Galaţi: repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice şi numismatice
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Galaţi
Ed. Muzeului de Istorie Galaţi
2013
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Galaţi: the repertoire of archaeological and numismatic findings |
| Beschreibung: | 559 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9786069333617 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1813276303785197568 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CUPRINS
CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE (dr.
Valériu
SÎRBU)
. 7
NOTĂ ASUPRA EDIŢIEI
(prof.
Cristian-Dragoş
CÄLDÄRARU) . 9
CAPITOLUL
I.
Introducere
. 11
A. Scopul şi necesitatea temei
. 11
B. Precizări metodologice
. 12
С
Cadrul natural
. 15
D. Istoricul cercetărilor
. 17
CAPITOLUL
II.
Catalogul descoperirilor
. 35
CAPITOLUL III. Interpretarea descoperirilor
. 185
CAPITOLUL
IV.
Anexe
. 241
A. Liste
. 241
B. Rezumat
(
Abstract)
. 277
C. Ilustraţie
. 291
Galaţi.
The Repertoire of Archaeological and Numismatic Findings
Abstract
The making of an archaeological repertoire
of Galaţi
County which would highlight
the potential of the area and provide an actual overview over the present day status of
systematic archaeological research has not been attempted yet, for various reasons, more or
less objective. There must have been a design; however, as everyone knows, it has never
reached a definitive form.
At this time, the variety and large quantity of archaeological data render the
endeavour difficult. Site verification of data, some of them either incomplete or erroneous
from the beginning, is hindered by geo-morphological, topographic,
toponymie
or
administrative changes or even by the absence of the site or archaeological traces signalled
decades ago. Other difficulties are related to chronological, ethnic or cultural aspects
concerning the discoveries. In order to overcome this hindrance, it is necessary to draft
designs which would map the county systematically, but also to form an interdisciplinary
team, made of archaeologists experts in various ages, land surveyors, members of the
administrative stuff etc. The importance of such an endeavour, which is expensive and time-
consuming, lies in scientific and cultural considerations and, moreover, in the necessity to
become aware of the existence and preservation state of the archaeological sites
—
the first step
in the preservation and exploitation of the county heritage.
Until this goal is attained, we provide a new tool to whoever it may concern
—
The
Repertoire of Archaeological and Numismatic Findings which, we hope, will be the
framework for an Archaeological Repertoire of
Galaţi
County, together with the
Archaeological and Numismatic Bibliography. Therefore, the aim of this paper is also to
stimulate and facilitate this complex approach.
From the above, one can infer that our purpose has been to gather all information
concerning the archaeological findings from
Galaţi
County. Of different value or length, yet
unpublished or published erroneously, many of them, previously unknown or unused, these
data colligate for sketching an area with a particularly rich archaeological potential. We have
tried to guide the readers
—
whoever they may be
—
through the archaeology of
Galaţi
County, providing them the necessary benchmarks for fast and safe orientation. The extended
bibliography which accompanies the primary sources helps in enhancing knowledge in the
field.
The motivation to produce such a work is not, as one may think, poor knowledge of
the archaeologic potential of the area
-
otherwise relatively well highlighted in the literature
in the field
-
but the lack of an overview repertoire capable to render the importance of the
findings in the southern part of Moldavia. On the other hand, we have had in view to correct
some errors regarding the administrative framing of the sites with archaeological findings and
278_
Costin Croitorii
to report various inaccuracies in studies already published or in what accidental findings are
concerned. When possible, these will be verified and corrected to the benefit of historical
truth.
Consequently, the present paper springs from the practical need to organise a
significant amount of data, some of them disparate, unpublished or insufficiently exploited
and incorrectly published. We wanted to create this database which we hope to be available
online shortly, so that specialists in the field and archaeology aficionados could benefit from
it, but also the local authorities responsible for the demarcation, protection and highlighting
the archaeological heritage and its introduction in the touristic circuit.
We are fully aware of the fact that the information in the present volume requires
corrections and additions
—
especially in what the topographic and cartographic identification
of findings is concerned, this is the reason why we have preferred the title Repertoire of
Archaeological and Numismatic Findings instead of the more commonly used Archaeological
Repertoire. Our title is more representative for the present paper, moreover, the making of an
archaeological repertoire requires site verification, which is, for the most part, not possible at
the moment.
We have tried to include all the archaeological findings, from the Paleolithic until the
end of the Middle Ages
/
the beginning of the Modern Age (the beginning of the eighteenth
century) recorded in
Galaţi
County up to the present day. The chronological and /or cultural
framing is loose, as the author is not interested in studying these aspects too thoroughly. We
have used general data in order to provide an overview, as the temporal delimitations of ages
and/or cultures are not perfectly drawn and/or unanimously accepted as such.
The highlight /identification of some fossil spots and some tumuli with archaeological
potential adds to the Findings Catalogue. For the latter, most of them included in the
repertoire made up by prof.
Mihalache Brudiu,
we have preserved the original numbering, in
order to avoid distractions.
The site verification of some places we have previously recorded and, naturally, the
finding of some new ones remains a future goal. And since we have anticipated this future
stage, mention should be made that significant archaeological findings are to be found in
schools or private collections in various localities in
Galaţi
County (a few are actually
mentioned below). Their inventory would be useful, both for their inclusion in the scientific
circuit and for their preservation against damage and possible loss.
County of
Galaţi
consists of sixty-one villages and four towns, a total of sixty-five
administrative units. For two of the villages
(Cuza Vodă
and
Nămoloasa)
we do not have any
information concerning archaeological findings. As far as the l83 villages incorporated in the
administrative units are concerned, thirty-seven of them (i.e.,
20%)
provide no information
regarding any archaeological complex
/
artifact discovered on their territory. This percentage
is obviously relevant only for establishing the archaeological potential of
Galaţi
County.
