Probleme të shqipes standarde në Kosovë:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Albanian |
| Published: |
Prishtinë
Zero Print
2013
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 227 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9789951655019 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804151481682624512 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | 225
PËRMBAJTJA
HYRJE
...................... ......................................................................5
KREU
I
.........................................................................................11
1.1.
Sfondi
historik i
gjuhës
standarde shqipe
....................................... 11
1.2.
Mbi disa
aspekte
të standardizimit
te
shqipes në
Kosově
........... 18
1.2.1.
Praními dhe zbatimi i shqipes standarde
në
Kosově
.................22
KREU
II
........................................................................................43
STATUSI
I
SOTËM
І
SHQIPES
NË
KOSOVĚ
......................43
KREU
III
......................................................................................57
SHQIPJA
STANDARDE
NË
KOSOVE
...................................57
III.l.l. Përmbledhje e përgjithshme
.......................................................57
III.
1.2.
Metodologia..................................................................................
60
ІП.1.3.
Disa sqarime
terminologjike
.......................................................62
111.
2.
Përdorknii
shqipes
standarde
në
Kosove
...................................65
Ш.З.
Situatat dhe domenet e përdorimit
të shqipes
standarde
në_Kosovë
......................................................78
111.
4.
Qëndrimet ndaj shqipes
standarde
në Kosovë
...........................90
111.
5.
A duhet
të ndryshohet gj
uha standarde
shqipe? .....................
99
KREU
IV
..................................................................................... 123
DREJTSHKRIMII
SHQIPES
STANDARDE
NË
KOSOVE
123
IV.
1.
Disa
sqarime metodologjike
........................................................124
IV.
2.
Norma drejtshkrimore
në
gazetat
ditore në
Kosove
...............128
IV.3.
Norma
drejtshkrimore në shkrimet e studentëve
.....................137
IV.
4.
Norma drejtshkrimore
në
shkrimet zyrtare
institúciónak
.....143
KREUV
...................................................................................... 159
SHQIPJA
STANDARDE
E
FOLURNË
KOSOVE
..............159
V.l.
Përmbledhje
e
përgjithshme
..........................................................159
226
V.2.
Metodologia
....................................................................................163
V.3.
Rasti i
pare
—
emisioni Anima
............................................ 173
V.4.
Răstii
dytë-
emisioni
Konfront ............................................. 178
V.5.
Disa
të dhëna
per
shqipen
e
foliar
standarde
në
institucione....
185
VI.
PËRFUNDIME
TE
PËRGJITHSHME
........................... 197
SUMMARY
.................................................................................203
LITERATURA...........................................................................
209
INDEKSI I EMRAVE
...............................................................221
PËRMBAJTJA
............................................................................225
203
SUMMARY
In this study the author discusses the current situation and
trends of Standard Albanian Language in
Kosova.
The study aims to
cover all aspects involved in issues related to the Standard Albanian
and provides a report on the current situation.
The first chapter provides a background of the standardization
process of Albanian and acceptance of the standard Albanian in
Kosova.
The standardization process is viewed in light of four
standardization steps (selection, codification, elaboration and
acceptance) described by
Einar
Haugen (1966).
In the discussion on
the background process and arguments which are provided to
support the way in which the Albanian was standardized, the author
argues with
Androidi
Kostallarľs
claims that Standard Albanian is a
result of dialect convergence of the two main dialects of Albanian,
i.e.
Toskërishte
and Gegerishte.
Kostallarľs
claim that on its basis the
Standard Albanian is
a coinè sui
generis seems unsustainable in light of
the main dialect features which were selected out of the two main
dialects and raised into the standard. The predominance of the South
dialect features makes the Standard Albanian much closer to
Toskërishte
than Gegerishte.
When discussing the language planning process and the
language policy which supported language planning of Albanian, one
has to take into account that initially the Mid Albanian dialect of
Elbasan was selected as a norm for codification.
