Mens rea and defences in European criminal law:
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis Book |
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Cambridge, United Kingdom
Intersentia
[2012]
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| Series: | School of Human Rights Research series
volume 54 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 623 Seiten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781780681047 1780681046 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Mens rea and defences in European criminal law |c Jeroen Blomsma |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge, United Kingdom |b Intersentia |c [2012] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 623 Seiten |c 24 cm | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a School of Human Rights Research series |v volume 54 | |
| 502 | |b Dissertation |c Universität Maastricht |d 2012 | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 569-620) | |
| 546 | |a In English. Summary in English and Dutch | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Criminal intent |z European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Defense (Criminal procedure) |z European Union countries | |
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| adam_text | Titel: Mens rea and defences in European criminal law
Autor: Blomsma, Jeroen
Jahr: 2012
Contents
Acknowledgements..................................................v
List of abbreviations...............................................xvii
Parti
Setting the scene................................................... 1
Chapter I
Introduction.
1. Context of the research............................................3
1.1. Mens rea and defences.........................................3
1.2. The general part of criminal law.................................3
1.3. European criminal law.........................................4
2. The need for a general part of European criminal law....................5
2.1. Implementation of Union legislation in national law.................6
2.2. Autonomous or national concepts................................8
2.3. Recklessness or dolus eventualis.................................8
2.4. Convergence or divergence.................................... 11
2.5. Direct enforcement.......................................... 13
2.6. Guidance.................................................. 14
3. Outline........................................................ 15
Chapter II
Method.......................................................... 17
1. First stage: gathering data......................................... 18
1.1. Comparative legal research.................................... 18
1.2. Contextual approach......................................... 22
1.3. EU Perspective: from fragments to a whole....................... 23
1.4. Criminal law............................................... 24
2. Second stage: synthesis........................................... 25
2.1. The scope of the general part................................... 26
2.2. Consistency and coherency.................................... 28
2.3. Enforceability............................................... 30
2.4. Compatibility with human rights and constitutional traditions........ 31
2.5. Criminal legal theories....................................... 33
2.5.1. The object of punishment................................ 33
vn
Contents
2.5.2. The character of criminal law.............................33
2.5.3. The purpose of general principles.......................... 35
2.6. Fair labelling............................................... 35
2.7. Conclusion.................................................36
Part 2
Mens rea.........................................................39
Chapter III
What is mens real..................................................43
1. Analytical tool.................................................. 43
2. Fault element................................................... 44
3. Demarcation from other subjective elements.......................... 45
4. Demarcation from blameworthiness................................. 46
5. Framework of criminal liability.................................... 48
6. Demarcation from actus reus...................................... 50
6.1. Verbs that imply a subjective element............................ 50
6.2. Causation.................................................. 51
6.3. Attempt, participation and more................................ 53
7. Objectivism and subjectivism...................................... 54
7.1. Proof of fault...............................................55
7.2. Moderate objectivism........................................56
Chapter IV
Fault elements.....................................................59
1. Introduction....................................................59
1.1. Kinds of fault, reflecting degrees of culpability.................... 59
1.2. Three kinds of fault.......................................... 60
1.3. Principles of fault............................................ 62
2. Dolus (in)directus............................................... 63
2.1. Terminology................................................64
2.2. Dolus directus..............................................65
2.2.1. Rationale............................................. 65
2.2.2. Criteria.............................................. 66
2.2.3. Goal and necessary means............................... 67
2.2.4. Chance of result occurring............................... 67
2.3. Dolus indirectus............................................. 69
2.3.1. Criteria.............................................. 69
2.3.2. Rationale............................................. 70
2.3.3. Certainty............................................. 72
2.3.4. Necessary means versus side-effects....................... 73
2.4. A neutral concept............................................ 74
Contents
2.4.1. Moral enrichment of intent in England...................... 75
