Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Czech |
| Published: |
Praha
Grada Publ.
2013
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| Edition: | Vyd. 1. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 394, XX S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788024736983 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
NÁBOŽENSKÝ ŽIVOT
A BAROKNÍ ZBOŽNOST
V ČESKÝCH ZEMÍCH
JIŘÍ MIKULEC
ÚVODEM 7
1 BAROKNÍ ZBOŽNOST: REALITA, NEBO
„ZBOŽNÉ PŘÁNÍ? 11
1 1 Válka, rekatolizace a utváření katolického náboženského
života 13
1 2 Otázka barokní zbožnosti 23
2 SVĚT BAROKNÍCH KULTŮ 31
2 1 Kulty spojené s Kristem 33
2 2 Andělé — poslové boží a ochránci lidí 46
2 3 Mariánská úcta 55
2 4 Kulty svatých 69
2 5 České nebe a barokní patriotismus 76
3 REÁLIE A RITUÁLY NÁBOŽENSKÉHO ŽIVOTA 95
3 1 Liturgický rok 98
3 2 Svátosti a svátostiny 101
3 3 Předměty — nástroje osobní i kolektivní zbožnosti 118
3 4 Den barokního katolíka 131
3 5 Symbolika v náboženském prostoru 145
4 ORGANIZOVANÁ ZBOŽNOST LAIKŮ 153
4 1 Náboženská bratrstva 154
4 2 Činnost bratrstev 162
4 3 Barokní pouť 179
4 4 Exkurz I — Provoz na poutním místě Bezděz 190
5 SPOLEČENSTVÍ ŽIVÝCH A MRTVÝCH 213
5 1 Umění umírat 216
5 2 Posmrtný úděl duší: nebe - peklo - očistec 225
5 3 Odpustky 243
5 4 „Mortuální servis náboženských bratrstev 249
6 PROTIVNÍCI KATOLICKÉ VÍRY 263
6 1 Odpůrci katolictví 266
6 2 Kacířské knihy 275
6 3 Náboženský život a postoje tajných nekatolíků , 282
7 KONEC BAROKNÍ ZBOŽNOSTI 301
7 1 Osvícenská proměna náboženských hodnot 304
7 2 Exkurz II - poutní místo Bezděz osvícenskýma očima 319
7 3 Reformy osvícenského katolicismu 325
ZÁVĚR 335
SUMMARY 345
SEZNAM ZKRATEK 353
PRAMENY A LITERATURA 355
Rukopisné prameny 355
Staré tisky 355
Edice pramenů 360
Literatura 361
REJSTŘÍK OSOBNÍCH A MÍSTNÍCH JMEN 383
OBRAZOVÁ PŘÍLOHA 395
Summary
Religious Life and Baroque Devoutness in the Bohemian Lands
The book covers modern systematic research that has only been
developing since
1990
in the Czech historiography. The monograph
summarizes several important topics regarding religious life and
devoutness in Bohemia and Moravia in a period connected with
Baroque culture, i.e. the 17th and 18th century. It was a time when,
after the defeat of the Bohemian estate uprising in
1620,
a strong
Habsburg
rule was established and the population was re-Catholi¬
cized, The main topic of the monograph thus covers religious life
of laymen in the Catholic milieu. It offers a synthetic elaboration of
several important issues and several digressions and micro-historical
probes into other topics, such as pilgrimages in the Baroque and
Enlightenment period, symbolism in the religious space, religious
standpoints of covert non-Catholics, etc. The book is dedicated not
only to professionals, but also to students of history and non-pro¬
fessional people who are interested in the history of religion in the
Bohemian lands.
Chapter One, Baroque Devoutness: Reality or a Mere "Wish¬
ful Thinking"^, concentrates on the term "Baroque devoutness". This
phrase has been broadly used in the Czech historiography over the
past two decades, but has rarely been clarified. The author opens
with a topic of forming a new religious experience in Bohemia. He
has a rather sceptical attitude to the customary opinion that it came
as a result of unrest and insecurity evoked by the Thirty Year War.
He points out that it is possible to track down certain traces of what
is regarded as accompanying phenomena of a new religious mentality
in the Bohemian society (e.g. strong manifestations of devoutness,
interest in prophecies and foretelling the future, etc.) even in the
period preceding the estate uprising and the Thirty Year Wan In
addition, the feelings of uncertainty and turns to the supernatural in
the post-White Mountain period as they are captured in sources of
346
Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích
a personal character do not comment on the thinking of the general
public. They only concern viewpoints of certain intellectuals usually
directly affected by the re-Catholidzation and other transformations
of the society and the state after defeat of the estate uprising who
left behind their written testimonies.