Scientifically speaking, the degree of relativeness increases in relation to various factors. The
most significant are: the present stage of research and especially publication of the findings,
the hazard of (declared) accidental findings and, of course, our personal level of knowledge.
-----------------------------Galati. The Repertoire
of Archaeological and Numismatic Findings. Abstract
_27?
Fossil deposits (map no. l)
Traces of prehistoric fauna have been identified in eleven sites on the territory of
Galaţi
County
(Baleni,
Bereşti, Hănţeşti, Drăgăneşti, Folteşti, Gârbovăţ, Măstăcani, Negrileşti,
Tecuci, Tuluceşti,
and an unknown
place).
In general, most of the
osteologic
remains of
mammals have been identified in loess deposits, but also in gravel
(Tuluceşti).
They do not
always have a definite
stratigraphie
context
—
being fortuitious more often than not
—
and, as
relevant data are missing, there have been suspicions that they might have been re-shuffled
from other deposits, therefore they have not been studied thoroughly.
The Paleolithic (map no.
2)
Paleolithic traces have been identified in sixteen sites on the territory of
Galaţi
County, all belonging to some settlements inequally surveyed, in fifteen localities. The
isolated finding at Slivna
(silex
spear pin and a splinter) can be considered as belonging to
this age with a certain degree of probability. All the settlements belong to the Upper
Paleolithic and, except for the findings at
Şipote, Brăhăşeşti,
Radesti,
Tecuci and Crăieşti,
which have not been sufficiently surveyed, they can be also framed culturally.
The most numerous settlements
[Pleşa (A), Puricani (A), Cavadineşti (A), Suceveni
(Ax), Moscu (A) and
Ţepu
de Jos
(A)] belong to Eastern Gravettian culture. The only
chronological particularisation has been made for the settlement found in
Ţepu.
Relying on
the macrolithic character of the tools, this settlement has been considered as belonging to "an
epoch of the Eastern Gravettian, preceding the final stage".
The two setllements in
Băneasa
(A and B), identified through surface survey, are more
recent, belonging to the Epipaleolithic period. The main feature observed in the settlement
layers in this period is the trend towards microlithisation of the lithic "industry". It seems that
this Upper Epigravettian horizon is the ground for the Eastern Tardenoisian.
Lastly, settlements like the ones from
Bălăbăneşti
(A) and
Bereşti
(Βα)
(perhaps
Băneasa
as well) have been attributed to the Mesolithic, more precisely to the Tardenoisian
culture. In this period, the communities of hunters and harvesters developed a microlithic
"industry" comprising both the traditional tools specific to the last stages of the Upper
Epipaleolithic and some new forms.
The Neolithic (map no.
3)
The new age of stone
(neos, lithos)
is well represented at the level of
Galaţi
County,
through twenty-nine sites with findings considered as belonging to this period, in twenty-
three localities. Surveyed and/or published to various extents, not all these relics could be
ascribed to a Neolithic phases/cultures. Only four settlements
[Gârbovăţ
(БД
Munteni
(A)
and
Negrileşti
(Bx and Cj)] have been established as belonging to Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, but
a few others can be reasonably considered as belonging to the same period, such as the ones
from
Brăhăşeşti
(BO,
Cosiţeni
(АД
Bereşti
(В2)
or Tecuci
(В).
From the material point of view, these are specific to
Starcevo-Criş
culture, which has
2go
_ _
Costin Croitoru
been defined as the result of the local evolution of the first Neolithic communities in this area
and their synthesis with the autochthonous Epipaleolithic population.
The ^neolithic (map no.
4)
The yEneolithic Age
(
The Copper Age) is represented in
Galaţi
County through
thirty-eight findings in twenty-eight localities. Ten findings could not be ascribed culturally,
while the others are associated with cultures specific to this period.
The stage corresponding to early
yÎneoIithic
is poorly represented at the local level,
although this may be only a stage of research or interpretation of the archaeological material.
The frequent reference in the literature of some findings of materials specific to Boian culture
in this area is doubtful.
The late Copper Age is characterised, together with the inheritance of the previous
age, by the intensification of the use of copper in the manufacture of hardware. Cucuteni
culture, developed in Central and Western Moldavia against the background of the final
stages of Precucuteni culture and other influences, reached County of
Galaţi
only in its
northern part, in
Bereşti
(Сг
and
DJ,
Aldeşti
(A1 and
B^),
Pleşa
(В
and
С),
Puricani (Bx and
C J,
Brăhăşeşti
(E2 and
G J,
Toflea
(AJ, Găneşti (A), Ţepu
de
Jos
(E)
and
Ţepu
de Sus (A),
only the first in this list being thoroughly analysed.
In south, in the interference area of cultures
Gumelniţa
(A) from North-East
Muntenia
and Precucuteni (III)
/
Cucuteni (the beginning of the phase A) from Central
Moldavia, emerged the local cultural aspect Stoicani-Aldeni, named after the eponymous
settlements in
Galaţi
and
Buzău
counties. Naturally, this being the very area of its emergence,
this cultural aspect is well represented in
Galaţi
County, through findings in Baneasa (CJ,
Aldeşti
(AJ,
Puricani (C2),
Drăgăneşti
(C J,
Stoicani (AJ,
Lunca (A), Smârdan (A), Smulţi
(A), Suceveni
(Bi),
Ţepu
de Jos
(С
and D) and
Umbrăreşti
(A).