2.4.2. Ulterior intent.........................................79
2.4.3. The use of ulterior intent.................................80
2.4.4. Ulterior intent and motive................................ 81
2.4.5. Proof of ulterior intent...................................82
2.4.6. No dolus mains........................................85
2.4.7. Unless dolus relates to wrongfulness.......................88
2.4.8. Unless dolus relates to normative elements..................93
2.5. Knowledge.................................................94
2.5.1. Tacit and latent knowledge...............................95
2.5.2. Knowledge and belief...................................96
2.5.3. Wilful blindness.......................................97
3. Dolus eventualis................................................99
3.1. Terminology............................................... 100
3.2. Rationale................................................. 102
3.3. Criteria................................................... 103
3.4. Risk..................................................... 104
3.4.1. Possibility versus considerable risk....................... 105
3.4.2. Chance of being infected with HIV....................... 105
3.4.3. The likelihood and its acceptance......................... 107
3.4.4. The assessment of risks................................. 108
3.4.5. Relevant factors....................................... 110
3.5. Awareness of the risk........................................ 112
3.6. Accepting the risk.......................................... 115
3.6.1. Acceptance of the risk.................................. 116
3.6.2. Proving the volitional element........................... 118
3.6.3. Acceptance inferred from probability..................... 119
3.6.4. Acceptance of lethal results............................. 120
3.6.5. Acceptance inferred from possibility...................... 126
3.6.6. Cognitive theories on intent............................. 126
3.6.7. Acceptance inferred from foreseeability................... 128
3.6.8. Normative theories.................................... 130
3.6.9. Moderate objective approach............................ 131
4. Recklessness.................................................. 134
4.1. Rationale................................................. 134
4.2. Terminology............................................... 134
4.3. Criteria................................................... 135
4.4. Awareness................................................ 136
4.5. Unreasonable risk.......................................... 136
4.5.1. Unreasonable......................................... 137
4.5.2. Unjustified........................................... 138
4.5.3. Valuation............................................ 138
4.6. Caldwell recklessness....................................... 139
Contents
5. Dolus eventualis versus recklessness............................... 142
5.1. Differences................................................ 142
5.1.1. Volitional element..................................... 142
5.1.2. Normative risk....................................... 143
5.1.3. Tertium quid......................................... 144
5.2. Three instead of two........................................ 144
5.2.1. Intended versus foreseen results.......................... 144
5.2.2. Dolus eventualis distorts intent.......................... 145
5.3. Awareness over volition...................................... 148
5.3.1. Dolus eventualis is controversial......................... 148
5.3.2. Controversy due to volition.............................. 149
5.3.3. Proving fault from awareness or objective danger............ 150
5.3.4. Proof of volition by rules of general experience.............. 151
5.3.5. Is it warranted to distinguish by volition?.................. 152
5.3.6. Awareness is the better dividing line...................... 154
5.3.7. Easier to prove........................................ 155
5.4. Normative aspects.......................................... 158
5.5. Fault in attempt and participation.............................. 160
5.5.1. Attempt............................................. 161
5.5.2. Participation......................................... 163
5.6. Concluding remarks......................................... 164
6. Culpa........................................................ 166
6.1. Terminology............................................... 167
6.2. Rationale................................................. 168
6.2.1. A balanced approach................................... 168
6.2.2. Popularity........................................... 172
6.3. Criteria................................................... 174
6.4. Objective part.............................................. 175
6.4.1. Violation of a duty of care............................... 176
6.4.2. Contra-indications..................................... 179
6.4.3. Reasonable person..................................... 183
6.4.4. Causation............................................ 186
6.4.5. Gross carelessness..................................... 191
6.5. Subjective part............................................. 193
6.5.1. Assumed with the objective part.......................... 193
6.5.2. Negated by an excuse.................................. 195
6.5.3. Position in the framework of criminal liability.............. 197
6.6. Minus or aliud............................................. 198
6.7. Luxuria................................................... 199
6.7.1. Criteria............................................. 200
6.7.2. Functional equivalents................................. 201
6.7.3. Reconsidering recklessness.............................. 203
Contents
Chapter V
Principles of mens rea.............................................205
1. Introduction...................................................205
2. Correspondence principle........................................206
2.1. Fault requirement...........................................206