The author believes that overall re-Catholicization of Bohemia
and Moravia was the main impulse to the origin of a qualitatively
new type of devoutness. The deepening Catholic belief among the
general public led to enhanced manifestation of Catholic devoutness.
It was supported by introduction and extension of new forms of
religious rituals such as Stations of the Cross, holy stairs, develop¬
ment of processions and pilgrimages, etc. To answer the question
whether Baroque devoutness represented a reality or a mere fiction
of the historians, the author based its recognisability on its outer
manifestations« These, however, do not tell much of the
contem-
porary peoples internal religious lives. It is possible to assume and
document that the secular believers' religious standpoints ranged
from the most ardent to indifferent. The author perceives the term of
Baroque devoutness, which he uses in the book, mostly in a cultural
context, that is as a manifestation of the Catholics' religious lives in
the Baroque milieu (the lifestyle as well as art). He maintains that
the characteristic features of this devoutness involve emphasis on
sensual perception, theatrical acts and strong emotionality.
Chapter Two, World of the Baroque Cults, concerns the types
of Catholic cults, which made an important component of Catholic
religious everydayness, but also represented one of the distinctive fea¬
tures of the Catholic Church, distinguishing it from the non-Catho¬
lic churches.
ТЪе
chapter monitors veneration of the God and Christ
in its various manifestations (cult of the Holy Trinity, Corpus
Chris¬
ti,
Christ's death, etc.), while hinting on features that were shared
by both the Catholics and the Protestants. It also introduces angels,
the God's messengers and the peoples guides on their life's pilgrim¬
age. The author gives a detailed description of the three archangels
(i.e. Michael, Gabriel and Raphael) cults and their roles in Baroque
devoutness and concentrates on the role of the guardian angels. The
chapter also mentions reverence for the Virgin Mary. He specifies the
Summary
347
importance of the Virgin Mary for the religious life from the gender
point of view and then introduces the main types of the Marian
cult, which were reflected in the corresponding festivities. He also
briefly comments on the forms of venerating the Virgin Mary in the
monastic milieu and gives examples of Marian iconography»
Next topic of this chapter is of the saints, mainly those venerated
in the Bohemian lands. It comments on their "protective" roles and
their relation to various professional and social groups. A separate
sub-chapter speculates on the saints of the "Bohemian heaven", i.e.
the role of Bohemian patrons within national patriotism. Here, the
author draws attention to the key role of Saint Wenceslas, the dom¬
inant national patron. He was a canonized member of the domestic
ruling
Přemyslíd
dynasty, who lived in the 10th century. Even in
the Baroque period, Saint Wenceslas held the old mediaeval role of
a heavenly ruler, who bestowed earthly rule to the Bohemian king
during coronation. An important feature regards a blood relation of
the Habsburgs with this saint, which the Baroque patriots fabricat¬
ed in the 17th century. Together with Saint Wenceslas, the Virgin
Mary and, most importantly, her relief in
Stará Boleslav,
which was
proclaimed a protective image (the Palladium) of the Bohemian
land, held a prominent position in religious protection of the King¬
dom of Bohemia. The competences of the land's heavenly protection
were distributed between Saint Wenceslas and the Virgin Mary;
while Wenceslas became a guarantor of the old historical statehood
of the Bohemian lands, the Virgin Mary became protector of the
new conditions introduced after the defeat of the estate uprising,
Le.
re-Catholicization and the strong
Habsburg
rule.
Chapter Three, Facts and Rituals of the Religious Life, ac¬
quaints the reader with several thematic spheres of the religious
life in the 17th and 18th century. It gives factual information on the
circumstances that made inseparable components of the Baroque
devoutness. The main topic is the course of a liturgical year. The
author also concentrates on the seven sacraments administered by
the Catholic Church and gives a brief description of each sacra-
ment, The chapter introduces a number of objects that played an
important role in the Catholic religious life of the Baroque period
348
Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích
(i.e. the relics, "Agnus Dei", holy images, scapulary, rosary, etc.). It
also describes some of the religious services related to them such as
rosary prayers, services held on the holy stairs, on Stations of the
Cross, etc. The author tries to reconstruct the course of a Baroque
Catholic's day with regard to his individual devoutness and collec¬
tive rituals in which the believers participated. He pays attention to
ascetic physical practices such as flagellation and fasting. The final
part of this chapter is dedicated to the symbolism in a religious life of
the 17th and 18th century; it is based on the symbolism in a church,
its inner space and symbolism used in ceremonies connected with
consecration of a church.
