Secondary liability in international criminal law: a study on aiding and abetting or otherwise assisting the Commission of International Crimes
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Zürich [u.a.]
Dike
2013
|
| Series: | Völkerstrafrecht und internationales Strafrecht; 3
3 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XII, 240 S. |
| ISBN: | 9783037515594 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS XII
BIBLIOGRAPHY 219
TABLE OF CASES 235
A. INTRODUCTION 1
I. SCOPE AND OUTLINE OF THE STUDY 1
II. THE NOTION OF AIDING AND ABETTING 2
1. AIDING AND ABETTING DEFINED 2
2. ABETTING COMPARED TO INSTIGATION AND INCITEMENT 4
3. PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON TERMINOLOGY 5
3.1. THE TERMS ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY AND COMPLICITY 5
3.2. PRINCIPAL, SECONDARY AND ACCESSORY LIABILITY VS. AIDING
AND ABETTING 7
III. ATTRIBUTION OF LIABILITY FOR AIDING AND ABETTING IN CRIMINAL LAW 9
1. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRINCIPAL AND ACCESSORY LIABILITY 9
1.1. PARTICIPATION MODELS 9
1.2. THE MODALITIES OF THE DISTINCTION 11
IV. THE NATURE OF AND THE RATIONALE FOR CRIMINALISING
ACCESSORY LIABILITY 14
1. NON-DERIVATIVE THEORIES 14
2. DERIVATIVE THEORIES 15
2.1. CAUSAL AND NON-CAUSAL THEORIES 16
2.2. THE INFLUENCE OF CAUSALITY 18
3. THE EXTENT OF DEPENDENCE 20
V. LIMITING THE SCOPE OF AIDING AND ABETTING 21
B. THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNALS AND ALLIED
PROCEEDINGS IN THE GERMAN ZONES OF OCCUPATION 23
I. CHARTER AND JUDGMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL 23
1. ENACTMENT AND WORDING OF THE CHARTER 23
2. AIDING AND ABETTING AT NUREMBERG? 25
3. THE SUBSEQUENT FORMULATION OF THE NUREMBERG PRINCIPLES 28
II. CHARTER AND JUDGMENT OF THE IMTFE 30
1. ENACTMENT OF THE CHARTER 30
2. MODES OF LIABILITY IN THE TOKYO CHARTER 31
3. ACCESSORY LIABILITY AS EXPRESSED IN THE JUDGMENT 33
VII
III. MILITARY COMMISSIONS AND COURTS IN OCCUPIED GERMANY 36
1. INTRODUCTION 36
2. CONTROL COUNCIL LAW NO. 10 37
2.1. SYSTEM OF PARTICIPATION AND AIDING AND ABETTING 3 7
2.2. EXTENDED FORMS OF COMPLICITY IN SUBPARAGRAPHS (C) AND (D] 40
2.3. CONCLUSION ON CONTROL COUNCIL LAW NO. 10 42
IV. THE CASE LAW OF THE MILITARY TRIBUNALS IN THE ZONES OF OCCUPATION 43
1. AMERICAN MILITARY TRIBUNALS ON AIDING AND ABETTING 43
1.1. THE FLICK CASE IN PARTICULAR 47
1.1.1. FACTS OF THE CASE 47
1.1.2. THE APPROACH TAKEN BY THE PROSECUTION 47
1.1.3. THE JUDGMENT 50
1.2. FINANCIAL SUPPORT CHARGED IN THE MINISTRIES CASE 52
1.3. CONCLUSION ON THE AMERICAN CASE LAW 54
2. THE BRITISH MILITARY TRIBUNALS ON AIDING AND ABETTING 56
2.1. GENERAL REMARKS 56
2.2. THE ZYKLON B CASE IN PARTICULAR 57
2.2.1. FACTS OF THE CASE 57
2.2.2. THE JUDGMENT 58
2.3. CONCLUSION ON THE BRITISH CASE LAW, WITH PARTICULAR
REFERENCE TO ZYKLON B 59
3. THE FRENCH MILITARY TRIBUNALS ON AIDING AND ABETTING 60
3.1. PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON TERMINOLOGY AND THE LAW APPLIED 60
3.2. COMPLICITY, COMPLICITE AND AIDING AND ABETTING IN
FRENCH CASE LAW 60
3.3. HERMANN ROECHLING AND OTHERS IN PARTICULAR 63
3.3.1. FACTS OF THE CASE 63
3.3.2. THE JUDGMENTS OF THE TRIBUNALS OF FIRST AND
SECOND INSTANCE 64
3.4. CONCLUSION ON FRENCH CASE LAW, PARTICULARLY ROECHLING
AND OTHERS 66
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 68
C. AIDING AND ABETTING IN THE AMBIT OF THE AD HOC TRIBUNALS 77
I. THE ACTUS REUS ELEMENTS OF AIDING AND ABETTING 77
1. THE SUBSTANTIAL EFFECT REQUIREMENT 78
1.1. IN TADIC 78
VIII
1.2. IN FURUNDZIJA 80
1.2.1. FURUNDIIJA S METHODOLOGY 80
1.2.2. FURUNDIIJA S PROBLEMATIC INTERPRETATION OF THE
EINSATZGRUPPEN CASE 81
1.3. THE TESTS APPLIED BY THE AD HOC TRIBUNALS 84
1.3.1. THE ENCOURAGEMENT BY MERE PRESENCE TEST IN TADIC 85
