O Polską Republikę Rad: działalność polskich komunistów w Rosji Radzieckiej 1918 - 1922
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lublin
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
2013
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: For the Polish Republic of Soviets Bibliogr. s. 295-322. Indeksy |
| Beschreibung: | 352 s. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788377842690 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | KONRAD ZIELIŃSKI
O Polską Republikę Rad
Działalność polskich komunistów
w Rosji Radzieckiej 1918-1922
WYDAWNICTWO UNIWERSYTETU MARII CURIE-SKŁODOWSKIEJ
LUBLIN 2013
Spis treści
Wprowadzenie 9
ROZDZIAŁ 1
Po przewrocie bolszewickim Organizacja polskich komunistów
w Rosji Radzieckiej 21
1 1 Komisariat do Spraw Polskich 21
1 2 Zachodnia Dywizja Strzelców Polskich i Polrewwojensowiet 40
1 3 Polskie Biuro KC Rosyjskiej Komunistycznej Partii [bolszewików] 76
ROZDZIAŁ 2
W dobie wojny z Polską Dylematy w związku z realizacją idei
„eksportu rewolucji 105
2 1 Komuniści-Polacy wobec wojny 105
2 2 Tymczasowy Komitet Rewolucyjny Polski 133
ROZDZIAŁ 3
Po zakończeniu działań zbrojnych Indoktrynacja jeńców wojennych
i repatriacja 173
3 1 Działalność komunistów-Polaków wśród polskich jeńców wojennych 173
3 2 Polbiuro KC RKP[b] wobec ewakuacji i repatriacji 198
ROZDZIAŁ 4
W przeddzień eksperymentu polonijnego
Polscy komuniści w Rosji wobec nowych wyzwań 233
4 1 Działalność wśród ludności polskiej w Rosji 233
4 2 Przygotowania do realizacji nowej polityki narodowościowej 265
8 Spis treści
Zakończenie 285
Wykaz skrótów 291
Wykaz źródeł i opracowań 295
Streszczenia w językach obcych
For the Polish Republic of Soviets
Polish communists in Soviet Russia (1918-1922) 323
3a IlojibCKyio CoBeTCKyio Pecnyó/iMKy HefuenbnocTb no;ibCKKx
KOMMyHMCTOB B COBeTCKOM POCCMM (1918-1922) 329
Indeks osób 335
Indeks miejscowości 349
For the Polish Republic of Soviets.
Polish communists in Soviet Russia
(1918-1922)
In the first years after the October Revolution the activity of Polish communists
in Soviet Russia was under the directives from Moscow Kremlin. Even though some
ideas and plans were forced through, this activity cannot be analysed without being
contradicted with Soviet Russia and the Bolsheviks. It refers to all collective bodies
that joined communists, namely Poles or those who were believed to be Poles.
Polish Bureau of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union should be considered
as the most important one in referring to a collective body. The Bureau was located
in Moscow, and it fully represented the business of Polish communists in Russia.
It was also the most important Polish body in the Bolshevik party, which was in
fact above any Soviet state institutions. Moreover, the members of the Bureau elite
were outstanding, distinguished revolutionaries, and highly-regarded figures in
Polish as well as Russian or German working class movement. Among them were:
Marchlewski,
Dzierżyński,
Kon,
Leszczyński, Pestkowski, Próchniak, Budzyński,
Bobiński,
Heltman etc.
According to Russian fashion, Polish Bureau of the Communist Party was called
Polbureau.
The name was officially approved in
1919.
It did not repeat the activity
of Polish Section of the Peoples Commissariat of Nationalities, which had been
active since
1917. Polbureau was
supposed to be a specialized institution dealing
with Polish matters. On
27
July
1920,
the day before the invasion of the Red Army,
Polish Bureau of Agitation and Propaganda was commissioned matters of agitation
and propaganda. The fact that Polish Bureau of Agitation and Propaganda was given
these matters was due to the force of resolution of
Polbureau.
In the first years of its existence the structure of the Bureau was closely related
to war and military purposes. This is why the most important field of its activity
was not only the activity in the areas controlled by it, but also among returned
expatriates, re-emigrants and prisoners of war who were discouraged from leaving
for Poland. They were supposed to be won over and got in touch with communist
parties that were active in the counties of their origin. Responsible sections of the
Bureau were supposed to preliminary train and recruit agents abroad and also to
324
For the Polish Republic of Soviets. Polish communists in Soviet Russia
(1918-1922)
recruit them among the Polish population within the borders of the Republic of
Soviets. These sections were established as a part of
Polbureau
or other
collégial
authorities of Polish communists in Russia.
