Slovenský rol'ník: (pramene k štúdiu spôsobu života)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovak |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bratislava
Veda [u.a.]
2013
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Slovak peasant (source to study the way of life] |
| Beschreibung: | 167 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9788022413077 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804151552588382208 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SLOVAK PEASANT
(source to study the way of life)
RESUMÉ
Adaptation to the natural environment and obtaining nourishment is humans everyday cre¬
ative activity that gives them not only biological benefits, but also cultural identity. At the
same time it is an indicator of cultural forwardness in humanization of natural environment.
Material, social and spiritual manifestations of culture, relatedness to nature, organisation
of family and society, value orientation,
-
all that was in Slovakiain the past significantly in¬
fluenced by the peasant way of life. Spiritual life of peasants was pervaded by dependence on
agricultural production that was manifested in the rich agricultural cult of our ancestors.
This old cultural basis oriented on the prosperity of peasant family is present in all Euro¬
pean agrarian societies and belongs to their cultural heritage. It was a world where the pre¬
sent state of things was evaluated according to how far they were from the things planned
for tomorrow. The main precondition for achieving goals was unity based on a loyalty to the
tasks. Agrarian culture was an optimal utilization of humans, land and agricultural tools in
the particular historical and socio-economical conditions. It was a harmonic unity of work,
consumption and experience.
Since neolithic revolution till the
1950s
agriculture was a crucial part of production forces
that determined material culture as well as other aspects of the life of people living on the terri¬
tory of Slovakia. Self-sufficiency was for them an existential necessity. Food production and
prime production of the basic raw stock remained the most important part of peasants life even
after division of labour was more differentiated. Peasants life included more constant elements
than any other profession. This fact certainly influenced stability of their culture. Versatility of
the way of life of peasant family ensured its long historical existence on European territory.
Cultural system of pre-industrial societies was characterized by considerable stability. It
was true of Slovak country-side even in the beginning of the 20th century. Agrarian social
groups (peasant family, rural community) were regulated by the norms based on cultural pat¬
terns. In traditional culture they presented an ideal model of life activities
-
kind of handbook
for behaviour regarded as normal in the society (socialisation, enculturation)
-
and at the
same time created a criterion of values. Thus the micro-world of rural society was a space that
was organized under influence of social forces orientating individuals and families on the ma¬
terial and non-material values that were precious and important in their life. In particular cir¬
cumstances people chose those activities as well as material and social qualifications that they
were able to develop. At the same time those activities must have sufficed their basic needs and
interests in an optimal way in the certain conditions of historical and cultural development.
Traditional folk culture in Slovakiawas characterized by the considerable stability of cul¬
tural system that often was almost enclosed. However, in times of crises and social move¬
ments people had to leave their home to improve their economical and social situation. Such
was the period of great pauperization of peasants in the end of the 17th and the beginning of
the 18th centuries.
During this period Slovak inhabitants began to move to the territory of so-called Law
Lands (the territory on the limits of Hungary, Romania, Serbian
Vojvodina
and Croatian
Slavonia).
During colonisation period Slovak migrants usually moved on the territory of the
same state, but after breakdown of the Austro-Hungarian Empire they became emigrants
separated from the core of their ethnic group. Thus Slovaks came to live in Hungary, Romania,
m
164
Croatiaand
Bulgaria.
After demarcation of borders in
1918
the groups of Slovaks which be¬
came the citizens of Poland, Austriaand Ukrainewere in the same situation. Therefore even to¬
day there are Slovak enclaves in the states of Central and Southern Europe. Even if they live
apart from their native ethnic territory, their culture belongs to the cultural history of Slovaks.
In the past the cultural values of traditional agrarian societies transmitted from genera¬
tion to generation created the basis of cultural diversity. Migrations of inhabitants to the
new territory supported cultural convergence of Slovak minorities and other ethnic groups.
In the new multi-cultural environment they had to create a cultural model rooted in culture
brought from Slovakiawhich would give them a real chance to survive in new conditions.
