Baronowie, hrabiowie, książęta: nowe elity Śląska (1629 - 1740)
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Zielona Góra
Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego
2013
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| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Barons, counts and dukes Bibliogr. s. 245-289. Indeksy |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Jarosław Kuczer
BARONOWIE,
HRABIOWIE,
KSIĄŻĘTA
Nowe elity Śląska
(1629-1740)
Zielona Góra 2013
Spis treści
WSTĘP/5
ROZDZIAŁ I
GENEZA I KSZTAŁT ELIT ARYSTOKRATYCZNYCH ŚLĄSKA
DO KOŃCA I74O ROKU / 2 5
1 Pojemność struktur arystokracji śląskiej Tytuły / 26
2 Przemiany wewnętrzne a czas migracji i ich motywy / 42
ROZDZIAŁ II
PRAWNY I SPOŁECZNY ASPEKT ROZWOJU HERRENSTANDU ŚLĄSKIEGO / 6 7
1 Proces nadania tytułu i ulepszenia herbu / 68
2 Majątkowo-prawny status śląskiej szlachty tytularnej / 82
3 Zabiegi o zdefiniowanie i utrzymanie prestiżu rodu / 97
ROZDZIAŁ III
BARONOWIE U PROGU SZLACHTY WYŻSZEJ /123
i Rody baronowskie na Śląsku /123
2 Baronowie w życiu publicznym Śląska /137
3 Baronowie w życiu publicznym Królestwa Czech
i Cesarstwa Rzymskiego / 149
ROZDZIAŁ IV
HRABIOWIE POMIĘDZY BARONEM A KSIĘCIEM /l6i
1 Rody hrabiowskie na Śląsku / 161
2 Hrabiowie w życiu publicznym Śląska /173
3 Hrabiowie w życiu publicznym Królestwa Czech
i Cesarstwa Rzymskiego /185
ROZDZIAŁ V
KSIĄŻĘTA NA SZCZYCIE HIERARCHII ARYSTOKRATYCZNEJ / 2O1
1 Rody książęce na Śląsku / 202
2 Książęta w życiu publicznym Śląska / 216
3 Książęta w życiu publicznym Królestwa Czech
i Cesarstwa Rzymskiego / 225
ZAKOŃCZENIE /239
BIBLIOGRAFIA /245
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW /2gl
WYKAZ ILUSTRACJI /293
WYKAZ TABEL/295
INDEKS NAZWISK RODZIN ARYSTOKRATYCZNYCH /297
INDEKS NAZW MIEJSCOWOŚCI /309
SUMMARY / 313
Summary
Barons, counts and dukes
New elites of Silesia
(1629-1740)
the aristocratic elites based on Western European patterns did not develop fully in Silesia
until 17th century. The process was quickened by resolute imperial actions for which that group
became a basis of government in the province. At that time, the titles of barons, counts and
dukes started to indicate special positions in the noble community. While dukes helped make
Silesian history for ages and barons became part of it in the 15th century, counts first appeared
in Silesia just in the mid-ij* century.
The following paper is an attempt to assess the role that the titular nobility played in Silesian
life. It takes into consideration not only the distance between them and the common and knight¬
hood nobility, but also the differences within their structure. The specific aspect of a title s influ¬
ence on the life and the position of an aristocrat within his group was examined in particular.
It could diametrically change a nobleman s life, for example in its social aspect, with regards to
actual capabilities. This is an attempt at making a synthesis that tries to describe the whole group
while taking into consideration the individuality of its development in particular parts of the
province. With all the differences between the cultures of an Upper-Silesian and a Lower-Silesian
noblemen, the notion of Silesianness is treated unambiguously and coherently.
In the described period, every nobleman bearing one of the mentioned titles was a member
of the aristocracy and the whole of titular noblemen made up the so-called estate of lords
-
Herrenstand.
The term came from the early medieval period and it was used to describe, mutatis
mutandis, the highest elites
-
often dynastic family
-
of a given country. Until the early modern
ages, the term devaluated both in quality and in quantity. More and more families were included
into the
Herrenstand,
especially until the end of the 16th century on the lands of the empire.
Finally, the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs, including the Kingdom of Bohemia, and with it
the Silesia, were included into the strict system of endowment. The
Herrenstand
stopped being
a formation consisting of medieval barons
- Herren,
later known as
Freiherren
(hence the name
Herrenstand).