Polish Commissariat of Nationalities as the first out of sixteen ethnic sections,
was similar to People s Commissariat of Nationalities.
Polbureau was
a child of
Lenin s ethnic policy, Bolshevik decision makers, and the theory of permanent revo¬
lution, which Soviet Russia was planning to carry into the West. Despite their own
ambitions, in order to keep up with the general policy of Moscow Kremlin, Polish
communists could only become a part of Bolsheviks plans and try to force through
both their viewpoints and particularistic interests. Paradoxically, their biggest suc¬
cess was the fact that they convinced Lenin to conduct an armed confrontation
with Poland. However, that success turned out to be their defeat at the same time,
because the war put an end to dreams about the red flag flying in Warsaw and
the Polish Republic of Soviets, a component of European or worldwide Federation
of Soviet Russia.
In July
1920,
Polish Bureau of the Russian Communist Party [bolsheviks] was
transformed into Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee. Its Moscow agency
was supposed to be, the so called, Small Polish Bureau, however it actually was the
same agency as it used to be in the past. It seems to be more accurate to say that it
was a short existing Polrevcom
-
TKRP (short for
Tymczasowy Komitet Rewolu¬
cyjny Polski
-
Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee), which was
a Białystok
branch of
Polbureau. TKRP s
origin was Russian but not coming from the people.
Polrevkom turned out to be an important and spectacular, but at the same time
the short-term and failing episode in the activity of Polish Bureau. What is more,
its short existence had a negative impact on the development of the communist
movement in Poland.
Far-reaching plans of Polish communists, the activity of Bureau on Moscow
Kremlin chambers and hopes associated with this activity for having the main
role in a new Poland, collapsed after the Battle of Warsaw. However, one shouldn t
consider this activity from the point of view of Polish communists taking part in
exporting revolutionary ideas and participating in Polish-Soviet war. From the
October Revolution to the year
1922,
the massive re-evacuation and repatriation
of Poles from the Polish Republic of Soviets were finished. Then, the activities con¬
nected with war, such as mobilization, the development of propaganda, organiza¬
tion of sabotage at the enemy s rear, were overlapping with the first stage of policy
of the so-called korienization. What is meant by this term is accustoming Poles
who lived and stayed in the Republic of Soviets where communist ideologies were
present, trying to use their national aspirations rather than refusing to aim at their
nationality in the process of their accustoming . The main objectives of bureaus
and sections were to integrate a particular national minority into a communist
programme, discredit bourgeois scientific centres, eliminate centrifugal tenden-
For the Polish Republic of Soviets. Polish communists in Soviet Russia
(1918-1922) 325
cies,
widespread procommunist agitation and propaganda both in Russia and lands
controlled by Bolsheviks as well as neighbouring countries. It must be admitted
that it was extremely difficult to make attempts to respect Polish identity and at the
same time to connect it with a communist party. The background to this were the
war and a great dispersion, however, it seems that Polish communists were more
successful here than in the great politics .
Even though, the majority of Polish communists in Russia were involved in the
war with Poland (though many joined the fronts of the Russian Civil War), the
number of activities aimed at prisoners of war, Polish or potential Polish citizens
of other origin was substantial. Activists of some sections of
Polbureau
were able to
motivate a part of Polish citizens in the Republic of Soviets, even though listeners
appeared to be resistant to ideological load coming from the tribune or numerous
brochures and newspapers. It is extremely difficult to estimate the level of Bolshe¬
vik infection in the Republic of Soviets; nevertheless, ideological load would be
a measure of success for Polish communists. However, the effects of effort put into
the organization of Polish communists were considerable. In autumn
1922,
Feliks
Kon
and Julian Marchlewski held a lecture at the meeting of one of the IV Com¬
munist International in Moscow. They spoke out for creating Polish autonomous
territorial and administrative units in the vicinity of Polish borders. At that time,
Kon
and Machlewski had had a basis for Polish experiment well prepared.
