Eiropas aristokrātijas kultūra 17. - 19. gadsimtā:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Latvian |
| Published: |
Rīgā
Zinātne
2013
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | PST: European aristocracy culture in the 17th - 19th centuries. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 318 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789984879468 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
S
at
urs
Ievadijums
.9
Ievads. Par aristokrătiju
Latvija.
. . .11
Prologs.
Ріка
dama atceras
. 17
1.
nodala.
KAS
IR
ARISTOKRÄTIJA?
PAR NESKAIDRA JÉDZIENA
IZPLUDUŠÄM
DEFINICIJÄM
.65
2.
nodala.
ARISTOKRATS
UN
GALMINIEKS
-
TRANSFORMÄCIJAS
17.-18.
GADSIMTÄ
.95
3.
nodala.
ARISTOKRATA
PRIVATĂ TELPA
.205
4.
nodala. EIROPAS
ARISTOKRÄTIJAS
KULTURA
'TLGAJÄ"
19.
GADSIMTÄ:
1789-1914.
PÄRMAINAS, REAKCIJAS,
PIELÄGOŠANÄS
STRATÉGIJAS
.263
Pècvãrds.
Aristokrati)
a "ïsaja"
20.
gadsimtã
un
21.
gadsimtã sãkumã
.279
Izskana
.293
Izmantotã literatura
.297
European
Aristocracy Culture in 17th-19th Century. Summary
_313
European
Aristocracy Culture
in the 17th-19th Centuries
Summary
As John Adamson outlined in his voluminous comparative analy¬
sis of European court culture; "in the period between
1500
and
1750
a
"Versailles model" of a court as a self-sufficient, situated in a free space,
architectonically harmonious city-residency remote from the capital
city, where the king's household and administration was located, was an
exception." The Versailles conception and "model" both architectoni¬
cally and in terms of practical functioning of the court was spread and
secured in the 18th century, developing into a model of absolutism which
was imitated to different extents. The spectrum of the adoption of the
court of Louis
XIV
by material and intellectual culture reached from
the grand ensembles of palaces of Carskoye
Selo
in
Peterhof,
Russia,
Drottningholm
in Sweden and
Sanssouci in
Germany to several small
residences of the German princes' realms in Weimar, Hannover, and
elsewhere in Europe.
Analyzing the works of several researchers about the transformation
of the French aristocracy into court society, a common conclusion is the
assurance of the symbolic autocratic power by Louis
XIV
to the detri¬
ment of the economic and political independence of the aristocracy. In
this context, Alexis
de Tocquevüle
points at the forfeiture of the power
of the French aristocracy and its influence, and a simultaneous self-iso¬
lation of the group, which he defines as a "caste with ideas, habits and
barriers that they created in the nation/* Modern research, when revisit¬
ing methods of research on the aristocracy and expanding the choice
of sources, is still occupied with the problem defined at the beginning
of the 19th century by Tocqueville: The aristocracy lost its power and
influence, and by the end of the 18th century, also the economic basis
for its dominance in French society. John Levron defines courtiers as
314
EIROPAS
ARISTOKRÄTIJAS
KULTURA
17.-19. GADSIMTÄ
functional mediators between the monarch and society, calling them a
"screen'V In
turn, Ellery
Schalk
stated that at the time of Louis
XIV
the
aristocracy was going through an elite identity crisis, when alongside
the old aristocracy involved in military professions (noblesse
d
'épéé),
the king allowed a new, so-called administrative aristocracy (noblesse
de robe)
to hold major positions and titles of honour.
Along with the transformation of the traditional aristocratic hierar¬
chy formed in the early Middle Ages, which John Lough described as
an anachronism already back in the 17th century, also the status of the
governor and its symbolic place in the aristocratic hierarchy changed.
Notably, it is the question of a governor
s roïe
in the political culture
of absolutism by which the ideas of many researches can be distin¬
guished.
Norbert
Elias
thinks that an absolute monarch was the head
of a family, which included the whole state and thereby turned into a
governor's "household". Timothy Blanning, on the other hand, thinks
that the court culture of Louis
XIV
was an expression of the governor's
insecurity and fears. The researcher seems to derive this view from the
traumatic experience of the Fronde (the aristocrats' uprising against the
mother of Louis
XIV,
regent Anna of Austria), which the culturologist
K. Hoffmann interpreted from a psychoanalytical point of view and de¬
fined Louis
XIV
as a conqueror of chaos and a despotic governor. In the
wide spectrum of opinions, it is not the governors' political principles
that are postulated as a unifying element, but scenarios of the represen¬
tation of power, their aims and various tools that are combined in the
concept of court culture.
