Základní problémy studia raného novověku:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Nakl. Lidové Noviny [u.a.]
2013
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schriftenreihe: | České dějiny
6 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 801 S. |
| ISBN: | 9788074222511 9788073084851 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804151653902843905 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Obsah
Dějiny raného novověku jako badatelský problém
...9
Marie Šedivá Koldinská
Bibliografická poznámka
...22
Marie Šedivá Koldinská
I.
Základní pojmy, stav výzkumu, badatelské instituce
LI. Raný novověk v českém historiografickém
výzkumu
...27
Zdeněk Beneš
1.2.
Bohemikální výzkum raného novověku
v zahraničí
...54
Jaroslav Pánek
1.3.
Archivní síť a prameny raného novověku
...82
Ivo Cerman
1.4.
Počítače a internet v historickém výzkumu
...102
raného novověku
Jiří Mikulec
II.
Raně novověká společnost, prameny
a metody výzkumu
II.
1.
Panovnická moc v raném novověku
...119
Jiří Hrbek
11.
2.
Raně novověká šlechta
...145
Marie Šedivá Koldinská
11.
3.
Náboženství a církev v raném novověku
...195
Jiří Mikulec
11.
4.
Monasteriologie a klášterní problematika
...230
v raném novověku
Jan Zdichynec
11.
5.
Města v raném novověku
...268
Václav Ledvinka
11.
6.
Venkov v raném novověku
...307
Eduard Maur
11.7.
Židé v českých zemích raného novověku
...335
Iveta Cermanová
-
Ivo Cerman
11.
8.
Marginální vrstvy raně novověké společnosti
...370
Pavel Himl
III.
Procesy a fenomény
III.
1.
Korunní země (Slezsko a Lužice)
v raném novověku
...413
Lenka Bobková
-
Jan Zdichynec
111.
2.
Peněžní oběh v raném novověku
...453
Antonín Kostlán
111.
3.
Raně novověké vojenství
...471
Pavel Bělina
111.
4.
Cestování, poznávání a vnímání jinakosti
...500
Marie Šedivá Koldinská
111.
5.
Emigrace, exil, reemigrace
...534
Lenka Bobková
111.
6.
Historická demografie a dějiny rodiny
v raném novověku
...559
Eduard Maur
111.
7.
Gender
a bádání o raném novověku
...583
Lucie
Stor
chová
-
Jana Ratajova
111.
8.
Raně novověká historiografie
...615
Zdeněk Beneš
111.
9.
Formování moderní vědy
...649
Jan Horský
111.
10.
Komeniologie a intelektuální dějiny
raného novověku
...670
Vladimír Urbánek
ШЛ1.
Humanismus
v českých zemích
...694
Albert Kubista
III.
12.
Osvícenství v českých zemích
...714
Ivo Cermatt
Summary
...769
Autoři
...779
Jmenný rejstřík
...781
I
769
Summary
Basic issues in the study of the Early Modern Age
The history of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, for which the term
Early Modern Age has over time caught on even in Czech circles,
fills a gap between the seemingly clearly defined Middle Ages
and the no less clearly defined period of modern history Iden¬
tification of the end of the Czech Middle Ages with the 15th cen¬
tury sounds logical, particularly in view of the Hussite move¬
ment as the prelude to the great European reformations
-
and
the medieval period expires along with the centuries-long era in
which the Catholic church had an all-embracing position. The
consequences of this change are naturally not just limited to the
denominational sphere, but also fatally affect the political and
ultimately the economic situation. A no less clear transformation
of existing religious, intellectual and even political and economic
paradigms in terms of overall development involves the change
brought about at the end of the 18th century by the Englighten-
ment. Europe including the Czech lands entered the subsequent
age as a community where the previously contentious denomina¬
tional issue has shifted definitively from the public to the private
sphere, and all the essential features of the modern way of life
are being formed without restraint
-
from the promotion of the
narrowly defined family at the expense of coexistence in broader
communities to the onset of the industrial revolution resulting
in tremendous technical development and a fundamental trans¬
formation of political life, on the one hand bringing with it the
development of democratic systems, but then on the other hand
opening the gates to totalitarian systems of the most varied kinds.