The beginning of the transition process of the neo-^Eneolithic communities towards
the first Metal Age can be traced from its last development phases. This "transition phase"
from one age to the next has been defined for the south of Moldavia as
Folteşti
cultural aspect
or culture, after the eponymous village from
Galaţi
County. The placement of this regional
aspect at the chronological boundaries between the last stage of the Copper Age and the
emergence of the first cultures which can be undoubtedly associated with the Bronze Age,
determined some reseachers to attribute it either to the Upper ^neolithic or to the Early
Bronze Age. It is worth mentioning that influences of the Usatovo culture from Ukraine
appear in the painted pottery and in the pottery decorated though impression belonging to
Folteşti
culture. This may be explained by the movement of some communities from the
present day Odessa area to the west, under the demographic pressure of the bearers of the
Ochre Grave culture.
Apart from the eponymous settlement (BJ, findings belonging to
Folteşti
aspect have
been signalled in Stoicani (A2? and A3 and BJ, and others, considering the interpretation of
the archaeological findings as correct, to the south, in the neighbouring villages
Cişmele
(A)
and
Vânători
(B J,
or to the west, in
Lieşti
(AJ.
-----------------------------Galati. The Repertoire
of Archaeological and Numismatir Findings Ahxtrart
_281
The Bronze Age (map no.
5)
The early stage of the Metal Age is well represented through numerous findings in
Galaţi
County, which are only outnumbered by the findings from the fourth and fifth
centuries AD
(Sântana de Mureş
culture). Findings from the Bronze Age have been signalled
in fifty-two localities in the county, many of these displaying more than one site, e.g., five in
Bereşti,
five in
Vlădeşti
and four in
Mândreşti,
Rogojeni and
Băneasa,
with a total of ninety-
three sites at the level of the whole county. The majority of the findings is grouped in the
elevated plateau area in the north of the county, but some are to be found in the southern
area as well, which attests for the advancement of some communities on the valleys of rivers
Prut and Siret towards the confluence with the Danube.
The early stage of the Bronze Age is related to the final stage of
Horodiştea-Folteşti
complex (also known as
Folteşti
II) determined, on the one hand, by the advancement of
some waves of population from the north of the Black Sea, known as the group of
tumular
graves, with ochre (Jamnaja) and, on the other hand, by the expansion of Monteoru culture
from North-East of
Muntenia
and South-East of Transylvania.
Therefore, the graves in Iamnaia (Jamnaja) culture belong to the end of the transition
phase and the early stage of the Bronze Age. They were spread on a wider area (regions from
Bessarabia and Ukraine, Moldavia and the Danube Meadow at a moment in time when the
Horodiştea-Folteşti
settlements had already ceased to exist. Inhumation graves with ochre,
Iamnaia type, have been identified in Stoicani,
Griviţa, Lieşti, Şerbeştii Vechi, Vânători,
and
Vlădeşti.
More cultures correspond to the medium phase of the Bronze Age. The most famous
is the one named after the eponymous town
Sărata
Monteoru,
Buzău
County. In
Galaţi
County, Monteoru findings have been identified in
Balinteşti, Vădeni, Corni, Galaţi, Lieşti,
Matca, Mălureni, Poiana, and
Tudor Vladimirescu.
Most of them are of funeral nature, the
necropoleis from
Balinteşti
and
Poiana
being surveyed most thoroughly. The dominant rite
was inhumation in crouched position, cremation being used to a smaller extent. The
inhumation graves were bordered with river boulders.
Regarding the contribution of the research conducted in
Galaţi
County to the
information on Monteoru culture, special mention should be made about the second part of
this culture, the third phase named
Balinteşti-Gârbovăţ,
after the discoveries made in the
necropolis at
Balinteşti-Cioinagi
and in the settlement from
Gârbovăţ,
which has not been
identified yet in the stratographic succession in Monteoru settlements, but at the base of
Noua
culture. With this
Balinteşti-Gârbovăţ
level, Monteoru culture ends, making the transition
towards
Noua
culture, from the final phase of the Bronze Age.
The majority of experts in the Bronze Age place the catacomb graves
(Katakombnaja)
in the median part of this age. With a complex structure and requiring considerable efforts,
these catacomb graves were used to emphasise the social status of the deceased. However, the
idea to use them may well spring from the steppe area from the north of the Black Sea, where
this type of graves is frequent. The findings from
Matca (A2)
and Stoicani (A2) attest for this
ritual.
Noua
culture develops against the cultural background of the middle of the Bronze
282_
Costui Croitoru
Age (Monteoru,
Costişa,
and Comariv cultures) as the result of the contact with the eastern
influences of Sabatinovka culture (Ukraine). There are numerous archaeological findings
belonging to
Noua
culture in
Galaţi
County, being the best represented culture of the Bronze
Age. Materials have been identified in:
Băneasa, Roşcani, Bereşti, Aideşti, Bereşti-Meria,
Prodăneşti, Şipote, Cavadineşti, Comăneşti, Găneşti, Vădeni, Cârlomăneşti, Drăguşeni, Viile,
Gârbovăţ, Ţigăneşti, Negrileşti, Oancea, Poiana, Suceveni, Umbrăreşti, and Mândreşti. Of
course, the discoveries from
Cuca, Lieşti, and Vladeşte,
currently associated with Coslogeni
culture, should be also associated with the same variant from Moldavia, as "not all these
findings can be
naïvely
accepted as belonging to Coslogeni culture", especially not the ones in
our reference area, situated outside the area of Coslogeni.
The Iron Age
A. First epoch of the Iron Age (map no.
7)
The findings belonging to the first epoch of the Iron Age are rather numerous in
Galaţi
County. They are spread irregularly in the field and, naturally, they have been surveyed
to various extents. There are seventy sites with
Hallstatt
material (some of them are,
nonetheless, uncertain) recorded in forty-one localities. Wherever possible, some of these
findings have been attributed to cultures.