Some activities of Polish communists in Russia should be interpreted as
posi¬
tivist
work at the grass root . What is meant here is a wide educational activity
which was carried out despite the lack of financial support and people. But the most
important things were teaching children and fighting against illiteracy, including
the illiteracy among POWs. Of course, ideological content was interwoven with
education, although, it should not be presupposed that those learning how to read
and write were doing it in order to transfer revolution into their country.
There is no value for the care over prisoners of war, even though
Polbureau,
Polish Section of the Narkompros (Russian short for Peoples Commissariat for
Education) or Polish Department of the Rewoyensoviet (Revolutionary-Military
Council of the Republic) tried to win them over to have informers, establish the so
called communist jacheika (the cell , basic unit of communist party), recruit poten¬
tial members of KPRP (short for Polish Communist Workers Party) and Bolshevik
agents in Poland. Accessible materials are not enough to state that Polish commu¬
nists were successful in this field. The fact that prisoners of war could turn to Polish-
speaking people with their problems was an unquestionable advantage. Their stay
in prisoner-of-war camps was undoubtedly much more tolerable due to presence
of Polish workers and instructors.
The same can be stated about the organization of re-evacuation, which was
supervised and supported by Polish Bureau of the Russian Communist Party [bol¬
sheviks]. From the technical side it was protected by Polish communists. Repeated
326
For the Polish Republic of Soviets. Polish communists in Soviet Russia
(1918-1922)
interventions in dreadful welfare and living conditions, food supplies, corruption
in camps and transit points of
Polbureau
emissaries and the so called pol-otdiels
(Polish units) were successful. The anticipation of the return to their native coun¬
try and the way home were more tolerable for many Polish refugees owing to the
so called Polish politrabotniks (political workers) who accompanied echelons.
Undoubtedly, massive departures of refugees, returned expatriates and prisoners
of war to Poland gave chances to sneak agents and smuggle literature and propa¬
ganda materials for communists in Poland. The power of propaganda should not
be overvalued in these conditions, because some instructors literally struggled to
widespread it among the departing until the very last minute.
It is difficult to unambiguously estimate the activity of
Polbureau
and other
polish-communist protective institutions towards Polish children, particularly
war orphans. On the one hand, the positive side to this activity was undoubtedly
needed children s protection. The most important advantages of the existence of
Polish schools and orphanages were, for example, meeting peers and teachers
from the same village, having the same religious background or speaking the same
mother tongue. The workers of Polish offices not only controlled social conditions,
food supplies and the quality of education, but also they tried to transfer children
to a Polish orphanage if a village did not have one or it was to be closed down. The
Soviet Republic never managed to deal with the problem of bezprizornost (leav¬
ing children without any care or protection), which could be avoided by sending
a child to a school or an orphanage. However, on the other hand, Polish schools
and orphanages involved elimination of current educational system and repressions
towards those teachers and priests that were not considered humble. What is more,
Polish communists tried to prevent children who were thought to have relatives in
Poland from leaving the Republic of Soviets. This fact was against the Treaty of Riga
and also morally ambiguous.
However, it is difficult to estimate ideological reasons behind keeping children
in the Republic of Soviets. Perhaps, Polish communists really believed that keeping
orphaned children would create a better future for them and save them from fall¬
ing into destructive bourgeois and clerical influences . Euphemistically speaking,
seeking for those children s relatives in Poland in order to send them back to their
native country as a part of repatriation was not too intense, because searches were
often given up, newspaper advertisements were not included, and there were many
administrative obstacles. Preventing as many Polish people as possible from leav¬
ing the Republic of Soviets was in the Polish communists interests. At the verge of
Polish experiment this situation could justify communists further work. Polish
communists were convinced that they would be the best promoters of communism
in the Polish nation owing to their knowledge of the Polish language and culture.
What is more, the majority of those communists had never abandoned the hope for
returning to Poland. Supporting the revolution in Poland and creating a new order
For the Polish Republic of Soviets. Polish communists in Soviet Russia
(1918-1922) 327
were supposed to be brought by conscious and highly-educated in Russia, Polish
staff. The belief in the new order helped Poland take back some artifacts of Polish
culture and art monuments taken to Russia. At the Treaty of Riga, Leszczynski s
argument concerning those monuments prevailed over all other statements. He
said that those items were the property of Polish proletariat, and what was more,
he was eventually going to take over the authority in Poland.