2.2. Referential principle.........................................208
2.3. Strict liability..............................................209
2.3.1. Terminology......................................... 210
2.3.2. Rationale............................................ 211
2.3.3. Popularity........................................... 213
2.3.4. Functional equivalents................................. 218
2.3.5. Valuation............................................224
2.3.6. Traffic offences.......................................228
2.3.7. Concluding remarks................................... 231
2.4. Mistake on the offence definition..............................234
2.4.1. Terminology.........................................234
2.4.2. Overcoming the inexorable logic.........................236
2.5. Unintended outcomes.......................................239
2.5.1. Error in persona vel obiecto.............................240
2.5.2. Aberratio ictus....................................... 242
2.5.3. Transferred fault......................................246
2.5.4. Multiple-actor scenarios................................247
2.5.5. Conclusion...........................................248
3. Principle of contemporaneity.....................................250
3.1. Dolus antecedens and subsequens.............................. 251
3.2. Dolus generalis............................................ 252
3.3. Reversed dolus generalis..................................... 255
3.4. Actio libera in causa........................................ 256
3.5. Intoxication............................................... 258
3.5.1. English law.......................................... 260
3.5.2. Dutch law........................................... 262
3.5.3. German law.......................................... 264
3.5.4. Synthesis............................................ 267
4. Concluding remarks............................................ 268
Part 3
Defences........................................................273
Chapter VI
What are defences?................................................277
1. Affirmative defences............................................277
2. General defences...............................................278
Contents
3. Substantive defences............................................279
4. Complete defences..............................................281
5. Conclusion....................................................282
Chapter VII
Offences and defences.............................................285
1. Legality......................................................286
1.1. Limiting defences..........................................287
1.2. Extending and creating defences...............................288
1.3. Guidelines................................................290
2. Burden of proof................................................291
3. Judgment.....................................................292
4. Defensive purpose..............................................293
4.1. Dual requirement...........................................294
4.2. Purpose versus mere awareness...............................296
4.3. Negligent offences..........................................297
4.4. Unknowing justification.....................................298
5. Putative defences...............................................299
5.1. The distinction............................................. 300
5.2. Negation of fault........................................... 301
5.3. Honest or reasonable mistake................................. 303
5.4. Justification or excuse....................................... 306
5.5. Error in persona and aberratio ictus........................... 309
5.6. The distinction reconsidered.................................. 310
5.7. Putative excuses............................................ 310
6. The distinction under pressure.................................... 311
6.1. Non-ideal offences..........................................312
6.2. Affirmative or failure of proof defence.......................... 314
7. Reaffirming the distinction....................................... 315
7.1. Different meanings of non-ideal elements........................ 316
7.2. Essential element of the offence............................... 317
Chapter VIII
Justifications and excuses........................................... 321
1. Historic origins................................................ 321
2. Controversy...................................................324
3. Differences...................................................325
3.1. Communication............................................ 325
3.2. Rationale and conditions..................................... 326
3.3. Enabling measures.......................................... 326
3.4. Complete or partial negation of the implied element............... 327
Contents
3.5. Personal and universal application............................. 329
3.6. Incompatibility............................................. 330
3.7. Order of assessment......................................... 331
3.8. Conclusion................................................ 332
Chapter IX
Justifications..................................................... 333
1. Rationale..................................................... 333
2. Wrongfulness................................................. 334
3. Self-defence................................................... 335
3.1. Rationale................................................. 335
3.1.1. Natural right......................................... 336
3.1.2. Legal order.......................................... 337
3.1.3. Forfeiture............................................ 338
3.1.4. Weighing of interests.................................. 339
3.2. Scope.................................................... 340
3.3. Criteria................................................... 342
3.4. Necessity................................................. 345
3.4.1. Wrongful attack...................................... 345