Analysis of research results concerning material, social and spiritual culture of Slovak mi¬
norities in Central and Southern Europe indicates, on the one hand, a significant degree of
enduring of traditional cultural models brought from Slovakia, and on the other hand, in¬
novations that resulted from reactions of Slovak ethnic group to the traditions and practices
of the new material and social settings. They demonstrate that in the new milieu the new life
conditions and possibilities of economic and social development were more important fac¬
tors for Slovak minorities than tradition. A favourable economic and social situation helped
Slovak colonists to quickly overcome the differences between their original culture and cul¬
ture that was necessary to built to organize their new surroundings.
Any human life space is culturally unique. Culture is understood as a set of strategies that
permit people to adapt in their environment. In certain situation people choose those activ¬
ities as well as social and material qualifications that they are able to develop. It was the di¬
versity of agrarian culture that ensured its long historical existence on European territory.
Slovakiaand Slovak peasants were part of this culture.
relatively large amount of attention has been devoted to the problem of agriculture in Eu¬
ropean ethnography. In Slovakia, too, questions concerning agrarian culture are some of the
most researched. This was a reaction not only to European gnoseological trends, but
stemmed mainly from a need to clarify the significance of agriculture as the basic condition
for the development of traditional folk culture on our territory. We can date back the creation
of a special scientific branch
-
agrarian ethnology
-
to the second half of the twentieth cen¬
tury. However, interest in this subject can be found in Slovak science much earlier.
This book paints a picture of the interest in the peasant and his work in Slovakiaduring
the period of the industrial revolution in Europe, and the development of modernisation in
agrarian culture linked to it. It observes that fundamental changes in the development of
agrarian culture in Slovakiacould only be achieved during that period by matching up socio-
economic and political conditions. The efforts of Slovak intellectuals had little influence on
their implementation. The work of
S. Tešedík, J. Fándly,
J.
Čaplovič,
D.
G. Lichard
and others
was, however, to be of great importance for future agrarian-ethnographic studies, since they
reproduced the image of the period and its place in the general currents of the time with in¬
timate knowledge of the material. The literary orientation of personalities from the
Štúr
period was the reason why in their attempt to establish as many ethnic particularities as pos¬
sible in the culture of the Slovak nation they concentrated mainly on its spiritual culture
and folklore. It was only the foundation of
Matica slovenská
in August
1863
that in theory
created the conditions for researching and collecting evidence of the way of life of folk as
a social class.
Matica
was supposed to encourage and organise the cultural, scientific, col¬
lecting and publishing activities of its members and of the general Slovak public. As it
turned out, however, Matica s opportunities for developing the Slovak national science
were very limited
-
it had no laboratories or in-house scientists. It could only support the
scientific efforts of individuals, mostly amateurs, active across the whole country.
In the field of ethnography and folk studies, attention was focused on the research and
collection of material on the physical and spiritual culture of the people. The significance of
both scientific disciplines was amplified by the needs of the struggle for national defence,
since the results of their research were supposed to support theses of the historical, national
SLOVAK PEASANT
165
Ж
and cultural specificity of Slovaks. Some of the leading researchers and collectors of ethno¬
graphic material were P.
Socháň,
J. Ľ.
Holuby A. Kmet ,
J. Petrikovich, A. P.
Záturecký,
A. Ha¬
lasa,
Š. Mišík
and
Ľ. V. Rizner.
The expansion in the interest in expressions of material culture in the
Matica
period was
also linked to the idea of museum building. P.
Dobšinský^
challenge to collect Slovak trea¬
sures was of great benefit at that time, among which items he counted objects of material
culture, including detailed descriptions of the peasant and shepherd ways of life.
In the 1880s, the Slovak historian F. V. Sasinek followed his line of thought, reminding
contemporary collectors of folklore and folk customs that their limited selection was im¬
poverishing the image of its way of life by omitting expressions of material culture. Sasinek s
demand to use a historical method in ethnographic research was of significant importance
in moving forward theoretical thought in nineteenth-century Slovak ethnography.