The
Hallstatt
necropolis found in Stoicani has been attributed to Babadag III phase or
to a local aspect /group Stoicani, and eventually associated with the discoveries in the tumuli
at Suvorovo. The Babadag settlements from the south of Moldavia seem unwalled, being
placed on headlands or terraces, near water. The dwellings were either semi-pit dwellings
(Ijdileni) or surface dwellings
(Vânători).
As for the presence in the same early stage of
Hallstatt
of local aspect /group named
Tămăoani
(after the eponymous village from
Galaţi
County), the situation is unclear. The
notion
Tămăoani
group has been introduced in the literature by B. Hansel and supported by
A. László,
on the grounds of his excavations at
Tămăoani
(A) and
Folteşti
(B3). Archaeological
material identified in Ijdileni
(АД
Vânători
(B3),
Suceveni
(B2),
Tecuci
(С,),
Galaţi
(БД
and
possibly Rogojeni
(Dj)
adds to the two sites mentioned above.
The median period of
Hallstatt
is overlapped on the Romanian territory with
Basarabi
culture. In
Galaţi
County, this culture is well represented by the archaeological findings from
Drăgăneşti
(B2), Ijdileni
(АД
Lunca
(Bx and
СД
Matca
(АД
Ţigăneşti
(С),
Negrileşti
(C3),
Poiana
(АД
Suceveni
(B3 and
В4),
Umbrăreşti
(С,)
and, perhaps,
Brăhăşeşti.
The
Basarabi
settlements are either situated on tophills
(Poiana),
or on the rivers benches
(Drăgăneşti,
Lunca, Suceveni).
The dwellings were made of wood, as proven by the ashes deposits
(Lunca).
The few metallic pieces specific to the early stage of the Iron Age may belong to any
cultural horizon in this period. For example, bronze knives have been discovered at
Tămăoani
(within the area of the group),
Poiana
(in
a Basarabi
settlement) or
Ţigăneşti
(probably
belonging to
Cozia
group). Whilst no assumption can be made for the piece from
Poiana,
the
essential information missing, the other two can be asserted as belonging to the
Transylvanian-Central-European type. In the same category of metallic tools, some iron axes
have been identified at
Pleşa
(E)
and
Şiviţa
(В,).
Some weapons have been identified as well,
_
Galaţi.
The Repertoire of Archaeological
aţyi
ІЧнтщпіуНг:
Finfinas.
Abstract
_283
e.g., bronze pike pins discovered in isolation, with no archaeological context in
Bereşti
(H),
Roşcani
(A and perhaps
C), Plesa (D),
Puricani
(D),
Rogojeni
(E),
and
Şiviţa
(С)
or iron in
Stoicani. Cimmerian arrow pins with two edges (wings), also made of bronze, discovered in
Poiana
(АД
Galaţi
(Ej), and
Umbrăreşti (C),
have Eastern origins, therefore, their presence
attests the connection between
Hallstatt
communities and the civilisations from the north of
the Black Sea.
B. Second epoch of the Iron Age (map no.
8)
The second Iron Age was named after the discovery of the Celtic
oppidum
near La
Tène, on
the shores of
Neuchâtel
Lake (Switzerland). Among the eldest discoveries in
Galaţi
County which can be chronologically placed in this period, we can mention some imports
which mark the beginning of contacts between auchthonous population and Greeks. If the
situation has been clarified for the kylix with graffito on the bottom from
Frumuşiţa
and for
some similar bowls and the Greek amphorae from
Poiana,
the Greek bowls from
Măcellariu
collection raise some questions
—
four lekythoi, one aryball lekythos, one oenochoe, one
bolsai
ana three skyphoi, whose chronology spans over two centuries, from the second half of
the fifth century to the middle of the fourth century
ВС.
Three findings of funeral nature are relevant for the second half of the fourth century
ВС
in
Galaţi
area. Two cremation graves with Thassos urns-amphorae have been discovered,
probably marking the presence of a necropolis in the area of
"Portul Roşu"
Stadium. Another
necropolis,
tumular
this time, has been marked by the discovery of a cremation grave on
Traian Street. Fifteen arrow pins have been recovered from its inventory. Lastly, the third
necropolis has been accidentally found in
Tuluceşti.
There are also two cremation graves with
urns
-
a Geto-Dacian, autochthonous tradition, while the other two are amphorae from
Thassos and from Heraclea
Pontica,
respectively.
Many archaeological findings belonging to the second Iron Age have been discovered
in
Galaţi
County (in over forty localities). Unfortunately, they have been only superficially
surveyed and the information concerning many of them is limited to the mentioning of some
materials (pottery fragments, most of the time), with no further details.
Well known
-
because of the most particular findings
-
are the
dava
settlements
from
Barbosi
and
Poiana.
They are both part of the Geto-Dacian settlements on the river Siret
and shared history for almost three centuries, up to the Roman-Dacian Wars. It is certain that
almost all imports converged towards these
dava
settlements, as they represented important
political and administrative centres which sheltered a large percentage of the
Dacian
elites, as
well as production and trade centres, being situated at the confluence of important
commercial routes and having, consequently, a dynamic economic life. These aspects have
been convincingly revealed by archaeological research and by various accidental findings.
Nevertheless, dealing with the Greek-Hellenistic and Roman imports discovered in
Poiana
involves special conotations, some yet unsuspected, probably. As a side note, the
quality and the quantity of the luxury products present in
Poiana
as a result of commerce, are
unrivalled in the East-Carpathians
Dacian
space, being comparable with the capital of the
Dacian
Kingdom, inside the Carpathian Arc. Interestingly enough, the settlement at
Poiana,
unlike the one from
Barbosi,
does not close down the dwelling process as.a result of the wars
Costili
Croitoru
for the conquest of
Dacia
at the beginning of the second century AD, but after the second
half of this century (the last coin being issued during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius),
when the headland has been abandoned probably because of the frequent caving-ins due to
landslides in the area.