But what are the determining features of these three centuries
between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the modern
age? And to what extent does their character in the Czech lands
-
and thus their opening and closing time markers
-
coincide or
differ in comparison with the situation in the rest of Europe? It
is relevant to first say that much closer ties between Czech and
770
I Základní problémy studia raného novověku
European trends are one of the most prominent features that this
period brought to domestic developments. This ensues from the
fact that in
1526
the Czech lands became a part of the
Habsburg
empire and so their history naturally develops in close parallel
with the history of that group of states and figuratively with all
Europe at that time
-
both for better and for worse. Whereas the
Renaissance and humanism arrived in the Czech lands, diverted
from the mainstream of European development by the Hussite
movement, with considerable delay, the artistic and ideological
schools of subsequent centuries set down roots here with com¬
parative speed and intensity as in other areas of the
Danubian
empire. The Thirty Years War took place on a European-wide
scale, and then the Seven Years War the following century was
a conflict on a global scale. Both wars devasted the Czech lands,
which were closely tied into European and worldwide events.
In the context of world history the start of the Early Mod¬
ern Age is normally set in
1492,
when Christopher Columbus
landed on the shores of the American continent and the geo¬
political map of the hitherto known world changed definitive¬
ly. Due to Copernicus s discoveries, however, the idea of what
surrounds the world also changed
-
and likewise the depth of
awareness of all current events in the minds of people at that
time was also altered, as the widespread use of typography now
allowed for far broader levels of literacy and thus standards of
informed awareness than in the Middle Ages. The conquest of
Constantinople by Ottoman armies in
1453
was perceived to
be an event of fatal and indeed dislocational importance and
consequences, as of course was the rise of Martin Luther and
subsequently other representatives of the European reforma¬
tions. The accumulation of all these events in the latter half of
the 15th century and the first half of the 16th century allows us
to place a rather artificial, but in principle a generally accepted,
milestone between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age
round about the year
1500.
Just as we speak of the long 19th
century, marked on one side by the French revolution and on
the other side by the First World War, so we can also talk of
a long 16th century, which
-
in terms of the phenomena that
Summary |
771
unmistakably characterize it
-
in view of the aforementioned
events began before
1500
and ended with the outbreak of the
Thirty Years War in
1618.
This was the age of great voyages
of discovery and the establishment of overseas colonies, hence
people at that time experienced rapidly expanding geographical
and geopolitical horizons. It was an age of dramatic European
reformations, religious wars and the disintegration of the pre¬
vious uniform understanding of Christianity, an age in which
Europe was constantly threatened by Ottoman incursions and
the confrontation between Christianity and Islam, but also an
age in which the arts and the sciences developed rapidly.
All of this to a greater or lesser extent also affected the Czech
lands, which from
1526
made up part of the
Danubian
empire. The
government of the
Habsburg
and subsequently the Habsburg-
Lothringen dynasty was thus evidently the most visible unifying
factor in the Czech history of this period. This date is often seen
in Czech historiography as the milestone between the Middle
Ages and the Modern Age, even though it is primarily a key point
in political history. Czech society, which was non-Catholic in the
majority, naturally took an intense interest in the religious wars
within the empire, which also took place to some extent in close
association with the first domestic anti-Habsburg resistance. The
Ottoman threat was viewed no less attentively in Central Europe
and it came to be one of the other unifying phenomena, present
to a greater or lesser degree throughout the 16th, 17th and 18th cen¬
turies. Approximately the first half of this period, often termed
the Early Modern Age, was an era of successful Ottoman expan¬
sion, while the second half was a period of slow Ottoman retreat.
The initial horror which the Ottoman incursions inspired like¬
wise ebbed over time to reveal cautious interest in a civilization
that was increasingly perceived not as pagan and barbarian, but
unusual, exotic and fascinating. The entire Early Modern Age is
full of anxiety over this threat, which only slowly alternates with
a guarded fascination for the otherness of the Muslim world.
Only in the subsequent period do these feelings subside as the
formerly horror-inducing Ottoman empire turns for ever into the
harmless sick man on the Bosporus .
772
I Základní problémy studia raného novověku
However
dosely
fear of the Ottomans affected the Czech lands
(let us recall here the repeated unsuccessful sieges of nearby
Vienna by Ottoman forces in the 16th and 17th centuries), at least
the first century of the Modern Age had a somewhat different
character in the Czech lands to the great majority of the rest of
Europe. For a large part of the continent the 16th century is a pe¬
riod of protracted religious wars, while for many decades the
lands of the Bohemian crown avoided direct military conflicts.