In Chapter Four, Organized Devoutness of the Laymen, the
author concludes that the Catholic Church gave the laymen few op¬
portunities for substantial activities in the religious life. The church,
however, organized certain religious activities, which gave a space for
greater fulfilment to the believers. It particularly concerned religious
confraternities, groups of laymen under a priest's guidance, which
focused on a particular Catholic cult. The author introduces the
basic types of confraternities in Baroque Bohemia and monitors
their religious activities. He concentrates on collective rituals and
encouragement of various forms of individual devoutness by the
confraternities. He shows how secular elements, mainly the social
life, penetrated the religious life of the confraternities.
The second thematic sphere covers the pilgrimage. Besides in¬
troduction of the basic types of Baroque pilgrim sites in the Bohe¬
mian lands and their relations to miraculous images and sculptures,
the author describes the forms of collective pilgrimage. He briefly
comments on miracles, which were attributed to the Virgin Mary
and the saints, who were depicted on the pilgrim site in the form of
a miraculous image or sculpture. To give a detailed description of
a Baroque pilgrim site, the author applies a micro-historical probe
into a pilgrim site in the mediaeval castle of
Bezděz
in northern
Bohemia, where the Benedictines established a small monastery
(provostry) in the 17th century. They brought a copy of the Virgin
Mary sculpture form the Spanish
Montserrat,
because it was deeply
venerated by the pilgrims from the 1660s until the decline of this
Summary
349
pilgrim site in the 1780s. Based on the sources, this probe into the
Bezděz
pilgrim site monitors the everyday activities, processions,
which arrived there and gifts that the pilgrims brought. The donors
active between
1676
and
1741
are processed in a tabular method
and the territorial extent of this pilgrim site's popularity is charted.
Chapter Five, Fellowship of the Alive and the Dead, is dedicat¬
ed to the Baroque approach to death and perceptions of the deceased
soul's life after death. The author concentrates on
"ars moriendi"
literature, i.e. handbooks teaching a "good death". Here, in the early
modern period, the dying person's exemplary conduct over the last
few hours of his life was no longer sufficient for salvation of his soul.
Preparation for death was to proceed throughout the entire life; the
person was obliged to prepare himself for the afterlife destiny of
his soul continually. On the basis of a handbook written in
1534
by the humanist thinker Erasmus of Rotterdam, the author shows
how these principles of a "good death" penetrated into
"ars moriendi"
handbooks issued in the 17th and 18th century. Their authors, how¬
ever, still paid great attention to a description of the person's conduct
on the death bed. Although the dying person could not influence
many things on the death bed, his bad approach to dying could make
matters much worse. The second topic of this chapter involves the
afterlife destiny of the soul. Here, the Catholic Church gave the
believers a "third way", a purgatory, in addition to admission to the
heaven's door. The text acquaints the reader with the purgatory and
torments in it and with resistance of Protestant theologians to this
institution. One of the most serious objections to the purgatory was
the fact that it helped the soul from the "outside" through prayers,
masses and alms dedicated to the souls by the living people. The
Protestant viewpoints held that the man's salvation could only be
decided by Christ; the idea that the Pope and the Catholic Church
should have any effect on the deceased's soul through the purgato¬
ry was unthinkable for most non-Catholics.
ТЪе
author describes
techniques that were to release the soul from the purgatory torment.
Indulgences cover the next topic related to the death and the
soul's destiny after death. They represent a relatively complicated
issue, which was probably not very clear even to the common be-
350
Náboženský život a
barokní zbožnost v
českých
zemích
lievers
in the Baroque period. The author explains the principle
of indulgences after the Council of Trent; he maintains that the
length of the indulgence (e.g. seven years, three hundred days, etc.)
gave no information about shortening of the soul's torment in the
purgatory. These indulgences specified shortening the time of the
sinner
s
hypothetic penance for sins that had already been forgiven
during confession. Their acquirement had only an indirect effect
on the soul's stay in the purgatory. The last topic of this chapter
gives a brief retrace to the religious confraternities, because many
of their activities were connected with death. They included three
main functions: supporting the members during a mortal illness,
organizing funerals and supporting the members' souls in their after¬
life existence.