The
2° — 3*
centuries AD (map no.
9)
Apparently, during the first
Dacian
War
(101-102
AD), more areas north of the
Danube (the south of Moldavia included) went under Roman control. According to
Dio
Cassius
(LXVIII,
9, 7),
emperor Trajan, who "placed an army in Zermizegethousa", also
placed "guards in the rest of the country". One of the fortified sites the ancient author is
referring to might be the fort
{castellimi)
from
Barbosi.
Information confirming this aspect
from the official, administrative perspective is provided by the so-called Hunt papyrus. This is
actually a document which records the displacement in the north of the Danube, for the
105-
106
interval (however, before the conclusion of the conflict) of one of the troops from the
province Moesia Inferior., namely cohors I Hispanorum
veterana quingenaria.
Some of the
soldiers were trans Danuvium in expeditionem (Over the Danube, in campaign), others, with
the specification
intra
provinciám
(within the province), were Pirobondavae in praesidio and
Buridavae in vexillatione, respectively. If we admit the already known identification of the
aforementioned toponyms {Piroboridava
=
Poiana,
Galaţi
County and Buridava
=
Stolniceni,
Vâlcea
County), we can infer that while
secunda expeditione
(the second campaign) was still
in progress, the territory at the south of the Carpathians (Eastern
Oltenia
and
Muntenia)
and
the south of Moldavia had been already annexed to Moesia Inferior.
For thorough knowledge of the Roman life developed in the southern part of
Moldavia, the shrine discovered in
Şendreni
{ISM, V,
296),
dedicated to Hercules Victorby L.
Iul(ius) lulianus,
qui et Rundacio
is particularly significant. From the text of the inscription
results that the one who made the dedication was quinquennalis (magistrate) in the Roman
territorium
from
Barbosi
around the middle of the second century. The organisation of the
civilian population around the fort in
a territorium
with
ordo
and quinquennalis presupposes
the presence of more
vici
(neighbourhoods) free from military power. The protection of the
fort and of the civilian settlements established around it required the building of the line
fortifications between the present-day villages
Traían
and
Tuluceşti.
The
4 -5
centuries AD (map no.
10)
The span between the fourth century AD and the first half of the next one is very well
represented at the level of
Galaţi
County, over ninety archaeological findings belonging to this
period (it is, otherwise, the best represented period). Most of the artifacts were discovered
accidentally in fifty-seven localities. This is not at all suprising, but in accordance with
findings in other geographical areas, which avouches for the geniune demographic boom in
the period in focus. From the material point of view, these findings have been associated with
a large cultural complex named after the eponymous localities in which research was
conducted:
Sântana de Mureş
(in Transylvania) and Cerneahov (Ukraine).
ł.
The Repertoire
of Archaeological and Numismatic Findings. Abstract
_285
The necropoleis have been more thoroughly surveyed
—
this stands valid for the
entire space in which the cultural complex
Sântana de Mureş
—
Cerneahov developed, and
this is primarily the merit of archaeologists, this type of site providing a large amount of
materials, in a good state of preservation.
Well-known and thoroughly approached in the literature are the necropolis from
Lunca
(to which a monographic study has been dedicated) and the necropolis from Barcea,
which, considering the funeral inventory, seems one of the richest on the territory of
Moldavia. We have in view the quantity, but especially the quality of some Roman imports
—
some amphorae, unique at this moment north of the Danube, were discovered both in
Lunca
and Barcea.
Thirteen other findings of funeral nature have been identified in
Găneşti,
Corni,
Cuca, Folteşti, Griviţa, Lieşti, Munteni, Rogojeni, Umbrăreşti, Tecuci, and Valea Mărului. The
isolated
grave
accidentally found in Ijdileni (B.j) seems Sarmatic, if one considers the only
recipient recovered from its inventory; the same origin can be attributed to the deceased in
the grave from
Galaţi (M.j),
which was destroyed and therefore cannot provide further
information. We mention that the accidental discovery from Rogojeni (C3), in the same
context, represents the only one cremation grave attributed to the period in question
identified in
Galaţi
County.
The
6 -7
centuries
(Costişa-Botoşana
culture), (map no.
11)
Marks of the sixth and seventh centuries have been identified in eleven localities from
Galaţi
County, with a total of thirteen sites, assuming, of course, that they have been interpreted
correctly. There is no complex belonging to the time frame in question, only characteristic
"material traces". We ought to mention that all the artifacts have been identified in the northern
part of the county, especially in the elevated plane area. Materially speaking, these "traces" are
attributed to
Costişa-Botoşana
culture and they belong to the Romanic, autochthonous
population. This culture had emerged earlier, being associated with the destruction of the
Sântana de Mureş
—
Cerneahov complex, somewhere in the second half of the fifth century,
most probably in connection with the ceasing of the Huns domination as a result of their defeat
at Nedao
(454
AD).
Starting with the seventh century and along the whole eighth century, the Avars
consolidated their military position and began the organisation of the territories under then-
political domination. We do not have evidence concerning their presence in the space in focus
-
perhaps only a bronze lashing from a girdle, beautifully ornated, identified passim in the
tumular
necropolis from
Poiana
may be connected to the Avar riders.
The 8th
-
9th centuries (Protodridu culture), (map no.
11)
From the very first comments on old Romanian culture, some allogenous features have
been traced alongside with the elements specific to the indigenous population. The differences in
content suggested the existence of some stages of evolution, relevant for the information
concerning the aforesaid culture, starting with the seventh century, but especially in the eighth
286_
Costin
Croitorii
century and the next. These preliminary stages have been conventionally named Protodridu
(Pre-Dridu) culture. Age determination, apparently exact, has methodological purposes only, as
the dating is actually impossible to make accurately.