The assessment of Polish communists in Soviet Russia in the years
1918-1922
must be ambivalent. The attitude of Polish communists towards their country was
indeed paranoid, however, despite all reasons their words and activities were to
some extent treacherous. Nevertheless, those loyal and passionate communists
were really interested in making Poland a Soviet Republic. They also capitalized
on Poland being the Polish Soviet Republic , where Polish had a precise mean¬
ing. Critically assessing and commenting on Bolshevik leaders actions and more
importantly, helping prisoners of war, refugees and fellow countrymen from all
over the Republic of Soviets, Polish communists gave voice to their best interests
in Poland. Leaving aside ideological load, the latter mention of Polish communists
work deserves a positive assessment.
Tłumaczenie: Alicja Kępowicz
|
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| author | Zieliński, Konrad 1971- |
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| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1922 |
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| geographic | Związek Radziecki / 1917-1921 (Rewolucja) / opinia publiczna polska jhpk Związek Radziecki / 1917-1921 (Rewolucja) / i Polska jhpk Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Związek Radziecki / 1917-1921 (Rewolucja) / opinia publiczna polska Związek Radziecki / 1917-1921 (Rewolucja) / i Polska Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV041271576 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:43:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788377842690 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026245179 |
| oclc_num | 859398966 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 352 s. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Zieliński, Konrad 1971- Verfasser (DE-588)106046232X aut O Polską Republikę Rad działalność polskich komunistów w Rosji Radzieckiej 1918 - 1922 Konrad Zieliński Lublin Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 2013 352 s. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. u. russ. Sprache u.d.T.: For the Polish Republic of Soviets Bibliogr. s. 295-322. Indeksy Geschichte 1918-1922 gnd rswk-swf Komuniści polscy / Związek Radziecki / 1900-1945 jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / więźniowie i więzienia Sowietów jhpk Repatriacja / Związek Radziecki / 1900-1945 jhpk Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Kommunist (DE-588)4031894-1 gnd rswk-swf Związek Radziecki / 1917-1921 (Rewolucja) / opinia publiczna polska jhpk Związek Radziecki / 1917-1921 (Rewolucja) / i Polska jhpk Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Kommunist (DE-588)4031894-1 s Geschichte 1918-1922 z DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026245179&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026245179&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Zieliński, Konrad 1971- O Polską Republikę Rad działalność polskich komunistów w Rosji Radzieckiej 1918 - 1922 Komuniści polscy / Związek Radziecki / 1900-1945 jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / więźniowie i więzienia Sowietów jhpk Repatriacja / Związek Radziecki / 1900-1945 jhpk Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Kommunist (DE-588)4031894-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4031894-1 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | O Polską Republikę Rad działalność polskich komunistów w Rosji Radzieckiej 1918 - 1922 |
| title_auth | O Polską Republikę Rad działalność polskich komunistów w Rosji Radzieckiej 1918 - 1922 |
| title_exact_search | O Polską Republikę Rad działalność polskich komunistów w Rosji Radzieckiej 1918 - 1922 |
| title_full | O Polską Republikę Rad działalność polskich komunistów w Rosji Radzieckiej 1918 - 1922 Konrad Zieliński |
| title_fullStr | O Polską Republikę Rad działalność polskich komunistów w Rosji Radzieckiej 1918 - 1922 Konrad Zieliński |
| title_full_unstemmed | O Polską Republikę Rad działalność polskich komunistów w Rosji Radzieckiej 1918 - 1922 Konrad Zieliński |
| title_short | O Polską Republikę Rad |
| title_sort | o polska republike rad dzialalnosc polskich komunistow w rosji radzieckiej 1918 1922 |
| title_sub | działalność polskich komunistów w Rosji Radzieckiej 1918 - 1922 |
| topic | Komuniści polscy / Związek Radziecki / 1900-1945 jhpk Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / więźniowie i więzienia Sowietów jhpk Repatriacja / Związek Radziecki / 1900-1945 jhpk Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Kommunist (DE-588)4031894-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Komuniści polscy / Związek Radziecki / 1900-1945 Wojna polsko-bolszewicka (1919-1920) / więźniowie i więzienia Sowietów Repatriacja / Związek Radziecki / 1900-1945 Polen Volk Kommunist Związek Radziecki / 1917-1921 (Rewolucja) / opinia publiczna polska Związek Radziecki / 1917-1921 (Rewolucja) / i Polska Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026245179&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026245179&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zielinskikonrad opolskarepublikeraddziałalnoscpolskichkomunistowwrosjiradzieckiej19181922 |