Chapter Six, Opponents to the Catholic Church, concentrates
on the religious life and devoutness of secret non-Catholics in Bo¬
hemia and Moravia. Based on religious educational literature, the
author points out how many religious viewpoints beyond Cathol¬
icism that the Catholic Church regarded as demonstrations of en¬
mity (heretics, indifferent Catholics, but also gentiles, such as Jews,
Moslems, various latitudinarians, atheists and many others). In most
cases, these standpoints had only marginal effect on the society.
The only serious enemies of Catholicism in Bohemia and Moravia
were covert non-Catholics. A separate sub-chapter is dedicated to
non-Catholic books, which represented the main means of religious
life to the covert non-Catholics, but also a tool that enabled them
to acquire new followers at the time when a Protestant religious
organization did not exist.
This chapter contains a probe into Bohemian and Moravian ex¬
iles' biographies, which were written by members of a congregation in
Berlin. It follows certain data that can disclose many facts about the
lives of covert non-Catholics in the Bohemian lands. From the social
point of view, a vast majority of them were village serfs. The probe
reveals motives that led these people to abandoning the Catholic
faith, i.e. family upbringing and reading
non-
Catholic books. The
main motivation for leaving the Catholic Church was a desire to
save the soul. Some of these people suffered from problems with
Summary
351
their characters, were querulous and opposed the authorities» They
usually had problems in their religious lives as well as in an exile. The
religious life of covert non-Catholics in Bohemia and Moravia in the
17th and 18th century was affected by its separation from the church
and small contact with the pastors, which resulted in vagueness of
their religious beliefs.
Chapter Seven, End of the Baroque Devoutness, monitors
transformations of the religious life in the second half of the 18th
century. Enlightened Catholicism in the
Habsburg
Monarchy
reached a radical change of the religious values inspired by many
sources, but mainly the work of the Italian theologian and histo¬
rian Lodovico Antonio
Muratori.
Instead of various techniques
ensuring salvation of the persons soul in the Baroque devoutness,
the enlightened Catholics put an emphasis on the "love of the
fellowman" and charitable activities. This is why the enlightened
Catholics repudiated, the old Baroque devoutness as unnecessary
trash, as it became reflected in religious reforms of the Emperor
Joseph II in the 1780s.
The resistance against the old devoutness included repudiation
of pilgrimages. In this regard, the text contains another probe into
the
Bezděz
pilgrim site. This time, it is seen through the eyes of the
enlightened priest
Augustin
Zitte. He
wrote an interesting satirical
novel in
1783
about the religious circumstances in northern Bohe¬
mia (Peregrin
Stillwassers geistliche Reisen durch Böhmen), in
which
a passage is dedicated to
Bezděz.
The description of this pilgrim site
is subject to the enlightenment values, so all manifestations of the
religious life, which were described in the first micro-historical probe
into this pilgrim site, are mocked. The concrete religious reforms,
which were initiated in the
Habsburg
Monarchy by enlightenment,
are described in the final part of this chapter. The author gives basic
information on the particular measures taken in the second half of
Mary Theresa's rule and the rule of Joseph II. He also monitors re¬
sponses of the general public to these measures, which were usually
regarded as a too radical and badly comprehensible reform. An over¬
all acceptance of these measures was often hampered by an
inerţial
force of the Baroque religion, mainly in the rural areas.
352
Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích
The book's conclusion briefly analyses three topics, which are
important for research into the religious life of the Baroque period,
following the outline in this book» The first topic concentrates on the
impact of religious life on the forming of standpoints and conduct
of people in the Catholic confessional milieu. The author points
out the concept of social and religious disciplination and shows on
a number of examples how the religious activity of the church con¬
tributed to this disciplination. At the same time, however, he shows
that the formation of a Catholic believer was far from successful
in certain cases and some of the population managed to resist the
disciplining pressures.
The second thematic sphere concentrates on relations between
the sacral and profane and the religious and secular in the everyday
religious life. On several examples, the author monitors mingling
of both components, which he regards an inseparable part of the
Baroque devoutness. The secular and religious motifs appear in the
individual spiritual life as well as collective religious activities. Al¬
though it is very difficult to monitor these two components togeth¬
er during historical research, it is essential for understanding the
Baroque mentality. The tendency to separate the sacred from the
secular, however, appeared even in the Baroque period, for example
when moralists complained of a too secular conduct of the partici¬
pants during the services.
