechtenstein in the Context of the Medieval Art Collection at the Silesian Museum Markéta Jarošová The collection of medieval paintings and sculptural works held by the Silesian Museum in Opava consists of almost 80 items. The large majority of these were acquired in the first quarter of the 20th century; most of these came into the possession of the museum in 1910 (26 items - 33% of the total). Acquisitions from the pre-1945 period account for 83% of the total number of items in the collection. When creating the collection, the most important role was played by donations from two noblemen - Prince Johann II of Liechtenstein (who provided 27% of the items) and Count Hans Wilczek (22% of the items of high artistic qual¬ ity). This means that almost half of the items in the collection are present due to the gener¬ ous patronage of the local nobility. The museum s former director Edmund Wilhelm Braun also played a major role. After 1945 several confiscated items were added to the collection (6%), and the 1950s and 1960s saw a further 6% of items added thanks to the systematic research by Albert Kutal s team. The remaining 5% of the items are listed as original prop¬ erty of the museum. It is clear that the foundations for this collection were systematically laid in the first third of the 20th century with the invaluable support of the local aristocracy. Of the total number of items in the medieval art collection, 64% are of German or Aus¬ trian origin, while 63% are associated with Silesia. The majority of the items are sculptural (mainly woodcarvings), accounting for almost 80%, while just over 20% of the items are paintings. Although some of these works have been studied in the past, an important task for the future will be the compilation of a complete catalogue of the entire collection. The Representation of the Liechtensteins in Bohemian and Moravian Collections Marie Mžyková The author studies the Liechtenstein s collections of paintings of castles and châteaux in the Czech Republic, mapping the original Liechtenstein collections including portraits of family members. She focuses both on the movements of the paintings during the previous regime and on the natural process by which family portraits found their way to new homes. The (330 Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in dkr Geschichte der Länder der böhmischen Krone paper outlines the historical periods during which the works were created (Baroque, Neo- classicism, 19th century) and characterizes their thematic content (imaginary portraits of Perchta von Liechtenstein, known as the White Lady, carousel or carnival costumes, crypto¬ portraits, and holders of the Order of the Golden Fleece). The paper examines portraits including watercolours and graphic art, which are strongly represented in the collections (including the copper plates by Ruben s collaborator Lucas Vosterman and the 19th century lithographs of Robert Theer). The author also discusses the depiction of Liechtensteins in the historical salons with which they are associated (espe¬ cially in Moravský Krumlov). Particular attention (including reproductions) is focused on the highest-quality works (Martin van Meytens, Franz Stampart, Anton Glunck, Georg Desmarées, Johann Georg Weickert, Jean Baptist Isabey, Henri Gervex etc.). However, in order to provide a complete overview of the subject, the author also includes details of works which are of historic rather than artistic interest (e.g. the Moravský Krumlov portraits by Johann Georg Gutwein). The research also focuses on one previously neglected genre - the aristocratic caricature, especially those works produced by talented amateurs from the ranks of the nobility. Their artists used their talents as a way of entertaining their peers, and the caricatures often be¬ came valuable items in the collections of the aristocracy. An entirely different type of work is represented by the portraits of beautiful women from the Liechtenstein family. Czech collections mainly contain portraits commissioned from Viennese academic painters such as Franz Schrotzberg, Carl von Blaas, Heinrich von Angeli and others. These portraits clearly show the Liechtenstein s fondness for Viennese culture, linked to their role at the imperial court. The Liechtenstein Castle in Wilfersdorf Hans Huysza The history of Wilfersdorf is inseparably connected with that of the princes of Liechten¬ stein. Numerous monuments and buildings in the village give evidence of a turbulent com¬ mon past. The landmark of the village is the castle, which is often called a bridge to the Liechtenstein castles in Moravia. In the Middle Ages, a Gothic castle stood on the site of today s palace. In 1436, the castle and its estates were passed from the Lords of Maissau to the family of Liechtenstein, who converted the building into a four-winged moated castle with bastions and enclosing walls. We must mention Prince Gundakar, who lived with his family in the castle of Wilfersdorf and died there in 1658. He is considered to be the founder of the family line today living in the principality of Liechtenstein. Thus, Wilfersdorf may be called the ancestral castle of the family of Liechtenstein. Between 1713 and 1721, Duke Anton Florian had further alterations made by the architect Johann Anton Ospel. In 1802 the castle had to be partly demolished due to its state of dereliction. The origins of old families are often a mystery, and so the origin of the House of Liech¬ tenstein cannot be elucidated entirely. The first identified representative of the family was Hugo. He lived in the middle of the 12th century and named himself Liechtenstein after his castle located south of Vienna. About a hundred years later, Heinrich von Liechtenstein (f 1265) inherited valuable properties along the river Zaya due to the laws of succession. After the acquisition of new territories near the Moravian town of Nikolsburg/Mikulov in 1249, the properties at the foot of the Palava [Pollauer] Hills increasingly became the centre of interest of the House of Liechtenstein. In the course of the 13th century and at the beginning of the 14th century, the family further extended its sphere of influence both in Moravia and in Austria.