1.3.2. THE ENCOURAGEMENT BY AUTHORITY TEST IN AKAYESU,
ALEKSOVSKI AND FURUNDZIJA 8 7
1.3.3. THE EFFICIENCY TEST IN KVOIKA AND ORIC 90
1.3.4. THE SUBSTANTIALLY-LESS-LIKELY-TEST IN MRKSIC AND POPOVIC 91
1.3.5. THE QUANTITATIVE TEST IN PERISIC, KRSTIC AND
BLAGOJEVIC AND JOKIC 93
1.3.6. A CONCLUSION ON THE VARIETY OF THE TESTS APPLIED 94
1.4. THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN SUBSTANTIAL EFFECT AND CAUSALITY 98
1.5. CONCLUSION ON SUBSTANTIAL EFFECT 103
2. THE DIRECT EFFECT REQUIREMENT 104
2.1. THE INTRODUCTION OF DIRECT EFFECT IN TADIC 104
2.2. DIRECT EFFECT SUBSEQUENT TO TADIC 107
2.3. A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON DIRECT EFFECT 109
2.4. CONCLUSION ON THE DIRECT EFFECT REQUIREMENT 113
II. THE MENS REA ELEMENTS 113
1. A KNOWLEDGE-BASED MENS REA THRESHOLD 114
1.1. THE COGNITIVE-VOLITIONAL KNOWLEDGE STANDARD 114
1.2. THE KNOWLEDGE ONLY THRESHOLD 116
1.3. THE TWO THRESHOLDS ARE COMPATIBLE AND DEPEND ON THE
UNDERSTANDING OF INTENT 118
1.4. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSION 120
2. THE CONTOURS OF KNOWLEDGE 121
2.1. KNOWLEDGE OF THE CRIME OR OF THE ACT OF PARTICIPATION,
OR BOTH? 121
2.1.1. INTERCHANGEABLE USE OF BOTH POINTS OF REFERENCE 121
2.1.2. A DOUBLE KNOWLEDGE STANDARD 123
2.2. EXTENT AND DEGREE OF KNOWLEDGE 124
2.2.1. OF THE CRIME 124
2.2.2. OF THE ACT OF PARTICIPATION: DOLUS EVENTUALIS? 125
3. A PURPOSE-BASED MENS REA STANDARD FOR AIDING AND ABETTING? 127
3.1. IN GENERAL 127
3.2. FOR SPECIAL INTENT CRIMES 130
4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ON THE MENS REA ELEMENTS 134
IX
III. AIDING AND ABETTING WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF PARTICIPATION 136
1. THE SYSTEM OF PARTICIPATION IN THE STATUTES 136
2. THE PARTICIPATION MODEL ACCORDING TO EARLY CASE LAW 137
3. TOWARDS A DIFFERENTIATING PARTICIPATION MODEL 139
4. FROM AN OBJECTIVE TO A SUBJECTIVE APPROACH 141
4.1. THE OBJECTIVE APPROACH IN EARLY CASE LAW 141
4.2. THE EMERGENCE OF A SUBJECTIVE APPROACH 142
5. TWO PROBLEMS WITH SHARED INTENT 144
5.1. THE FINE LINE BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AND SHARED INTENT 144
5.2. DISTINGUISHING JCE III FROM AIDING AND ABETTING 147
6. OBJECTIVE CRITERIA TO COMPLEMENT SHARED INTENT? 150
6.1. DOES THE COMMON CRIMINAL PLAN MAKE FOR A
RELIABLE CRITERION? 152
6.2. HARMONISATION THROUGH OTHER APPROACHES? 154
6.2.1. FORMAL-OBJECTIVE APPROACH MINUS
PUNISHMENT DISCOUNT 154
6.2.2. GESAMTTATMODELL 154
6.2.3. CONTROL OF THE CRIME 154
7. CONCLUSION 158
D. AIDING, ABETTING OR OTHERWISE ASSISTING IN THE AMBIT
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 161
I. OVERVIEW OVER ARTICLE 25 ROME STATUTE 161
II. ARTICLE 25(3) ROME STATUTE 162
1. THE MODEL OF PARTICIPATION IN ARTICLE 25(3} ROME STATUTE 162
2. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN CO-PERPETRATION AND SECONDARY LIABILITY 166
3. SUBPARAGRAPH (B) AS A VARIATION OF ABETTING? 172
4. AIDING, ABETTING OR OTHERWISE ASSISTING PURSUANT TO
SUBPARAGRAPH (C] 173
4.1. AIDS, ABETS OR OTHERWISE ASSISTS, INCLUDING PROVIDING THE
MEANS FOR ITS COMMISSION 173
4.2. IN ITS COMMISSION OR ITS ATTEMPTED COMMISSION 174
4.3. FOR THE PURPOSE OF FACILITATING THE COMMISSION OF SUCH
A CRIME 175
4.3.1. AN ELEVATED MENS REA STANDARD 175
4.3.2. ORIGIN OF THE WORDING 178
4.3.3. IMPLICATIONS OF A DOLUS DIRECTUS IN THE
1
ST
DEGREE INTERPRETATION 179
4.3.4. ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONS 181
X
4.3.5. COMPATIBILITY OF THE CERTAIN KNOWLEDGE-STANDARD
WITH THE MPC 184
4.3.6. CONCLUSION 186
4.4. A SUBSTANTIAL EFFECT REQUIREMENT? 187
4.5. AIDING AND ABETTING BY ACT OR OMISSION 191
4.5.1. AIDING AND ABETTING BY ACT 191
4.5.2. AIDING AND ABETTING BY OMISSION 193
5. SUBPARAGRAPH (D) AS A RESIDUAL FORM OF ASSISTANCE 197