The last topic, which is mentioned in connection with Baroque
devoutness, is the quality and quantity in religious life of the 17th
and 18th century. The quantity played an important role in the
religious life of each believer
ofthat
time
-
the number of heard ser¬
mons, the number of prayers that he said every day or the number or
pilgrimages that he undertook. For enlightened Catholicism, quan¬
tity represented a proof of superficiality, formality and falseness of
the old repudiated devoutness. Based on an analysis of the Baroque
person's relation to the quantity in the religious life, however, the
author believes that, despite a certain stereotype and inclination to
formalism, the quantity in fact represented an important quality.
Přeložil Miroslav Košek
Víra, náboženství a zbožnost. V moderní době pro majoritní společnost
v České republice téměř podružné téma. Není mnoho oblastí lidského
života minulosti, které by byly dnešnímu člověku vzdálenější než právě
náboženská problematika. V raně novověké společnosti prolínala tato té¬
mata každodenním životem příslušníků všech sociálních vrstev, určovala
jejich postoje, názory, utvářela
u
nich vidění světa i chování a činy. Vydejte
Se s
námi za poznáním a pochopením našich předku ze
17.
a
18.
století.
Zjistěte, jaký byl jejich všední den ve znamení bezmezné víry v posmrtný
život* Seznamte se se základními reáliemi náboženského života
a s
barokní
zbožnosti, které jsou dnes již přinejmenším pozapomenuty. Tato publikace
nabízí vedle úvahy o vzniku a obsahu toho, co se obvykle zahrnuje pod
pojem barokní zbožnost, také informace o kultech českého baroka, o ri¬
tuálech a reáliích doprovázejících náboženský život, o laických institucích
a aktivitách, jakými byla náboženská bratrstva a poutě. Nezapomíná ani
na problematiku umírání a smrti, jež ve studované době představovala
velké duchovní téma, ale ani na nepřátele katolické církve a jejího vyznání.
V závěru se pak věnuje obrovským proměnám, kterými prošel náboženský
život za osvícenství a které se do jisté míry podílejí i na jeho dnešní podobě. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mikulec, Jiří 1962- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1124423125 |
| author_facet | Mikulec, Jiří 1962- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mikulec, Jiří 1962- |
| author_variant | j m jm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041275163 |
| classification_rvk | NN 8060 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)862802163 (DE-599)BVBBV041275163 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1600-1800 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1600-1800 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Böhmische Länder |
| id | DE-604.BV041275163 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-15T09:01:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788024736983 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026248693 |
| oclc_num | 862802163 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-739 |
| physical | 394, XX S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Grada Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mikulec, Jiří 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)1124423125 aut Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích Jiří Mikulec Vyd. 1. Praha Grada Publ. 2013 394, XX S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1600-1800 gnd rswk-swf Religiöses Leben (DE-588)4115741-2 gnd rswk-swf Frömmigkeit (DE-588)4018672-6 gnd rswk-swf Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd rswk-swf Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 g Religiöses Leben (DE-588)4115741-2 s Geschichte 1600-1800 z DE-604 Frömmigkeit (DE-588)4018672-6 s https://www.recensio.net/r/141ee34208d04e61a3d52f4decca3f02 rezensiert in: Český časopis historický, 2014, 2, S. 324-325 Rezension HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026248693&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026248693&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026248693&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Mikulec, Jiří 1962- Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích Religiöses Leben (DE-588)4115741-2 gnd Frömmigkeit (DE-588)4018672-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4115741-2 (DE-588)4018672-6 (DE-588)4069573-6 |
| title | Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích |
| title_auth | Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích |
| title_exact_search | Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích |
| title_full | Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích Jiří Mikulec |
| title_fullStr | Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích Jiří Mikulec |
| title_full_unstemmed | Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích Jiří Mikulec |
| title_short | Náboženský život a barokní zbožnost v českých zemích |
| title_sort | nabozensky zivot a barokni zboznost v ceskych zemich |
| topic | Religiöses Leben (DE-588)4115741-2 gnd Frömmigkeit (DE-588)4018672-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Religiöses Leben Frömmigkeit Böhmische Länder |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/141ee34208d04e61a3d52f4decca3f02 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026248693&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026248693&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026248693&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mikulecjiri nabozenskyzivotabaroknizboznostvceskychzemich |