It has been broadened by adding princes
- Fürst,
dukes
- Herzog,
and counts
-
Grafen,
who were all higher in hierarchy. In the early modern period, the people possessing
such titles started to become commonly associated
-
without any exceptions
-
with the higher
nobility
- Hoher Adel.
The noble elites of Silesia were inscribed into the generally functioning system only after
1627.
The needs of creating Silesian nobility which would be placed within a proper framework
and would have a systematic shape were visible already at the brink of 16th and 17th century.
To answer those needs, a document called the Renewed Land Order (Verneuerte
Landesord¬
nung)
was issued. It defined the existence of a unified
Herrenstand in
three basic groups. Office
314
SUMMARY
practice, in turn, brought basic categories: dukes
(Herzog),
princes
(Fürst),
counts of the Reich
(Reichsgrafen),
Bohemian counts
(böhmische Grafen),
barons of the Reich
(Reichsfreiherren),
Bohemian barons
(böhmische Freiherren). In
the case of counts and barons, the formula of an
old one and a new one was also introduced. Furthermore, all the ennoblements and elevations,
as well as title granting were from then on conducted either to the Bohemian
Herrenstand
or
to the
Herrenstand
of the Reich. It also allowed a number of families from outside of Bohemia
who owed their position to the Emperor to immigrate to Silesia. As the role of social precedence
became more distinct in 17th century, the more important administrative functions stopped
being assigned to people without a title.
As until the 17th century no Western German equivalent of the estate of lords existed in
Silesia, talking about the Silesian version of this formula would not be justified. Such estate did
not come into being even when Silesia became a part of the Kingdom of Bohemia in 14th century
and all the titles that were being granted there were granted to the Bohemian
Herrenstand.
It still
did not happen even in the period of full bloom of the Silesian titular nobility, at the beginning
of the 17th century, though at that time the Silesian s were offered an alternative, nobler way to
be granted the title of the Reich.
While in the Lower Silesia the German term
Herren,
which had its roots on the medieval
status
ofthat
word, spread quite quickly, the specifics of the Upper Silesian borderline caused
its Bohemian equivalent
pánové
to be used instead and the term
Herrenstand was
substituted
in documents by
panský stav.
It is possible that members of this group appeared here sooner
than in the Lower Silesia. They were, however, magnates who belonged to the Moravian estate
corporation who only bought properties in the Duchy of Troppau, the Duchy of
Krnov
and the
Duchy of Teschen. In the Lower Silesia, this term appeared on the documents from 15th century,
but it was most probably a transfer of the office formula
ofthat
age.
This attempt to define the general shape of Siiesian social elites stems mostly from the
influence they had on the life of the Duchy, or even the Monarchy and the Empire. The author
describes both the primal factors that constituted this class and the factors arising from it:
wealth-related (social elite) and public (social elite). If the primal factors, which are connected
with the title and the place in the hierarchy, are, in a way, objective and overriding all others, the
wealth-related and public factors cannot really be described as equally important and should
rather be discussed from the point of view of their successively changing relations. The title could
be granted because of one of those factors and in that case the other factor became derivative.
Having reached a fairly high wealth status (acquiring the property of at least a few villages), or
public status (holding a higher royal or state office) signified the family s entry into the ranks of
the local elites, which were strongly interpenetrated.
Today, Silesia is treated by historians as one of the five parts of the Kingdom of Bohemia,
among Bohemia
(Böhmen),
Moravia
(Mähren),
Lower and Upper Lusatia
(Ober- und Nieder¬
lausitz).
Through it, it was a part of a bigger group of countries, the so-called Erbland, that were
a hereditary property of the Habsburgs. The subject literature indicated political factors that
differentiate it, in both geopolitical and social manner, from the Reich. It was, however, denied
the status of a complete country or statistically a country of a particular sort as the cognitively
optimistic criterions and arguments of the 18th century scholars suggest.
Between
1629
and
1740,
Silesia comprised
13
duchies and
6
free state countries. Most of them
were divided into weichbilds (districts). It had its own
Sejm
and one Oberlandeshaptmann that
ruled in the name of the king of Bohemia. The duchies had
-
with a few exceptions
-
a simi¬
lar office structure. In terms of vassal dependencies, they were divided into two categories. It
SUMMARY
comprised vassal duchies, ruled by dukes, who recognized the authority of the Emperor. On
the other hand most of the territories were duchies which were the Emperor s direct property,
with regard to which he held the title of the duke.