Elias
names symbolic activities in the court
etiquette as the manifestation of power relations, whereas M. Yampol-
sky identifies a symbolic withdrawal of a governor's body from the „cir¬
culation in society", when a governor starts to represent himself, thereby
alienating himself from society. George Gooch in this way reprimanded
Louis XV as he thought this development would deprive the royal repre¬
sentation from the sacred. In turn, Jonathan Dewald in his famous work
The European Nobility noted that Louis
XIV
was not the first to use the
1
LevronJ. Louis XI V's courtiers. In:
Halton
R.
Louis
XIV
and Absolutism. London: Mac-
millan,
1976,
pp.
130-153.
European
Aristocracy Culture in the 17th-19th Centuries
315
phenomenon of the court for securing the personal authority of a gover¬
nor, and referred to the courts during the late period of the Italian Ren¬
aissance as predecessors of French court culture.
What role did the monarch's closest „viewers"
-
the courtiers
—
play
in this? K. Hoffmann, by means of comparison with the ancient Greek
mythical monster Gorgon, comes to conclusion that the court had to
provide prey for the Gorgon (the king), who is both scared and fascinat¬
ed by the terrific sight (of power and glory). The perception of the court
as a collective observer implies the presence of the observed and worshi¬
ped object, the king. The public life of Louis
XIV,
which was subjected
to the complicated etiquette, provided for a hierarchical access to the
king's public body. Let us remember the Memoirs of
Duc de
Saint-Simon
providing a detailed description of the symbolic privileges granted to
the courtiers, which along the material gifts (pensions, concessions and
land plots)
vrere
tools for the formation of the identity and the status
of a new aristocrat/courtier
-
along with the right to touch the king's
belongings, his attire, etc.
The basis for securing the structure of the court's hierarchy was pro¬
vided by the governor's body along the lines mentioned above, which
according to the understanding of representation by Yampolsky was
withdrawn from society and placed within the borders of the Versailles
palace ensemble. There, by means of several tools, including dramatic
works of art, the governor's body was separated from its symbolic con¬
tent and hidden behind the algorithms of ritualized activities. Blanning
also speaks about a practice of hiding from the surrounding environ¬
ment, thereby defining court culture as a hiding-place that a governor
created around himself. It was possible to look at a governor and thereby
be observed by him not only on particular festivals, when a governor
was available mostly for court society, but also in different works of vis¬
ual art, for example, on triumphal archs, in engravings, or during horse-
racings.
Basic sources for the analysis of the relationships between two so¬
cially different groups and individuals are European literary master¬
pieces, starting from ancient tragedy Medea by Euripides and reaching
316
EIRÓ
PAS ARISTOKRÄTIJAS
KULTURA
17.-19.
GADSIMTÃ
as far as the 18th century comedy Marriage of Figaro. Various memoirs of
the Russian aristocracy of the ancient regime are used to provide infor¬
mation about different scenarios of interactions between a servant and
his/her master. One of the theses of this book is as follows: in different
cases a servant maybe defined as a "living object"
-
physically alive, but
in various other forms of identity either invisible or defined as a passive
object of his master's behaviour, wishes and passions. Literary sources
illustrate various models of interactions: spatial distance and technical
tools to make servants' presence invisible, attempts to define servants'
dignity, as well as various ways of transgressions and abolishment of
personal space of a servant.
The "long" 19th century in Europe had begun with a wide shock for
the aristocracies
-
the
1789
French Revolution which had long before
been in preparation via various networks of philosophers and aristocrats
supportive of the ideas of human rights and egalitarianism. Critics of
the late 18th century absolutism existed long before the
1789,
which in
memories of various Europeans was a symbolic breakdown of the an¬
cient regime. Various researchers have provided interdisciplinary re¬
search results which show that the revolution had been prepared within
the aristocratic milieu and supported by those who belonged to the re¬
public of letters.