HI. ARTICLE 28: COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY AS A FORM OF ASSISTANCE? 199
1. FAILURE TO PUNISH 199
2. FAILURE TO PREVENT 202
2.1. SIMILARITY TO FORMS OF ASSISTANCE 202
2.2. CONCURRENCE 204
2.2.1. THE PRACTICE OF THE AD HOC TRIBUNALS 204
2.2.2. THE PREFERABLE STANCE FOR THE ICC 207
3. CONCLUSION ON ARTICLE 28 208
E. GENERAL CONCLUSION 211
I. SCOPE OF THE CONCLUSION 211
II. A NORMATIVE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PERTINENT LEGAL REGIMES 212
1. ANCILLARY CONTRIBUTIONS REVISITED 212
2. THE MODEL OF PARTICIPATION 216
3. PROSECUTORIAL DISCRETION AND PROCEDURAL THRESHOLDS 217
XI
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| isbn | 9783037515594 |
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| series | Völkerstrafrecht und internationales Strafrecht; 3 |
| series2 | Völkerstrafrecht und internationales Strafrecht; 3 |
| spelling | Noto, Flavio Verfasser (DE-588)1044477229 aut Secondary liability in international criminal law a study on aiding and abetting or otherwise assisting the Commission of International Crimes Flavio Noto Zürich [u.a.] Dike 2013 XII, 240 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Völkerstrafrecht und internationales Strafrecht; 3 Zugl.: Bern, Univ., Diss., 2011 Beihilfe Strafrecht (DE-588)4112698-1 gnd rswk-swf Völkerstrafrecht (DE-588)4188481-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Beihilfe Strafrecht (DE-588)4112698-1 s Völkerstrafrecht (DE-588)4188481-4 s DE-604 Völkerstrafrecht und internationales Strafrecht; 3 3 (DE-604)BV040894152 3 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026840536&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Noto, Flavio Secondary liability in international criminal law a study on aiding and abetting or otherwise assisting the Commission of International Crimes Völkerstrafrecht und internationales Strafrecht; 3 Beihilfe Strafrecht (DE-588)4112698-1 gnd Völkerstrafrecht (DE-588)4188481-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4112698-1 (DE-588)4188481-4 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Secondary liability in international criminal law a study on aiding and abetting or otherwise assisting the Commission of International Crimes |
| title_auth | Secondary liability in international criminal law a study on aiding and abetting or otherwise assisting the Commission of International Crimes |
| title_exact_search | Secondary liability in international criminal law a study on aiding and abetting or otherwise assisting the Commission of International Crimes |
| title_full | Secondary liability in international criminal law a study on aiding and abetting or otherwise assisting the Commission of International Crimes Flavio Noto |
| title_fullStr | Secondary liability in international criminal law a study on aiding and abetting or otherwise assisting the Commission of International Crimes Flavio Noto |
| title_full_unstemmed | Secondary liability in international criminal law a study on aiding and abetting or otherwise assisting the Commission of International Crimes Flavio Noto |
| title_short | Secondary liability in international criminal law |
| title_sort | secondary liability in international criminal law a study on aiding and abetting or otherwise assisting the commission of international crimes |
| title_sub | a study on aiding and abetting or otherwise assisting the Commission of International Crimes |
| topic | Beihilfe Strafrecht (DE-588)4112698-1 gnd Völkerstrafrecht (DE-588)4188481-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Beihilfe Strafrecht Völkerstrafrecht Hochschulschrift |
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| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040894152 |
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