F. V. Sasinek found a passionate advocate of his opinions in the person of
A. Kmet ,
who
at the turn of the twentieth century was one of the leading figures of research into nation¬
hood in Slovakia. The foundation of the Slovak Museum Society and the construction of
a museum in Martin was the main fulfilment of his scientific and organisational work. In
this, he laid out conditions for the activity of further researchers in nationhood. In his broad
conception of the collection of museum objects, instruments and tools used in agriculture
were also included. The activities of
A. Kmet
marked the beginnings of the systematic col¬
lection of museum artefacts also documenting the development of Slovakia s agrarian cul¬
ture as an important part of the way of life of its population.
P.
Socháň
(1862 - 1941)
continued agrarian and ethnographic research for the Slovak Mu¬
seum Society. His instructions for collecting ethnographic material, and above all the pho¬
tographic evidence of work in the fields are a significant element in the mosaic of the image
of the development of an agrarian culture in Slovakia.
At the turn of the twentieth century, there was an increase in interest in Slovakia from
scientific and cultural circles in Bohemia. The Slovak presentation at the Czecho-Slavonic
Ethnographic Exhibition in Prague
(1895)
was very well received, with leading Czech ethnogra¬
phers and folklorists of the time (L. Niederle, J.
Polívka,
Č. Zíbrt
and others) working in the
preparatory committee. The Slovak part of the exhibition was organised by figures of Slovak
scientific life:
A. Kmet ,
J.
Socháň
and
A. Halaša
in cooperation with the
Živena
association.
Even though the basis of the exhibition were objects of folk culture representing above all its
aesthetic values (folk costumes, embroidery, lace, pottery), various work tools were also ex¬
hibited, together with a house from the
Orava
region and a settlement from Cicmany.
Scientific thought at that time was dominated by ideological points of view which were in
conflict with the materialistic approaches in gnoseology and Marxism which was gradually
developing. Questions of world view and philosophy in Slovak science began to be addressed
from the positions of two opposing class-determined ideologies.
If we compare the inter-war period of Slovak ethnography with the results achieved in this
field in Bohemia, Hungaryand Poland, we must observe that its level remained behind that
of surrounding European countries. Despite the fact that the mosaic image of Slovakia s
folk culture and its history was successfully completed, no ethnographic work was published
that could meet the criteria of contemporary European science. There were valiant attempts,
but the level of ethnography and folklorism was defined by the limits of the time: an absence
of the necessary number of professionally trained ethnographers, little institutional backing
and the lack of financial means.
The most commonly represented setting in literature at the beginning of the twentieth
century was the Slovak village. In order for the people to become an active power in the na¬
tional movement, it was imperative to lift it up, both culturally and materially. For this rea-
■ 166
SLOVAK PEASANT
son, it was necessary to know its life and social relations intimately and closely. This was the
task which Slovak literature set itself at the time.
Writers such as
J. G. Tajovský, B. Slančiková-Timrava,
I. Krasko
and
M. Kukučín
tried to
come close to the peasant people, they attempted to enter into the situation of their heroes
and understand their lives. Thus in their works, they left behind not only an artistic picture
of the rural way of life at the beginning of the twentieth century, but also many ethnographic
observations drawn from in real life.
The question of agriculture also appeared in independent chapters of all the contemporary
national-historical monographs about villages. The first of these
-
Detva
(1895) -
was written by
K. A. Medvecký.
The second monograph was Cerovo
(1906)
by K. Chotek. His arrival in Slovaki-
afrom Prague, where he worked as a university professor, increased the specialist level of agro-
ethnological research. He incorporated research into agriculture in the projects on which he
worked with his students. They were mainly interested in archaic work tools and techniques, as
well as agricultural buildings. He was also to thank for the professional preparation of the first
graduates of the university study of ethnography in Slovakia. Of these, J. Mjartan and
R. Bed¬
nárik
especially devoted themselves to the question of traditional forms of agriculture.