The first change only took place after the raid by Passau forces
into Bohemia at the very end of the reign of Emperor Rudolf II
in
1611,
which ended the long period of peace, although in terms
of time and territory this was actually a very limited military
action. In contrast the Czech lands felt the full impact of the Thirty
Years War, which left its drastic mark not only in terms of territo¬
rial losses, but also the political, economic, cultural, denomina¬
tional and not least demographic consequences. During the latter
half of the 17th century and the first decades of the 18th century
the
Habsburg
monarchy itself actively engaged in a number of
military conflicts, although these events only had a repeated di¬
rect impact on the Czech lands during the Wars of the Austrian
Succession in the early 1740s and the associated wars during the
Theresian and Josephine periods.
All the key events of the Early Modern Age were far more
intensively reflected among the literate classes of the European
population than they had been at least in the period prior to that.
The Czech lands also saw the development of news reports with
illustrations (and caricatures) and each war of that period was
also a war of words and images, i.e. there was a parallel image
of reality, not just passively received, but also actively co-created
by the contemporary public. This gradually crystallizing public
opinion became one of the elements that formed the ideological
mycelium from which Enlightenment ideas on the equality of
man ultimately emerged. Within the European context the mile¬
stone marking the end of the Early Modern Age is the French
Revolution, which clearly demonstrated how neatly formulated
ideas of equality and freedom could not only be promoted and
broadly accepted, but also how they could degenerate into their
Summary |
773
exact opposite, i.e. violence and terror practised, of course, in the
name of such exalted ideals. This symbolic milestone marking
the end of the Early Modern Age in many respects anticipated the
horrors of the modern age that was to follow.
The end of the Early Modern Age in the Czech lands is often
set within the final decades of the 18th century when the There-
sian and particularly the Josephine reforms symbolically bring
one period to a close and open up another, which is not necessar¬
ily any better or more progressive but which in any case is
qualitatively different. A substantial role was again played here
by the long-term and very slow overall tranformation of society in
connection with the aforementioned factor of public opinion and
the emergence of the media. The role of the media in the Early
Modern Age, radically augmented and developed during the 19th
century, came to be one of the foundations that permitted the de¬
velopment of modern European society. This process is directly as¬
sociated with the plurality of truths and the possibility of publicly
presenting differing opinions, as well, of course, as the obverse of
this process, i.e. censorship. Such developments would barely have
been possible in an environment that had not experienced the dis¬
integration of the medieval mental paradigm and the very gradual
formation of a new paradigm not only under the influence of Co-
pernicus s ideas, but also those of Giordano Bruno. Galileo Galilei
and a number of other thinkers
-
at least
René
Descartes should
be mentioned specifically among these. The ability to think and
doubt as a basic premise of human existence together with a rise
in general education leads to another fundamentally new level of
consideration which was unknown in the Middle Ages at least in
such a clearly defined form, while the modern era to this day has
been comprehensively coming to terms with its onerousness, as
it was during the first centuries of the modern era that the previ¬
ously clear understanding of good and evil became dangerously
blurred. Perhaps the best place to demonstrate this phenomenon is
in Shakespeare s plays, with characters such as Macbeth and Co-
riolanus. In a world that is losing its previous clear coordinates,
contours and rules, the popularity of symbols of unpredictability
and uncertainty inevitably increases. Hence the Early Modern Age
774
j Základní problémy
studia
raného
novověku
rediscovers the old motif from classical antiquity of the pilgrim
wandering through a confusing labyrinth-like world, as well as
the motif of the world as a theatre or the motif of human life de¬
pendent on the wheel of fortune, which is increasingly turned by
capricious Fortune, rather than an all-knowing God. Increasing
awareness of the loss of certainty and universally valid truths sub¬
sequently results in one of the fashionable disorders of the Early
Modern Age
-
melancholy, which to a large extent epitomized a
kind of predominant sentiment among many scholars and intel¬
lectuals at that time. But it can also result in a way of thinking in
which people lose the one and only age-old certainty on which all
European Christian civilization was based, as the Early Modern
Age, which is borne out of the crisis of bloody religious wars, con¬
cludes as an age in which atheism is now a conceivable and indeed
an increasingly acceptable view of life.