Komisia
Letrare
e
Shkodrës
(1916-1918)
initiated the normalization process of the
Elbasan variety and this was pursued further by
Kongresi
Arsimor
і
Lushnjës
and finally supported by an Albanian Government Act
(1923)
to make the Mid Albanian variety as an official language of the
Albanian Kingdom. This variety was used as a standard language
until the end of World War II. At the end of World War II the
Albanian Communist Party took over the power in Albania and this
was a crucial moment for the standardization process of Albanian.
Since
1945
Gegerishte was gradually replaced by
Toskërishte
in all its
204
functions, and parallel to that some language planning events were
organized with the aim of standardizing the
Toskë
dialect. In this
purpose two sessions were organized in
1952,
followed with the
publishing of several orthographies which aimed the standardization
of
Toskë
dialect. The process was then finalized in the Orthography
Congress in
1972,
in which representatives of Albanians from
Albania,
Kosova
and other Albanian territories in Former Socialist
Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (FSFRY) and representatives of
Albanian
Diasporas
participated. The Orthography Congress gave
the support to the Orthography Rules Project of
1967,
which was
based in great deal on the linguistic patterns of
Toskërishte.
Taking into account these elements of language policy, which
were characterized with the ad hoc removal of Mid Albanian dialect
and the imposition of
Toskë
variety, the author agrees with the
statements made in the orthography sessions of
1952
by several
authors, such as
Osman
Myderrizi, that after
1945
a language
revolution took
piace in
Albania and it resulted with an overturn of
the
Gegë
variety that was supposed to be used as an official language.
In this respect, Janet Byron
(1976)
is right when she sees the
selection of norm as a choice influenced by the political and cultural
elite of that time, which was predominantly
Toskë
in their
background. On the other hand, the motives of
Kosova
Albanians to
accept the
Toskë
based standard language are due to their struggle
for freedom, unity and identity. By adopting the Standard from
Albania,
aß
Albanians in FSFRY proved that they belong to the same
ethnicity with Albanians in Albania.
The adoption of Standard Albanian in
Kosova
was followed
though the elaboration of its functions. Hence, the Standard
Albanian was introduced in such domains as administration,
education system and media as a primary language code in both
written and spoken form. Further, the status of the Albanian was
promoted into an official language, jointly with Serbian, within the
Socialist Federative Autonomous Province of
Kosova.
This situation* persisted until
1989
when the autonomy of
Kosova
was forcibly suspended by the Serbian regime which
205
introduced in
Kosova
a system of apartheid by expelling Albanians
from state administration, media and education system. It took the
military intervention of the international community to change this
situation. In
1999
Serbia was forced to leave
Kosova
and the UN
Administration was set up in place. This event had its impact on
language situation in
Kosova
as well.
After a long period of Serbian occupation during which the
Albanian lost its official status in
Kosova
and after the intervention
of the international community, Albanian regained its official status.
However, different from the times of Kosova s autonomy when
Albanian was an official language jointly with Serbian, currently,
Albanian is an official language jointly with English and Serbian. Due
to international presence in
Kosova,
English has become the main
official language in various domains, though this situation is changing
in favor of Albanian in line with the transfer of executive powers
from UNMIK to the Provisional Institution of Self Government
(PISG). The qualitative progress and status improvement of Albanian
will depend in great deal on the political resolution of Kosova s
status. Nonetheless, this should not mean that Albanian will not
continue facing the chaUenge of English in domestic territory .
Nowadays, the contacts of Albanian with EngKsh appear in two
forms. The Albanian has direct contacts with English through the
English speakers who are members of UN Mission, and who usually
communicate in EngKsh. In this regard, one has to take into account
the fact that the Albanian speakers are obKged to use EngKsh as
lingua franca in different circumstances. This direct contact will
certainly have its impact on Albanian, in particular taking into
account the global supremacy of EngKsh. On the other hand,
accounting for this global supremacy of EngKsh, Albanian has
indirect contacts with EngKsh, as well. These indirect contacts are
effective through the Information Technology and
Medias.