Twenty-six findings in nineteen localities in
Galaţi
County have been attributed to this
period, of course, considering that the relics have been correctly identified. Most of them are
pottery fragments ("archaeological material") specific to the eighth and ninth centuries and not
only one archaelogical survey has been conducted. Under these circumstances, the only possible
observations are of topographic nature. Considering the arrangement of these findings on the
map, we can infer that "the bearers of culture" preferred elevate plan areas, in valleys, terraces,
basins, in any case, near sources of water. It is interesting to note that on the sites in which
materials from the eighth and ninth centuries have been identified, there was also evidence of
habitation from previous centuries. On the other hand, we cannot rule out the hypothesis that
the increased number of settlements in this period, compared to the previous one, had different
causes, such as the mobility of the village communities in search for new places proper for
agriculture and shepherdry, with settlements for a short period of time in certain areas. This may
leave more habitation traces than the actual number of the rural communities.
For the period in question, only one complex has been identified in
Galaţi
County, at
Stoicani (B4). It is a finding of funeral nature
—
three inhumation rectangular graves which may
belong to a larger necropolis. The scientific pursuit would be all the more important in this place
as only one necropolis has been surveyed in the entire Moldavian space, to which some isolated
findings may be added.
In
Gârbovăţ
(E3),
a very special discovery has been made: a storehouse of iron tools
and weapons dated in the period between the ninth and the tenth centuries. This is part of a
greater series of storehouses spread on the territory of
Muntenia
and in the south of
Moldavia. An interesting hypothesis asserts that these repertories are attributed to the
prisoners
(10,000/14,000)
deported by the Bulgarian armies of the Khan Krum after the siege
and conquest of Adrianople (813). In this case, the chronology should be limited to the first
half of the ninth century.
łłl łłl
The
10 -11
centuries (Dridu culture), (map no.
12)
The period between the middle of the ninth century and the eleventh century was a
calm period for the entire space north of the Danube. The great barbarian invasions and the
demographic boom had ceased. On the other hand, this is the period best known in the Dark
Millennium thanks to archaeological research which highlighted that "these centuries were
the most important link in the evolution chain of the Romanian society up to the fourteenth
century, a genuine foundation stone of the whole society towards the superior forms of
Mediaeval culture and civilisation". The material elements of this period have defined Dridu
culture.
Although the period we are referring to has not been investigated thoroughly in the
south of Moldavia, the significant population growth rate is obvious here through the large
amount of sites. At the level of
Galaţi
County, we are currently aware of sixty-five sites
identified in
45
localities. Most of them are just signal posts of the pottery characteristic to
_
Galaţi.
The Repertoire of Archaeological and Numismatic Fin^inp, Abstract
_287
Dridu, however, they support the statement above, covering the county's map uniformly.
In eight cases
(Drăgăneşti
(B7), Ijdileni (A3),
Lunca (C2), Şendreni
(C3),
Şerbeştii
Vechi (CjJ, Tuluceşti
(D2),
Ţepu
de Sus (F2) and
Vânători
(D2), setllements
have been
identified, in each of these sites semi-pit dwellings, some with endowments (stoves) being
surveyed. The dating of the end of the culture, often associated with the infiltration of the
Pechenegs (Turkic tribe from Central Asia) is rendered more precise by the coins identified in
the dwellings from
Şendreni
[a coin emitted during the reign of the Emperor Roman III
Argyros
(ІО28-ІО34),
and another bronze coin, issued during the reign of Michael
IV the Paphlagonian
(1034-1041)1,
which proves that the evanescence or the transformation
of certain elements making up Dridu culture went beyond the first decades of the eleventh
century, perhaps up to the concentration of Pechenegs armies north of the Danube in order
to cross the river during the reign of emperor
Constantine
IX Monomachus
(1042-1055)
or
perhaps to the coming of the Oghuz tribes.
The
12 -15
centuries (map no.
13)
The large period o£ time to which we have associated the very few discoveries from
Galaţi
County (eighteen sites in seventeen localities) can be re-divided chronologically
according to major events or to the association of a certain type of findings, at least for the
first part of the interval. Unfortunately, the current stage of research and publication does not
allow precise periodisation. In fact, we only have mere mentionings (of the presence of early
mediaeval pottery pieces specific to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in
Baleni, some
archaeological traces from the twelfth century and some early mediaeval pottery fragments
specific to the eleventh to thirteenth centuries in
Băneasa,
pottery pieces specific to the
tweltfth and thirteenth centuries in
Cavadineşti,
pottery pieces specific to the fourteenth to
fifteenth centuries in
Cuca,
some rolled fragments of pottery, roughly dated within the
fourteenth
-
sixteenth centuries interval in
Galaţi
City, and some mediaeval pottery pieces
from the fifteenth to sixteenth century in
Negrileşti).
At a more precise assessment
/
thorough research, some of the earlier findings may be
associated to
Răducăneni
culture, which followed Dridu culture, in the eleventh and twelfth
centuries. The settlements belonging to this culture are placed in the interfluve of the rivers
Siret and Prut, in the Moldavian Central Plateau, which suggests that they reached south,
towards
Tutová
and Covurlui hills
(Negrileşti, Cavadineşti,
etc). The discoveries from the
archaeological sites from
Cuca, Roşcani,
and Stoicani,
Galaţi
County are included in a
repertoire of findings of
Răducăneni
type. As it can be noted from the list of findings we have
drafted, the last two villages are not mentioned. Nonetheless, they display pottery attributed
to the tenth and eleventh centuries, which may signify a possible re-interpretation of the
materials identified through surface survey, but also the impossibility to separate
chronologically the two cultures, Dridu and
Răducăneni.