Thus during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, European soci¬
ety undergoes a fundamental change in its mentality. It gradually
shifts away from a position of sharply divided denominationa-
lism to a state in which faith (or its absence) is a private matter
for each individual. It comes to terms with the Ottoman threat,
which ultimately enables it to understand the limitations of West¬
ern Christian intellectual and cultural paradigms. It becomes
aware of the existence and otherness of non-European cultures,
which it increasingly perceives in a spirit of modernly conceived
tolerance
-
i.e. not as a necessary evil, but which at least has a
comparative value to that of Western European civilization. Not
least, European society learns to live with an awareness of the
global context behind all the major events and phenomena that
help to create it. All of this is more or less palpably reflected in
the Czech environment and forms the foundations on which the
present-day Czech situation is based. Hence the attractiveness of
the Early Modern Age for historical research still provides an in¬
exhaustible supply of subjects, inducements and inspiration.
* * *
The umbrella term Early Modern Age applied to the 16th, 17th and
18th centuries came to be used in the Czech lands relatively re-
Summary |
775
cently. It can only be said to have fully caught on here over the
last twenty years as the broader interested public and historians
themselves have gradually moved away from the term late Feu¬
dalism , which as a rule was used in Czech historiography to de¬
scribe these three centuries throughout almost the entire latter
half of the twentieth century, and with some hesitation they have
adopted this new term, which at first sight might appear some¬
what artificial. A literal translation of the now well-established
German expression
frühe Neuzeit
has become accepted usage
at least in specialist circles, which has undoubtedly been assisted
by specialist periodicals focusing on this period, e.g.
Studia
Come-
niana
et historica,
published since
1971
by the Comenius Museum
in
Uherský Brod,
Folia
Historica
Bohémica,
published since
1979
by the History Institute at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic in Prague (originally the Institute of Czechoslovak and
World History at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences), which
definitively changed from a platform that originally dealt with
older history in general into the seminal publication for early mo¬
dern research in
1990,
and finally Opera
historica,
published since
1991
by the History Institute, Faculty of Arts, University of South
Bohemia in
České Budějovice
(originally the Pedagogical Faculty).
Three seminal publications
-
two established several years before
1989
and the third established soon after
-
have created a showca¬
se to present the results of research into the Early Modern Age to
this day, while its general development over the last twenty years
is borne out by the establishment of other periodicals focusing on
topics within this period (special mention must at least be made
here of
Studia
Rudolphina,
focusing on research into art and cultu¬
re under Rudolf II and published since
2001
by the Institute of the
History of Art at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic).
An infinitely more colourful picture emerges from post-1989
book output on the history of the 16th-18th centuries. It is no great
exaggeration to say that first place has been won here by a subject
that is very attractive to researchers in particular and readers in
general. At the end of the pre-1989 era it had already to some ex¬
tent risen to the forefront of general interest, although it did not
develop fully until post-1989, i.e. research into the early modern
776 1
Základní problémy studia raného novověku
aristocracy. As time goes by, it is in this area that the trend is most
noticeable whereby the centre of research interest has shifted from
older (i.e. pre-White Mountain) stage of the Czech Early Modern
Age to the post-White Mountain period. Historians interest not
only in the Renaissance, but also increasingly in the Baroque and
Enlightenment nobility is fundamentally affected by the overall
awareness of the younger period of the Early Modern Age.
Much more substantial attention has also been paid in the last
twenty years to 16th-18th century religious and church history. Re¬
search has also continued into early modern towns and cities,
carrying on from the ongoing tradition rooted deep in 19th cen¬
tury historiography. Considerable interest has also been shown
in the serfs and particularly marginal groups of the population,
whose research has in a number of cases resulted in inspiring
stays primarily by younger historians abroad, where these levels
of early modern society have previously enjoyed intensive re¬
search interest. These sources have also inspired an interest
among several representatives of contemporary Czech historio¬
graphy in gender issues, viewed in the context of the first three
centuries of the modern age. A significant boom has also been
seen by a number of other phenomena and processes associated
with the Early Modern Age
-
from research into what are known
as the adjacent Lands of the Bohemian Crown to study of intel¬
lectual history with the focus on Comeniology and research into
economic developments and the changing face of the military at
that time. The basis for this research has increasingly been not
only domestic, but also foreign archives, enabling researchers to
examine the more general framework of the
Habsburg
empire.