The start of the Thirty Years War allowed enforcing the policy started by the Habsburgs,
in the public as well as social and religious sense. Silesia stopped being the paradise of states
{Paradies der Stände),
as German historiography described it. It was visible in the attempts to
restrict the power of the states and to transfer the administrative responsibilities to the central
offices in Vienna. After
1662
the Emperor tried to reduce the significance of the first argument
of public influence of the Silesian estates
-
The
Sejm,
by turning it into a rump institution.
A number of constitutional changes were also introduced at that time. In the social aspect,
since the times of Ferdinand II, changes to the structure of Silesian elites started to come into
being. At first by granting
-
still sporadically- the title of baron without an office and special,
modified rights to the land. All
ofthat was
overshadowed by religious pressure, the prosecution
of Protestants and by supporting the careers of Catholics.
The year
1629,
when the new institution that represented the royal authority
{Oberami)
started operating and when Silesia started to adapt the German aristocratic structures is the date
that marks the chronological beginning of the subject of this paper. The ending date is the year
1740
that opens the Prussian era in the history of Silesia. Apart from the statehood and systemic
changes, the elevation to the state of dukedom of three count families took place at that time.
This event is of particular importance for the prosopographic deliberations. The mentioned
families were the Hatzfelds, the Henckel
von
Donnersmarcks and
Schönaichs.
It was a breach of
an informal rule that lasted for more than two centuries of not accepting any new local nobles
into the ranks of Silesian dukes and to not create any new duchies. It was an interesting way for
Frederick II the Great to incite the imagination of aristocracy through his first decisions, and
title granting remained an important tool in the internal politics. Apart from that, the nobility
was not allowed to leave to or receive offices from foreign courts, so that formula of migration
was closed for them.
In the effect, during the discussed period, more than a hundred families were elevated and
in
1740
more than two hundred members
ofthat
estate existed within its borders. It was a large
group, but it was so coherent that it has been differentiated from the rest of the noble community
without problems. It is reflected in the successful attempts of its description even in the first
heraldic-genealogical works (or their parts). If it was necessary, to strengthen the image, the
problem of borderline that divided them from both the lower nobility and from the dynastic
families was also invoked. Such contrasting references were particularly important in the cases
when the category of aristocracy began to blur.
The system of division and the directions of development of the Silesian titular nobility
between
1629
and
1740
that was depicted here allowed showing the inner relations
ofthat
class.
Granting a certain title was connected with, often established by law or informal rule, granting
offices that were adequate to that title. It allowed reaching for honors, ranks, orders, etc. In that
manner, the definition of Silesia s higher nobility was formulated, along with its characteristic
features and differences stemming from particular developmental moments. It was also noted
that by staying on the outskirts of great historical events until
1740,
the Silesian society, or es¬
sentially its three or four generations, witnessed a rather rare process. Just as absorbing the
Western European elements in the Middle Ages allowed creating the basis for the local knight¬
hood, assimilating foreigners and merging them into the social system borrowed from the Reich
permanently changed Silesia.
316
SUMMARY
Such solution was the fulfillment of the Habsburgs absolutist policy in the period of Ferdi¬
nand II. During the Thirty Years War
(1618-1648)
he was not only forced to regain the Kingdom
of Bohemia that was given as a tribute to Frederick V, the count palatine in the
1916.
Along with
the elimination of the uprising there also arose a need to control the estates, whose broad privi¬
leges could, as it turned out, threaten the dynasty. Making the nobility dependent on the policy
of social advances was only one of a broad range of factors that were supposed to centralize the
country, such as reconverting to Catholicism, creating patent nobility
(Briefadel)
or forced
migrations in the provinces.
The lowest rank of baron was fairly quickly taken by the considerable noble families. Faced
with the expansion of counts, the barons started to compete against each other and the lower
nobility for state offices that were of no interest to the aristocracy before. As the analysis of the
actual state indicates, already in the second part of the 17th century they lost their chances of
obtaining the offices of starosts of the duchies. They started, therefore, to enter the ranks of the
Councils of
Starost
as their deputies and chancellors. It seems that this group failed to play an
important part in the life of The Roman Empire or to gain special distinctions.
The barons, not as a social group but as individual members, have made for an interesting
background to the politics of Silesia. They were not always in the first place, often giving ground
to the counts, but by acquiring a number of offices they managed to ensure their place in the
noble society not only on account of the titles they possessed. To prevent being shunted into
the sidelines of the society, they often fulfilled the duty of two offices at once, which eventually
could result in achieving a social advance and compensated for the loss of part of the offices to
the counts. This process was, however, not entirely negative with regard to the lower nobility and
in the hereditiory duchies there was an unwritten division of titles between those two nobili¬
ties . In the vassal duchies and free state countries, the barons played usually a less important
part and started to gained on importance significantly later.