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author2	Vařeka, Marek 1980- Zářický, Aleš 1973-
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genre	(DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2010 Olmütz gnd-content
genre_facet	Konferenzschrift 2010 Olmütz
geographic	Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd
geographic_facet	Böhmische Länder
id	DE-604.BV041571334
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T00:59:53Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9788074643828 9783952327654
language	German
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027016718
oclc_num	873412760
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owner	DE-12 DE-255
owner_facet	DE-12 DE-255
physical	630 Seiten Ill., Kt.
psigel	DHB_JDG_ISBN_1
publishDate	2013
publishDateSearch	2013
publishDateSort	2013
publisher	Univ. Ostraviensis, Fac. Philosophica Lichtensteinisches Landesmuseum
record_format	marc
series	Documenta Liechtensteiniana. Series Nova
series2	Documenta Liechtensteiniana. Series Nova
spelling	Das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in der Geschichte der Länder der böhmischen Krone [Konferenz vom 24.-26. November 2010 in Olmütz] hrsg. von Marek Vařeka und Aleš Zářický The Princely House of Liechtenstein in the history of lands of the Bohemian crown 1. Ausg. Ostrava Univ. Ostraviensis, Fac. Philosophica 2013 Vaduz Lichtensteinisches Landesmuseum 630 Seiten Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Documenta Liechtensteiniana. Series Nova 1 Sammelband der Vorträge der Konferenz vom 24.-26. November 2010 in Olmütz. - Beitr. dt., Zsfassungen in engl. Sprache Liechtenstein Familie ca. ab 12. Jh. (DE-588)118572784 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2010 Olmütz gnd-content Liechtenstein Familie ca. ab 12. Jh. (DE-588)118572784 p Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 g Geschichte z DE-604 Vařeka, Marek 1980- (DE-588)104716633X edt Zářický, Aleš 1973- (DE-588)1061108805 edt Documenta Liechtensteiniana. Series Nova 1 (DE-604)BV041628162 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027016718&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027016718&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in der Geschichte der Länder der böhmischen Krone [Konferenz vom 24.-26. November 2010 in Olmütz] Documenta Liechtensteiniana. Series Nova Liechtenstein Familie ca. ab 12. Jh. (DE-588)118572784 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)118572784 (DE-588)4069573-6 (DE-588)1071861417
title	Das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in der Geschichte der Länder der böhmischen Krone [Konferenz vom 24.-26. November 2010 in Olmütz]
title_alt	The Princely House of Liechtenstein in the history of lands of the Bohemian crown
title_auth	Das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in der Geschichte der Länder der böhmischen Krone [Konferenz vom 24.-26. November 2010 in Olmütz]
title_exact_search	Das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in der Geschichte der Länder der böhmischen Krone [Konferenz vom 24.-26. November 2010 in Olmütz]
title_full	Das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in der Geschichte der Länder der böhmischen Krone [Konferenz vom 24.-26. November 2010 in Olmütz] hrsg. von Marek Vařeka und Aleš Zářický
title_fullStr	Das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in der Geschichte der Länder der böhmischen Krone [Konferenz vom 24.-26. November 2010 in Olmütz] hrsg. von Marek Vařeka und Aleš Zářický
title_full_unstemmed	Das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in der Geschichte der Länder der böhmischen Krone [Konferenz vom 24.-26. November 2010 in Olmütz] hrsg. von Marek Vařeka und Aleš Zářický
title_short	Das Fürstenhaus Liechtenstein in der Geschichte der Länder der böhmischen Krone
title_sort	das furstenhaus liechtenstein in der geschichte der lander der bohmischen krone konferenz vom 24 26 november 2010 in olmutz
title_sub	[Konferenz vom 24.-26. November 2010 in Olmütz]
topic	Liechtenstein Familie ca. ab 12. Jh. (DE-588)118572784 gnd
topic_facet	Liechtenstein Familie ca. ab 12. Jh. Böhmische Länder Konferenzschrift 2010 Olmütz
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027016718&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027016718&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV041628162
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