Regarding the materials that would
have been identified in
Cuca,
the bibliographical reference is erroneous, so that we do not
know which of the sites (B3 and C) which revealed relics from the eleventh century have been
interpreted as such.
Chronologically, an unnamed culture follows (there is no terminological consensus in
238_
Costili
Croitorii
regard to this culture) in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. This culture is little known
also due to the scarcity of research.
However, a few archaeological complexes which are worth insisting upon have been
identified as belonging to this period. Firstly, we are referring to the mediaeval wooden and
earthen rentrenchment discovered at
Independenţa,
which some historians associated with a
certain
Crăciuna
borough, mentioned in mediaeval sources. Unfortunately, only a small part of
its northern side has been preserved, with one tower entrance, and four semi-pit dwellings. The
fortress had a palisade which was destroyed by fire and a moat with a relatively short
functioning period, in relation to the Moldavians' efforts to divert the waters of the river Siret,
aspect mentioned by the ruler Stephen the Great himself.
The "mapping" of the few graves that may be attributed to the
Turanic
population,
to which others may add in the future, comes to support the hypothesis concerning these
nomads's preference for the plain regions near the Danube, similar to the environmental
conditions from the Euro-Asian steppes (relief, climate, vegetation). Most of the findings are
isolated, rarely two graves appear in the same tumulus
(Griviţa).
As previously noted, the fact
that there are not more graves in the same place proves that the
Turanic
groups were not
numerous in this space, whilst their stay was on short term.
The situation of the thirteen inhumation graves (the discovery from
Băneasa,
belonging to a Sarmatian, is excluded from this list) is as follows: six are isolated findings,
whilst seven represent inhumations in tumuli. The latter are secondary inhumations, as
burials from previous period have been attested in all sites, except for
Ciorăşti
and
Drăgăneşti.
The
funerar
inventory identified (and published!) is scarce, being represented by harness
(Drăgăneşti, Matca, Mândreşti,
Moscú,
Umbrăreşti, and Vânători),
weaponry
(Matca,
Mândreşti, and
Moscú),
jewelry or accessories
(Bereşti, Galaţi,
and
Matca),
or, less frequently,
recipients
(Bereşti?, Umbrăreşti).
The
Turanic
population's presence in the south of Moldavia for many centuries has
left 'evidence' in the local toponymy and hydronymy
—
especially the names with the suffix
-
lui
and/or -ui^e.g., Covurlui, Suhurlui), which in Central Asia and Western
Syberia
signified
river or valley and which have been considered as having Pecheneg
—
Cuman
origins. The
same interpretation has been given to other toponyms, such as
Comăneşti, Tecuci, Galaţi,
etc.
th
tb
The
16 — 18
centuries (map no.
13)
From the data we have gathered, only twelve findings in as many sites can be
attributed to these three centuries. It is, obviously, a gap, in close connection with the present
stage of publication of materials and, of course, with the low interest in this period of the
researchers from
Galaţi,
as the written sources
-
the mediaeval documents and especially the
travel accounts record a completely different demographic reality
-
an intense economic
activity, as well as some political and military events significant for the importance and
"occupancy rate" of the area.
The very few archaeological data which are actually available for the period in focus
are related to the identification of some pottery pieces or unnamed relics, dated roughly in the
sixteenth
-
seventeenth centuries, in
Sipote
(B2),
Vădeni
(СД
Drăgăneşti
(ВД
Malu
Alb
(ВД
-----------------------------Galati. The Repertoire
of Archaeological and Numismatic Findings.
Abstrag
_28?
Piscu
(A3),
Ciorăşti
(С),
and perhaps
Prodăneşti,
jugs in
Galaţi
(E\ and
E'2);
we do not have
any information about the corselets from
Măstăcani
(В)
and possibly
Galaţi (P).
Whether the
pipes from
Malul Alb
(B2) have been dated, apparently, with "coins issued around
1670",
and
the one from Rogojeni (C) with a "Turkish copper coin" and that from
Găneşti
(Γ)
with a
Russian coin from
1779,
we have no further information for the Turkish pipes discovered in
the city (E'J and on the territory of
Galaţi,
or for the twelve clay pipes from Cotoroaia (A),
found together with other three "clay bowls" and five coins.
Among the few complexes identified, worth mentioning are the semi-pit dwellings
from
Şerbeştii Vechi
(C2) and
Vânători
(D3) and the stove from
Viile
(C2).
For the seventeenth century, interesting insights are provided by traces of some
halidoms, archaeologically surveyed and also confirmed by written sources.
Perhaps the most eloquent example for the lack of interest in the archaeological survey
of the period is the fact that the old building area of the town from the sixteenth century is yet
unknown. Pushing down the date for the foundation of the borough to an earlier period, though
not impossible, is still unsustainable with archaeological and documentary evidence. Often
mentioned in this context, the only numismatic finding at
Precista
Church is just a hint (the
only one of its kind and still to be confirmed by similar numismatic discoveries) of what it
seems to have been the first inhumation level in the necropolis. Nonetheless, we must stress the
fact that the coins identified in enclosed complexes do not date per
se,
they only provide a
temporal framework: the finding's terminus post quem. It is highly probable that these monetary
emissions have been treasured up, which significantly decreases their chronological potential.
Consequently, there is absolutely no reason to date what it seems to have been one of Jthe first
inhumations in the
Precista
necropolis prior to the first half of the sixteenth century. What is
more, there is no connection between this inhumation and the foundation/organisation of
Galaţi
borough.
Tumuli (map no.