An important position has also been achieved by research
into human individuality in the sense of public self-presentation,
including the creation of the most varied auto-stereotypes and he-
tero-stereotypes, again often inspired by foreign influences and
models. In close connection with a deeper knowledge of not just
history itself, but also the people caught up in it, hitherto inade¬
quately highlighted source types have now moved to the forefront
of interest among many Czech researchers
-
and mention should
at least be made here of what are known as ego-documents,
co-
Summary |
777
vering
a broad range of notably rich information sources from cor¬
respondence to memoirs and diaries to albums. Interest in the ex¬
ploitation of these sources has naturally led to provision of access
to them as publications and treatment of them in monographs.
* * *
Naturally, the general outline of post-1989 research into the Early
Modern Age presented in the foregoing paragraphs does not aim
to be exhaustive. Provision of as complete and balanced a picture
as possible of research into all substantial aspects of 16th-18th cen¬
tury history from the beginnings to the latest works was the aim
of the
24
chapters that make up this monograph. The incentive
to write it was the need for a reliable guide to the increasingly
varied and complex output on the Early Modern Age, not only
for students in bachelors and particularly master s and doctor s
programmes at Czech universities, but also to help the broader
professional and lay public to find their bearings, i.e. archive,
museum, library staff and the like, as well as e.g. those involved
in lifelong learning programmes. This accounts for the idea be¬
hind the monograph and its internal organization. Most of the
chapters revolve around a description of the Bohemian (and of
course likewise the Moravian) issues, set as a rule within their
Central European framework and the broader historiographical
context, the extent of which naturally ensues from the nature of
the subject dealt with in the chapter concerned. In view of their
often greatly differing content, the scope of individual chapters
varies, while the structure of most of them is based on the con¬
cept behind the monographs published in the well-known Ger¬
man series
Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte.
This is a summary
of the state of research to date, together with a description of the
primary methods in use, research trends and subject areas that
have become the focus of research. It also provides a brief outline
of the issues involved, a listing of the most important sources
and a bibliography on the subject. Where this arrangement has
not been permitted by the nature of the issue involved then the
chapter concerned has just been structured in logical explanatory
units.
778
I Základní problémy studia raného novověku
The core of the authorial team behind this collective mono¬
graph was a group of historians working at the Institute of Czech
History at Charles University Faculty of Arts and taking part in¬
ter alia in the lecture series Basic issues surrounding the study of the
Early Modern Age, which for many years has been a key subject
for students who have actually chosen the Early Modern Age as
their specialization. However, the monograph also includes con¬
tributions from colleagues working outside Charles University
Faculty of Arts, without which a balanced coverage of research
into all substantial aspects of the Early Modern Age would have
been quite unthinkable.
|
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| author_GND | (DE-588)1046616706 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041547389 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)869867599 (DE-599)BVBBV041547389 |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1500-1800 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1500-1800 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Böhmische Länder |
| id | DE-604.BV041547389 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:58:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788074222511 9788073084851 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026993207 |
| oclc_num | 869867599 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 801 S. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Nakl. Lidové Noviny [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series | České dějiny |
| series2 | České dějiny |
| spelling | Základní problémy studia raného novověku Marie Šedivá Koldinská ... Vyd. 1. Praha Nakl. Lidové Noviny [u.a.] 2013 801 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier České dějiny 6 Geschichte 1500-1800 gnd rswk-swf Neuzeit (DE-588)4171678-4 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 g Geschichte 1500-1800 z DE-604 Neuzeit (DE-588)4171678-4 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s Koldinská, Marie 1971- Sonstige (DE-588)1046616706 oth České dějiny 6 (DE-604)BV037310214 6 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026993207&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026993207&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Základní problémy studia raného novověku České dějiny Neuzeit (DE-588)4171678-4 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4171678-4 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4069573-6 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Základní problémy studia raného novověku |
| title_auth | Základní problémy studia raného novověku |
| title_exact_search | Základní problémy studia raného novověku |
| title_full | Základní problémy studia raného novověku Marie Šedivá Koldinská ... |
| title_fullStr | Základní problémy studia raného novověku Marie Šedivá Koldinská ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Základní problémy studia raného novověku Marie Šedivá Koldinská ... |
| title_short | Základní problémy studia raného novověku |
| title_sort | zakladni problemy studia raneho novoveku |
| topic | Neuzeit (DE-588)4171678-4 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Neuzeit Geschichte Böhmische Länder Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026993207&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026993207&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV037310214 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT koldinskamarie zakladniproblemystudiaranehonovoveku |