3.4.2. Legitimate interests.................................... 348
3.4.3. Imminence.......................................... 351
3.4.4. Possibility to retreat................................... 353
3.4.5. Prior fault........................................... 356
3.5. Proportionality............................................. 361
3.5.1. Least intrusive means.................................. 362
3.5.2. Proportionality stricto sensu............................. 362
3.5.3. Objective standard.................................... 363
3.5.4. Developments........................................ 365
4. Necessity..................................................... 369
4.1. Rationale................................................. 371
4.2. Sources................................................... 374
4.3. Criteria................................................... 377
4.4. Subsidiarity............................................... 378
4.4.1. Legitimate interests.................................... 378
4.4.2. Imminence.......................................... 379
4.4.3. No other means of aversion.............................. 382
4.4.4. Prior fault........................................... 387
4.5. Proportionality............................................. 389
4.5.1. Legal interests........................................ 390
4.5.2. Concrete interference.................................. 392
4.5.3. Joint risky ventures.................................... 393
4.6. Lack of material wrongfulness................................ 398
Contents
5. Consent.......................,.............................. 401
5.1. Rationale................................................. 402
5.2. Criteria................................................... 403
5.3. Waived interests............................................ 403
5.3.1. Individual legal interests................................403
5.3.2. Public policy limitations................................404
5.4. Capacity..................................................407
5.4.1. Intellectual and moral maturity.......................... 408
5.4.2. Presumed consent..................................... 409
5.4.3. Free and informed consent.............................. 411
5.5. Affirmative or failure of proof defence.......................... 413
5.5.1. Distinguishing feature................................. 414
5.5.2. Defensive purpose..................................... 415
5.5.3. Capacity to consent.................................... 416
5.5.4. Contextual approach................................... 416
5.6. Conclusion................................................ 417
Chapter X
Excuses......................................................... 419
1. Rationale..................................................... 419
2. Blameworthiness...............................................421
3. Self-defence-excess.............................................424
3.1. Rationale................................................. 424
3.2. Criteria................................................... 425
3.3. Necessity................................................. 426
3.4. State of mind.............................................. 427
3.5. Proportionality............................................. 430
3.6. Partial defences in English law................................ 431
3.6.1. Loss of control........................................432
3.6.2. Diminished responsibility...............................436
4. Duress.......................................................438
4.1. Rationale................................................. 438
4.2. Sources................................................... 441
4.3. Criteria................................................... 442
4.4. Subsidiarity............................................... 444
4.4.1. Legitimate interests....................................444
4.4.2. Source of the danger...................................446
4.4.3. Imminent danger......................................450
4.4.4. No other means of aversion..............................450
4.4.5. Prior fault...........................................453
4.5. Proportionality.............................................455
4.5.1. Murder..............................................457
4.5.2. Ticking bomb scenarios................................460
Contents
5. Mistake as to the legal prohibition.................................464
5.1. Two categories of mistakes...................................465
5.2. Rationale.................................................467
5.3. Only an unavoidable mistakes excuses..........................469
5.3.1. Duty to gain insight................................... 470
5.3.2. Official advice........................................ 471
5.3.3. Unpublished legislation................................. 473
5.3.4. Other considerations................................... 474
5.4. Conclusion................................................ 474
6. Superior orders................................................ 476
6.1. Superior orders as a justification............................... 476
6.2. Rationale................................................. 477
6.3. Scope.................................................... 479
6.4. Criteria................................................... 480
6.5. Conclusion................................................ 483
7. Insanity...................................................... 483
7.1. Rationale.................................................483
7.2. Related issues..............................................486
7.2.1. Two-lane approach....................................486
7.2.2. Punishment according to guilt...........................487
7.2.3. Unfit to plead.........................................487
7.3. Criteria...................................................489
7.4. Mental disorder............................................490
7.4.1. The origin of the disorder............................... 490
7.4.2. Affect and intoxication................................. 492