14)
The tumulus, as a funeral monument, is attested for the first time at the end of the
yEneolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age and it is present in funeral rites up to
migrations period. On the one hand, this practice of raising marks at surface Jevel would serve
to remind the members of community of the hierarchic status of the deceased, on the other
hand, it suggests a certain role in defining the territory under the power of the community
that created them.
At the present stage of the research on the
tumular
complexes in the south of
Moldavia, we do not consider that one can assert the existence of a warlike aristocracy /elite
mirrored in the funeral rites in
tumular
inhumation. It is obvious that not all the members of
a community deserved such a rite; what is more, the tumuli's dimensions are not even
—
some
smaller ones usually surround a bigger one. It is also questionable to what extent the migrant
populations (which used to move in large areas to find pastures) had imprinted the
affirmation of the rights of possession in their collective mindset.
The tumuli are relatively well investigated in
Galaţi
County when compared to other
areas. Nonetheless, the undertaking is almost insignificant in relation to the number of tumuli
290
identified).
If one looks at the arrangement of tumuli on the map of
Galaţi
County, they would
note genuine alignments which set out the entrance areas in the space of the respective tribes,
similarly to the Roman Age, when funeral complexes were placed on the sides of the road. It
is highly probable that these markings had a significant role in the migrants' orientation,
besides the depiction of some social hierarchy and/ or possession over the land. It is definitely
not arbitrary that most of the tumuli have been identified in areas on
Gerului
Valley (the
boundary between Covurlui and
Tecuci
plains), that is the very area rich in pastures and
water supply.
Earthen
valiums
(maps no.
18-19)
Galaţi
Vallum or Trajan's Vallum, as it is known in popular culture, had a clear lay¬
out, over
20
kilometres between the benches of river Siret (ancient name
Hierasus)
and Prut
(ancient name Pyretus), in the present-day villages
Traían
and
Tuluceşti.
As for the necessities
for the construction of this line fortification, the arc form of the vallum
Traian-Tuluceşti,
with
the central area in the military aedificia from
Barbosi,
is self-explanatory. Apart from its
defensive function, similar to that of the vallum between Cahul Lake and
Cartai
Lake for the
Orlovka fortress, the vallum lay-out probably delimitated the
militärisches Nutzland
of the
fort from
Barbosi.
The so-called Athanaric's Vallum lays-out on
с
90
kilometres between the villages
Stoicani and
Ploscuţeni,
on the rivers Prut and Siret, respectively, delineating the Romanian
Plain from the Moldavian Plateau. Because of its poor preservation state, its lay-out could not
be identified accurately, the information being repeatedly corrected, on the grounds of
thorough observations in the field, especially in the area Cuca-Plevna-Cudalbi.
Archaeological research has determined that the earthen vallum had a wooden
palisade, which was destroyed by fire and also some pitfalls, in front of the moat (deep holes
close to one another, meant to hinder access for cavalry). An interesting aspect of
Ploscuţeni-
Stoicani vallum concerns the moat's orientation, towards south, not towards north, as all the
other
valiums
in Moldavia.
From the description of the fortification, the building pattern and the lay-out of the
wall is in compliance with the strategic principles (wooden palisades, pitfalls in front,
hypothetical entrance points guarded at crossroads and surveillance towers on both sides), the
topo-geographical principles (it separates the Moldavian Plateau from the Romanian Plain)
and the hydrological principles (the richest water supplies are found north of the wall) which
the Roman administration used in this type of constructions. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Croitoru, Costin 1979- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1306924081 |
| author_facet | Croitoru, Costin 1979- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Croitoru, Costin 1979- |
| author_variant | c c cc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041422045 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)873398805 (DE-599)BVBBV041422045 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4163417-2 Katalog gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Katalog |
| geographic | Galatz (DE-588)4446641-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Galatz |
| id | DE-604.BV041422045 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:10:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786069333617 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026869094 |
| oclc_num | 873398805 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 559 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Ed. Muzeului de Istorie Galaţi |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Croitoru, Costin 1979- Verfasser (DE-588)1306924081 aut Galaţi repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice şi numismatice Costin Croitoru Galaţi: repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice şi numismatice Galaţi Ed. Muzeului de Istorie Galaţi 2013 559 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Galaţi: the repertoire of archaeological and numismatic findings Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Archäologische Stätte (DE-588)4318315-3 gnd rswk-swf Numismatik (DE-588)4172175-5 gnd rswk-swf Galatz (DE-588)4446641-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4163417-2 Katalog gnd-content Galatz (DE-588)4446641-9 g Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Numismatik (DE-588)4172175-5 s Archäologische Stätte (DE-588)4318315-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026869094&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026869094&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Croitoru, Costin 1979- Galaţi repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice şi numismatice Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Archäologische Stätte (DE-588)4318315-3 gnd Numismatik (DE-588)4172175-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4318315-3 (DE-588)4172175-5 (DE-588)4446641-9 (DE-588)4163417-2 |
| title | Galaţi repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice şi numismatice |
| title_alt | Galaţi: repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice şi numismatice |
| title_auth | Galaţi repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice şi numismatice |
| title_exact_search | Galaţi repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice şi numismatice |
| title_full | Galaţi repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice şi numismatice Costin Croitoru |
| title_fullStr | Galaţi repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice şi numismatice Costin Croitoru |
| title_full_unstemmed | Galaţi repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice şi numismatice Costin Croitoru |
| title_short | Galaţi |
| title_sort | galati repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice si numismatice |
| title_sub | repertoriul descoperirilor arheologice şi numismatice |
| topic | Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Archäologische Stätte (DE-588)4318315-3 gnd Numismatik (DE-588)4172175-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Archäologische Stätte Numismatik Galatz Katalog |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026869094&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026869094&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT croitorucostin galatirepertoriuldescoperirilorarheologicesinumismatice |