The work of further Czech specialists was also of great benefit;
A. Václavík
worked in sever¬
al Slovak museums. His collecting and observation work resulted in the preparation of the
largest monograph of the time,
Podunajska dedina
(Village along the Danube).
J. Húsek
col¬
lected data on traditional forms of agriculture in selected regions of Eastern and Western Slo¬
vakia, where he tried to define the Slovak-Ruthenian and Slovak-Moravian ethnic borders.
D.
Stránská
examined agriculture as part of her complex ethnographic research in the village-
of
Dolná Poruba.
The departure of Czech specialists from Slovakiaduring the Second World
War was a notable loss for ethnographic research into Slovakia s folk culture at the time.
In the
1940s,
a Slovakia-wide research into folk culture was organised by
Matica slovenská,
part of which was a questionnaire on agriculture.
R Bednárik
who approached the problem of
agriculture as a museum worker, used the material obtained to prepare a methodical guide for
external collaborators. Despite the fact that the war years were not favourable for scientific and
museum work, he was able to expand the museum s collections with further items from the
area of agrarian culture and the breeding of farm animals and to publish the first attempt at an
ethnographic synthesis of the folk culture of Slovakia
-
Slovenskú
vlastivědu.
This includes a chap¬
ter on popular professions with a focus on the question of shepherding and agriculture.
The first half of the twentieth century saw the culmination of the continual development
of agrarian culture and its corresponding social equivalent: the peasant family and the ar¬
rangement of the village community. Social and political changes after
1947
marked a signi¬
ficant break in the development of agrarian culture and in the way of life of the rural popu¬
lation. The collectivisation of agriculture, as implemented by the political elite of the time,
was perceived as a political and economic problem; social, cultural, psychological issues
which could most influence the thinking and acting of a village person were not respected.
The lack of comprehension of the cooperative idea and the ideologisation of rural econom¬
ic issues also had an impact on forming the life strategies of individual generations. Slovak
ethnography and museology, as professional scientific disciplines, found themselves at the
time in a complicated gnoseological situation, for under the orders of the contemporary po¬
litical elite, they had to capture and interpret scientifically this process which was very struc¬
tured socially, from the methodological point of view of historical materialism.
SLOVAK PEASANT
167
OBSAH
úvod
..................................................................................................
m
7
1.
HISTORICKÉ
PREDPOKLADY
VÝVINU
AGRÁRNEJ KULTÚRY
.................■ 11
2.
AGRÁRNA KULTÚRA
........................................................................■ 23
Získavanie a príprava pôdy
....................................................................■ 23
Pestovanie plodín
...............................................................................
Ш
31
Žatva obilia
.......................................................................................
Ш
33
Mlátenie obilia
..................................................................................■ 38
Uskladnenie poľnohospodárskych plodín
................................................■ 43
Zeleninárstvo
....................................................................................
Ш
45
Ovocinárstvo
.....................................................................................■ 47
Vinohradníctvo
.................................................................................■ 48
Doprava a dopravné prostriedky
............................................................■ 54
3.
HISTORICKÉ PREDPOKLADY CHOVU HOSPODÁRSKYCH
ZVIERAT
.........................................................................................■ 59
4.
TRADIČNÁ ORGANIZÁCIA CHOVU HOSPODÁRSKYCH ZVIERAT
Získavanie krmovín
..................................·.........................................
Ш
65
Chov hovädzieho dobytka
....................................................................■ 68
Salašníctvo
.......................................................................................■ 72
Mliečne hospodárenie
.........................................................................
Ш
74
5.
DUCHOVNÉ SÚVISLOSTI TRADIČNEJ AGRÁRNEJ KULTÚRY
.................■ 65
Zima
...............................................................................................■ 78
Jar
..................................................................................................* 81
Leto
................................................................................................■ 83
Jeseň
...............................................................................................■ 85
6.