The
Internet and World
Medias
have an outreach throughout the World,
making the modern Kfestyle inconceivable without them. Their
influence has increased greatly, impacting the flow of global
economy, as weK as other areas such as poKtics, culture etc. Taking
into account what is said, it is clear that Albanian is facing a challenge
206
in how to deal with English impact. This challenge accounts for
other world languages as well, and in case of Albanian one should
not underestimate the influence of other languages such as Italian,
German and Greek. In this environment Albanian community
should decide what kind of language policy to follow in respect to
the language interference and towards the variety of codes within
Albanian.
Further, after almost four decades since it was approved in
Orthography Congress
(1972),
and it was accepted among all
Albanian speakers, the Standard Albanian has taken its domains of
use in
Kosova.
The Standard Albanian is used in such situations,
domains and settings which are typical for standard languages.
Currently, the standard is a variety which is used in such domains
such as administration, education system and schools; although even
in these domains the Standard is used as a High variety in formal
situations. Additionally, it is noticed that besides standard Albanian,
in formal situation another
Gegë
cultivated literary variety is used as
well. In other domains such as family, neighborhood and peer
groups, in leisure and in informal situation, local dialect varieties are
used predominandy. This current language situation in
Kosova
is
easy noticeable and has gained some permanent patterns. The
language situation in
Kosova
can easily be portrayed in terms of
diglosia, phenomenon which was described by Charles Ferguson
(1959)
or according to Rexhep Ismajli
(1994)
rather as
a siaìglosìa.
Under these circumstances one can often find in speech such
phenomenon as style shifting, code mixing and code switching.
As far as the written standard is concerned, it seems that the
standard has been consolidated relatively. The use of the main
features of the standard language is consolidated in writing. The main
problems appear to be in writing of phoneme
ë, use
of shorted verb
participle, typical to
Gegë,
and short forms of pronouns. However,
the serious problems seem to appear at the syntactic level, language
interference and similar issues which reflect low level of education
and culture. In this respect, it is important to undertake a review and
reconstruction of the orthography norm, in particular the provisions
207
for writing of the unstressed vowel
Č,
equalization in writing of the
adverbs with and without
є
in favor of the latter, ex.
ngushtë-
ngusht,
jashtë-jasht, poshtë-posht, shktetë shktet
etc.;
equalization of unnecessary normative doublets in nouns plural
ending with -nj, in favor of
-/
ending; and, leveling of nouns plural
with
ë
and a, in favor of the latter, ex.
mollë-molla,
pjeshkë-
p/esJika,
autobuse-autobusa
etc. The potential review of these
aspects will certainly facilitate the adoption of the orthography norm
and would reduce writing errors.
The spoken standard is in a different situation. Every
observation of the spoken standard language in
Kosova
leaves the
impression that this language variety is still being consolidated in
Kosova.
It was mentioned above that the spoken standard is used in
official domains and, mainly in formal situations. However, even in
these cases it happens often that the standard Albanian appears as a
mixed code embedded with
Gegërishte
dialect features, while at the
same time a typical literary
Gegë
variety is used in parallel. In the
observation of the use of the spoken standard language features such
as: the use of
є
instead of
ã,
rotation n/t, the use of vowel clusters
ua, ue, ye,
ie
and consonant clusters mb, nd, ng, the use of
participles with
-ut
/
-яг
ending and the use of subjunctive instead of
infinitive of
Gegërishte
me punue are variable in different
proportions. The main variability is noticed in using of
ê/ã
and in
using of shorted participle of
Gegërishte
instead of participle with
—
ut
ending. Other features that were mentioned above appear in
different proportion and are dependent in great deal of the attention
that is paid to speech. At the same time, one has to account the
tendency of different speakers to use the
Gegërishte
features. In
many occasions, the standard language features are found to be used
jointly with
Gegërishte
features within the same utterance. Hence,
the spoken standard variety often appears as a mixed code. In other
terms, the spoken standard Albanian should not be accounted as the
single variety which is used in formal situations and in careful speech.
Parallel to the standard a Literary
Gegërishte
is used, as well. In fact,
such Literary
Gegërishte
appears to be relatively close to the spoken
standard language.