The title of count was achieved at the end of the road to social advance. The Silesian nobility
or the nobles who migrated to Silesia could not achieve higher titles. The one exception was, of
course, Sebastian
von
Rostock, who achieved the title of Prince-Bishop directly from the rank of
a nobleman. The crowning achievement of the countship rule was reaching the title of the count
of the Reich. It did not, however
-
as it did in the Middle Ages
-
grant political entitlements. It
was a kind of figurative superstructure that ramified an already broad structure of titles. This
group managed to overtake most of the higher offices in Silesia, starting from the second half
of the 17th century. It included the title of Director of the Silesian
Kammer
and the starosts of
the duchies. Counts started to also take up, more and more often, state functions, especially as
Lands eldest
(Landesälteste).
A province-wide exception was granting the office of the Head of
the
Oberami
twice to the Schaffgotsch, in place of the General
Starost
of Silesia who was sup¬
posed to run it. A large number of them had careers outside of Silesia, especially in the army,
as members of the higher officers
corp.
The group of counts, which had not existed before the Thirty Years War, could have com¬
prised as many as
50
noble families in the beginning of the 18th century. The concentration
of countship estates was mostly in the hereditary duchies. Both foreign and natively Silesian
members could be found among them.
The hereditary Duke of the whole of Silesia was the Emperor. He was also the hereditary
duke of the particular duchies where, with time, he replaced all the dying dynasties. The Duchy
of
Głogów,
the Duchy of
Świdica
and
Jawor,
and the Duchy of
Opole
and
Racibór are
particularly
worth noting here. Sometimes, to emphasize the closeness of relations with the monarchy house
SUMMARY
or to sate the ambitions of its members, some of the duchies, such as the Duchy of
Głogów
or
the Duchy of
Nysa
and
Grodków,
were given to other members of the
Habsburg
dynasty. The
vassal dukes of Silesia in the years
1629-1740
were becoming an elite that moved rather freely
between the Reich and Silesia. Their Silesiannes was often connected only with the fact that
they possessed territorial authority here not with their actual presence or engagement in the
internal affairs. The Silesian dukes in the 17th century were not a group that was concentrated
to the inside .
The Emperor gave duchies not only to the highest of aristocrats of the Empire. The value
of Silesia was increased by the dynastic interest of such families as the House of
Vasa
or House
of
Sobieski.
There were also other Polish accents, such as the representatives of Lubomirski
or
Radziwiłł
families. Apart from the
Waza
family, the connections to Silesia proved weak,
although worth noting. They were part of the general migration process and the qualitative
transformations of the aristocracy on the continent. The core of the dukedom in terms of bio¬
logical permanence consisted of four great families, House Wirtemberg, House Lobkowitz,
House Auerspeg and House Liechtenstein. Although the new , as they were often called, dukes
weren t engaged in the public life of Silesia, their names became inseparably connected with
that part of the Kingdom of Bohemia. They were owners of giant international properties that
were often connected not only by the name of the closely related members of the family, but
were often held by the same person. Being careful not to reduce the role that Podiebrads and
Piasts were playing, it is necessary to note that both the families died out in Silesia in
1647
and
1675
respectively. After that, decades of social and political changes occurred from which they
were excluded.
The Prince-Bishops held a special position at the time, thanks to the legal tradition that was
started in
1536
by Ferdinand I. They also held the office of General
Starost {Oberlandeshaupt¬
mann)
of Silesia and the first representatives of the king of Bohemia in one person. They were
running the
Oberami in
Wrocław
since the 17th century. As a consequence, they also influenced
the shape of the Sejm s conclusions, because an General
Starost
had the fourth vote to which, in
practice, all other were being subordinated. The Duchy of
Nysa
and
Grodków,
which was their
domain, was, however, transitory and after each death of the bishop of
Wrocław
a new one
was elected. The sheer fact that this duchy was the economic and political base of the Prince-
Bishops made it impossible to bond it to one specific dukedom family.
As the 17th century progressed, the form of granting higher nobility titles in the Kingdom of
Bohemia was established. The multi-stage office procedure was refined and appropriate clerks
were appointed. Services that were called motives became the base for the elevation. It stressed
the reasons that made the ruler agree to
a noblemaris
request for elevation or improving their
family crest. In the 17th and at the beginning of the 18th century the land without titles granted
so many titles that Silesia became indistinguishable from all the other hereditary states and the
duchies of the Reich in this regard.