7.4.3. Other disorders....................................... 493
7.4.4. Conclusion........................................... 494
7.5. Capacities................................................. 494
7.5.1. Evaluative capacities................................... 495
7.5.2. Cognitive capacities................................... 496
7.5.3. Volitional capacities................................... 497
7.5.4. Attribution........................................... 499
7.5.5. Diminished capacity................................... 501
7.6. Exemption or excuse........................................ 502
Part 4
Conclusion......................................................507
Chapter XI
Conclusion......................................................509
1. General conclusions............................................509
1.1. Recklessness instead of dolus eventualis........................ 510
Contents
1.2. Strict liability.............................................. 511
1.3. The scope of defences....................................... 513
2. Mens rea..................................................... 517
2.1. Rationale................................................. 517
2.2. Actus nonfacit reum nisi mens sit rea........................... 519
2.3. Fault elements............................................. 521
2.4. Relevant factors............................................ 524
3. Defences..................................................... 526
3.1. The distinction with the offence............................... 528
3.2. Justifications and excuses.................................... 530
3.3. General principles governing defences.......................... 531
3.4. Justifications.............................................. 532
3.4.1. Self-defence.......................................... 532
3.4.2. Necessity............................................ 533
3.4.3. Consent............................................. 535
3.5. Excuses.................................................. 535
3.5.1. Self-defence-excess.................................... 536
3.5.2. Duress.............................................. 537
3.5.3. Mistake as to the legal prohibition, putative defences and
superior orders....................................... 538
3.5.4. Insanity............................................. 540
4. Final words................................................... 541
Summary........................................................ 543
Samenvatting.................................................... 555
Selected bibliography.............................................. 569
Curriculum Vitae ofJeroen Blomsma................................. 621
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Blomsma, Jeroen |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1028982933 |
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| contents | Includes bibliographical references (p. 569-620) |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)864625836 (DE-599)BVBBV041436864 |
| dewey-full | 345.2404 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 345 - Criminal law |
| dewey-raw | 345.2404 |
| dewey-search | 345.2404 |
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| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| geographic_facet | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| id | DE-604.BV041436864 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:56:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781780681047 1780681046 |
| language | English Dutch |
| lccn | 2012540589 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026883709 |
| oclc_num | 864625836 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 |
| physical | XVIII, 623 Seiten 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Intersentia |
| record_format | marc |
| series | School of Human Rights Research series |
| series2 | School of Human Rights Research series |
| spelling | Blomsma, Jeroen (DE-588)1028982933 aut Mens rea and defences in European criminal law Jeroen Blomsma Cambridge, United Kingdom Intersentia [2012] © 2012 XVIII, 623 Seiten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier School of Human Rights Research series volume 54 Dissertation Universität Maastricht 2012 Includes bibliographical references (p. 569-620) In English. Summary in English and Dutch Criminal intent European Union countries Defense (Criminal procedure) European Union countries Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content School of Human Rights Research Sonstige oth School of Human Rights Research series volume 54 (DE-604)BV012740005 54 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026883709&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Blomsma, Jeroen Mens rea and defences in European criminal law School of Human Rights Research series Includes bibliographical references (p. 569-620) Criminal intent European Union countries Defense (Criminal procedure) European Union countries |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Mens rea and defences in European criminal law |
| title_auth | Mens rea and defences in European criminal law |
| title_exact_search | Mens rea and defences in European criminal law |
| title_full | Mens rea and defences in European criminal law Jeroen Blomsma |
| title_fullStr | Mens rea and defences in European criminal law Jeroen Blomsma |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mens rea and defences in European criminal law Jeroen Blomsma |
| title_short | Mens rea and defences in European criminal law |
| title_sort | mens rea and defences in european criminal law |
| topic | Criminal intent European Union countries Defense (Criminal procedure) European Union countries |
| topic_facet | Criminal intent European Union countries Defense (Criminal procedure) European Union countries Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026883709&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012740005 |
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