208
As fare as the spelling is concerned, in this paper there is no
thorough explanation regarding the standard spelling or accent, since
no spelling or accent has the dominant prestige within the Albanian
community. If observed even superficially, it is noticed that the main
differences in spelling of the standard language in
Kosova
and
Albania have to do, first, with the level of vowel opening, and than
with nasalized vowels, differentiating of palatal and
prepalatal
q, gj j
ç,xh
and in articulating the uvular
/
(in Albania) against apical
t
(in
Kosova).
In closing, it must be stressed that the increase of contacts
among Albanians in their territories and the progress in Information
Technology and Media has increased the interactions among
Albanian speakers. These new circumstances will have their impact
on the spoken standard Albanian. This impact can be both positive
and negative, and will depend from the stance that Albanians will
keep in respect to their varieties. If a tolerant approach is kept and if
there will be no stigmatization of other s variety, it may happen that
the standard spelling would be brought closer to all speakers. If,
however, stigmatization phenomenon occurs, the opposite process
may happen, which will force the speakers of different Albanian
varieties to barricade within their regional variety by refusing each
other s variety. And this could have serious damaging impacts on
Standard Albanian and its speakers. In this respect, schools and
educating system in Albanian societies can play a crucial role in
cultivating and teaching on the existence of the variety of codes to
pupils and students. This will help to increase the communicative
competence of Albanians and would help them to be able to use
different varieties of Albanian in accordance to social domains,
situations and settings.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Munishi, Shkumbin |
| author_facet | Munishi, Shkumbin |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Munishi, Shkumbin |
| author_variant | s m sm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041384899 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)900596353 (DE-599)BVBBV041384899 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kosovo |
| id | DE-604.BV041384899 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:55:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789951655019 |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026832813 |
| oclc_num | 900596353 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | 227 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Zero Print |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Munishi, Shkumbin Verfasser aut Probleme të shqipes standarde në Kosovë Shkumbin Munishi Prishtinë Zero Print 2013 227 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Gegisch (DE-588)4019725-6 gnd rswk-swf Dominanz (DE-588)4150406-9 gnd rswk-swf Marginalität (DE-588)4122269-6 gnd rswk-swf Toskisch (DE-588)7845514-5 gnd rswk-swf Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd rswk-swf Standardsprache (DE-588)4077831-9 gnd rswk-swf Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 gnd rswk-swf Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 g Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 s Standardsprache (DE-588)4077831-9 s DE-604 Dominanz (DE-588)4150406-9 s Toskisch (DE-588)7845514-5 s Marginalität (DE-588)4122269-6 s Gegisch (DE-588)4019725-6 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026832813&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026832813&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Munishi, Shkumbin Probleme të shqipes standarde në Kosovë Gegisch (DE-588)4019725-6 gnd Dominanz (DE-588)4150406-9 gnd Marginalität (DE-588)4122269-6 gnd Toskisch (DE-588)7845514-5 gnd Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd Standardsprache (DE-588)4077831-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4019725-6 (DE-588)4150406-9 (DE-588)4122269-6 (DE-588)7845514-5 (DE-588)4112482-0 (DE-588)4077831-9 (DE-588)4032571-4 |
| title | Probleme të shqipes standarde në Kosovë |
| title_auth | Probleme të shqipes standarde në Kosovë |
| title_exact_search | Probleme të shqipes standarde në Kosovë |
| title_full | Probleme të shqipes standarde në Kosovë Shkumbin Munishi |
| title_fullStr | Probleme të shqipes standarde në Kosovë Shkumbin Munishi |
| title_full_unstemmed | Probleme të shqipes standarde në Kosovë Shkumbin Munishi |
| title_short | Probleme të shqipes standarde në Kosovë |
| title_sort | probleme te shqipes standarde ne kosove |
| topic | Gegisch (DE-588)4019725-6 gnd Dominanz (DE-588)4150406-9 gnd Marginalität (DE-588)4122269-6 gnd Toskisch (DE-588)7845514-5 gnd Albanisch (DE-588)4112482-0 gnd Standardsprache (DE-588)4077831-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gegisch Dominanz Marginalität Toskisch Albanisch Standardsprache Kosovo |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026832813&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026832813&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT munishishkumbin problemeteshqipesstandardenekosove |