The main means of acquiring a title was not through inheritance, but through the services
performed for the ruling house. This phenomenon, which was typical for the whole of Europe
of that time, usually meant that the noblemen achieved it by holding a state office position or
by serving in the military. The Silesian aristocracy saw also diplomatic service as one of the
possible ways of advancing their careers. The highest distinction was to serve the emperor,
although often the nobility decided to serve in foreign courts offering their knowledge of the
relations, the nature and the mentality of the Emperors country as well as the contacts with the
Vienna society. It resulted in the fact that some of the families representatives return to Silesia
SUMMARY
no sooner than at an elderly age and were granted the highest positions, basically for life . In
the effect, the aristocracy of Silesia also contributed to the process of emergence, or creation by
the Emperor, of the patent nobility
- Briefadel,
Noblesse
de Robe.
Apart from being elevated from the rest of the nobility and other classes of the society, the
term higher nobility comprised also a world of inner rivalry. The history of the 17th and early
18th century aristocracy in Silesia is a history of creating unwritten but formally understood
privileges. They were unique in many ways, because they pertained to public affairs, rank and
prestige.
The factor that distinguished the Silesian aristocracy from its European counterparts was
the fact that Silesia was the meeting point of all the cultures of the continent. In the early mod¬
ern times, it developed on the basis of overlapping elites that carried with them a wide array
of cultures and the process of emergence of the 17th century titular nobility was influenced by
diverse ethnic and linguistic origins.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kuczer, Jarosław |
| author_facet | Kuczer, Jarosław |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kuczer, Jarosław |
| author_variant | j k jk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041358732 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)876048865 (DE-599)BVBBV041358732 |
| era | Geschichte 1629-1740 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1629-1740 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Schlesien (DE-588)4052678-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Schlesien |
| id | DE-604.BV041358732 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:54:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788378420590 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026807141 |
| oclc_num | 876048865 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 318, [1] s. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kuczer, Jarosław Verfasser aut Baronowie, hrabiowie, książęta nowe elity Śląska (1629 - 1740) Jarosław Kuczer Zielona Góra Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego 2013 318, [1] s. Ill., Kt. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Barons, counts and dukes Bibliogr. s. 245-289. Indeksy Geschichte 1629-1740 gnd rswk-swf Szlachta / Śląsk (region) / 17 w jhpk Szlachta / Śląsk (region) / 18 w jhpk Hochadel (DE-588)4160079-4 gnd rswk-swf Schlesien (DE-588)4052678-1 gnd rswk-swf Schlesien (DE-588)4052678-1 g Hochadel (DE-588)4160079-4 s Geschichte 1629-1740 z DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026807141&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026807141&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kuczer, Jarosław Baronowie, hrabiowie, książęta nowe elity Śląska (1629 - 1740) Szlachta / Śląsk (region) / 17 w jhpk Szlachta / Śląsk (region) / 18 w jhpk Hochadel (DE-588)4160079-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4160079-4 (DE-588)4052678-1 |
| title | Baronowie, hrabiowie, książęta nowe elity Śląska (1629 - 1740) |
| title_auth | Baronowie, hrabiowie, książęta nowe elity Śląska (1629 - 1740) |
| title_exact_search | Baronowie, hrabiowie, książęta nowe elity Śląska (1629 - 1740) |
| title_full | Baronowie, hrabiowie, książęta nowe elity Śląska (1629 - 1740) Jarosław Kuczer |
| title_fullStr | Baronowie, hrabiowie, książęta nowe elity Śląska (1629 - 1740) Jarosław Kuczer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Baronowie, hrabiowie, książęta nowe elity Śląska (1629 - 1740) Jarosław Kuczer |
| title_short | Baronowie, hrabiowie, książęta |
| title_sort | baronowie hrabiowie ksiazeta nowe elity slaska 1629 1740 |
| title_sub | nowe elity Śląska (1629 - 1740) |
| topic | Szlachta / Śląsk (region) / 17 w jhpk Szlachta / Śląsk (region) / 18 w jhpk Hochadel (DE-588)4160079-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Szlachta / Śląsk (region) / 17 w Szlachta / Śląsk (region) / 18 w Hochadel Schlesien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026807141&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026807141&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kuczerjarosław baronowiehrabiowieksiazetanoweelityslaska16291740 |