Various conservative writers as well as their opponents agreed
that the roots of the revolutionary processes were to be found in the
aristocratic way of life and communication with lower classes
-
dis¬
tance from public offices and local communities were often mentioned
among the reasons for the severe forms of the negation of aristocratic
culture in the later periods of the revolution. English landed aristoc¬
racy had often been looked at as the example of political and economic
engagement at the community level. Alexis
de Tocqueville
and Ed¬
mund Burke both have praised this tradition of political engagement
into the affairs of the community close to the aristocratic residence in
the country.
Still other authors have noticed that the Versailles system of court
culture and highly ritualized etiquette had created a dull, passive French
European
Aristocracy Culture in the 17th-19th Centuries
317
aristocracy which was unable to reshape its identity according to the
ideas of modernization.
The 19th century had been, according to
Lieven,
the century of risks
and losses for the aristocracy. This point is supported by David Can-
nadine, who stated that the aristocracy in Europe and particularly in
Britain had experienced various challenges, such as technical progress-
based industrialization which degraded the importance of agricultural
production and thus diminished the role of great land owners, who were
mostly of the ancient aristocracy. The 19th century created greater differ¬
ences among European aristocracies in what we know as modern nation
state: autocracy in the Eastern European countries lived on, provided
the aristocracy with greater influence than their Western relatives and
friends, and disappeared only with the
1917
revolutions, but French and
British aristocracies lived in the century of rapid social dynamics, mak¬
ing alliances with the new aristocracy or upper middle class both within
the United Kingdom and with foreign magnates, such as American in¬
dustrial and financial elite
-
the Duchess of Marlborough (Vanderbilt)
is one of many examples of such politics of alliance.
The First World War in
1914
put an end to various old forms of aris¬
tocratic culture and communication. The four-years-long war created
new challenges and also new options for the aristocratic elites of the
former empires.
After
1918,
the European aristocracies were involved into mass pol¬
itics and found their ways into new societies in the new nation states
having emerged after the breakdown of the old empires. The Russian
aristocracy experienced most severe elimination within the red terror
politics of the Bolshevik government after the coup of October
1917.
Various aristocracies in Western Europe have joined the
anti
commu¬
nist ideologies and have participated in the new, totalitarian and author¬
itarian regimes which emerged out of the unstable democracies of the
post
1918
period.
The Second World War was another decisive blow to the influence of
the European aristocracies
—
atrocities and mass destructions, refugee
waves in the final stage of the war, as well as establishment of pro-Stalin
318
EIROPAS
ARISTOKRÄTIJAS
KULTURA
17.-19. GADSIMTÄ
regimes in most of the Eastern European countries put an end to the ex¬
istence of national aristocratic elites of these countries; which had been
influential in the interwar period and were engaged in politics in their
newly born states.
The post-war period witnessed further transformations of the Euro¬
pean aristocracies
-
banking and other areas of European and worldwide
business have been the areas for economic engagement of the elites.
Currently European aristocracy had been reduced to being an ob¬
ject of rumours and glamour industry of the media and entertainment
culture
—
representatives of the aristocracy and royal families across Eu¬
rope are constant actors in various celebrity shows. Although these ex¬
amples may easily convince the reader of the total loss of former glorious
influence and charisma, the author of this study would argue: despite
the fact that European aristocracy exists mainly as a group viewed nos¬
talgically as a community of past glory, the basic element of aristocratic
identity still remains intact
-
the myth of noble birth which allegedly
allows to inherit various "virtues" nonexistent among other non-noble
groups. One may say that Figaro's criticism of count
di
Almaviva -
that
the count had only to be born as a count to become a powerful and influ¬
ential lord
—
shows that the fact of birth had survived all possible turbu¬
lences of the last two centuries
-
the aristocracy remains bonded by the
myth of birth and an aura of European cultural elite.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München |
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| title | Eiropas aristokrātijas kultūra 17. - 19. gadsimtā |
| title_auth | Eiropas aristokrātijas kultūra 17. - 19. gadsimtā |
| title_exact_search | Eiropas aristokrātijas kultūra 17. - 19. gadsimtā |
| title_full | Eiropas aristokrātijas kultūra 17. - 19. gadsimtā Deniss Hanovs |
| title_fullStr | Eiropas aristokrātijas kultūra 17. - 19. gadsimtā Deniss Hanovs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eiropas aristokrātijas kultūra 17. - 19. gadsimtā Deniss Hanovs |
| title_short | Eiropas aristokrātijas kultūra 17. - 19. gadsimtā |
| title_sort | eiropas aristokratijas kultura 17 19 gadsimta |
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