SOCIÁLNE SÚVISLOSTI TRADIČNEJ AGRÁRNEJ KULTÚRY
....................■ 88
Pôda
-
kritérium sociálneho statusu rodiny i jednotlivca
..............................■ 90
Roľnícka rodina
-
základná výrobno-konzumná jednotka
............................■ 93
Lokálne spoločenstvo
.........................................................................■ 101
7.
SOCIÁLNE, KULTÚRNE A POLITICKÉ SÚVISLOSTI ŽIVOTA
VIDIECKYCH SPOLOČENSTIEV NA SLOVENSKU V DRUHEJ POLOVICI
20.
STOROČIA
................................................................................■ 110
Kolektivizácia
poľnohospodárstva
.........................................................
и
111
Dekolektivizácia poľnohospodárstva
......................................................
m
113
8.
ETNICITA A CIVILIZAČNÉ TRENDY V MATERIÁLNEJ KULTÚRE
.............
S
117
9.
AGRÁRNA KULTÚRA SLOVENSKA AKO PREDMET ETNOGRAFICKÉHO
VÝSKUMU
......................................................................................
S
122
Počiatky vedeckého záujmu o poľnohospodárstvo
-
od fyziokratizmu
k romantizmu
..................................................................................
S
123
Od romantizmu k historickému materializmu. Agrárna kultúra
-
súčasť
kultúrneho dedičstva
..........................................................................
S
134
Kolektivizácia poľnohospodárstva
-
diskontinuita vo vývine agrárnej kultúry
i v metódach jej skúmania. Etnologická a muzeologická reflexia prvého
obdobia kolektivizácie
........................................................................
Ш
142
LITERATÚRA
........................................................................................
Я
155
FOTOGRAFIE
.......................................................................................
Ш
163
SLOVAK PEASANT (source to study the way of life). Resume
......................
Ж
164
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Slavkovsky, Peter |
| author_facet | Slavkovsky, Peter |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Slavkovsky, Peter |
| author_variant | p s ps |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041436259 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)869854023 (DE-599)BVBBV041436259 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Slowakei |
| id | DE-604.BV041436259 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:56:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788022413077 |
| language | Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026883115 |
| oclc_num | 869854023 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M457 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-M457 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 167 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Veda [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Slavkovsky, Peter Verfasser aut Slovenský rol'ník (pramene k štúdiu spôsobu života) Peter Slavkovský Bratislava Veda [u.a.] 2013 167 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Slovak peasant (source to study the way of life] Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Landleben (DE-588)4034309-1 gnd rswk-swf Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 g Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 s Geschichte z DE-604 Landleben (DE-588)4034309-1 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026883115&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026883115&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Slavkovsky, Peter Slovenský rol'ník (pramene k štúdiu spôsobu života) Landleben (DE-588)4034309-1 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4034309-1 (DE-588)4034402-2 (DE-588)4055297-4 |
| title | Slovenský rol'ník (pramene k štúdiu spôsobu života) |
| title_auth | Slovenský rol'ník (pramene k štúdiu spôsobu života) |
| title_exact_search | Slovenský rol'ník (pramene k štúdiu spôsobu života) |
| title_full | Slovenský rol'ník (pramene k štúdiu spôsobu života) Peter Slavkovský |
| title_fullStr | Slovenský rol'ník (pramene k štúdiu spôsobu života) Peter Slavkovský |
| title_full_unstemmed | Slovenský rol'ník (pramene k štúdiu spôsobu života) Peter Slavkovský |
| title_short | Slovenský rol'ník |
| title_sort | slovensky rol nik pramene k studiu sposobu zivota |
| title_sub | (pramene k štúdiu spôsobu života) |
| topic | Landleben (DE-588)4034309-1 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Landleben Landwirtschaft Slowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026883115&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026883115&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT slavkovskypeter slovenskyrolnikpramenekstudiusposobuzivota |