Földindulások, sorsfordulók: kollektivizálás, agrárvilág és vidéki változások a XX. század második felében
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | Hungarian |
| Published: |
Budapest
Szent István Társulat az Apostoli Szentszék Könyvk.
2012
|
| Series: | A Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem Jog- és Államtudományi Karának könyvei
Tanulmányok ; 10 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Enth. 12 Beitr. - Bibliogr. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 272 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789632773537 |
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| adam_text | TARTALOM
Bevezető
7
KOLLEKTIVIZÁLÁS MAGYARORSZÁGON
Ö. Kovács József
A kollektivizálás történeti értelmezése
11
Gulyás László
A kommunista hatalomátvétel első fázisa
(1945-1947)
Magyarországon
35
CSESZKA
EVA
A kollektivizálás előkészítésének főbb állomásai
47
Horváth Attila
Kulakok elleni koncepciós perek
69
Varga Zsuzsanna
Paraszti ellenállás és alkalmazkodás a kollektivizálás
befejező szakaszában,
1959-1961 101
Kaposi Zoltán
A pécsi mezőgazdaság változásai
(1945-1968) 117
KITEKINTÉS TÉRBEN ÉS IDŐBEN
Kollektivizálás a szomszédos országokban
Kovács Teréz
Az
1945
utáni jugoszláv agrárpolitika hatása a délvidéki magyarokra
135
László Márton
A kollektivizálás menetrendje és módszerei a Székelyföldön
147
Gaučík
István
Az agrárpolitika metamorfózisai
159
Tartalom
A szocialista mezőgazdaság átalakítása a rendszerváltás után
Schlett András
Földkérdés a rendszerváltás tükrében ]g5
Tan
к л
Endre
A posztszocialista agrárátalakulás földpolitikája
203
Kurucz Mihály
Gondolattöredékek a magyar kollektivizálás főszereplőjéről:
a m
ezőgazdsasági termelőszövetkezetről, mintáz eredeti szocialista
tőkefelhalmozás sajátos formájáról
219
English
summaries
265
ENGLISH
SUMMARIES
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLECTIVISATION
József Ö. Kovács
The political and socio-historical analyses demonstrates the factors of the
dual communication of party nomenclature and the social responses to
collectivisation campaigns (individual and collective forms of adaptive
resistance). Collectivisation is interpreted as one of the fundamental narratives
of the socio-economic and political conflicts in Soviet-type dictatorships, social
historical transgresses the narrow concepts of agrarian-, peasant-, and local
histories. Collectivisation is both a rural and urban historical phenomenon by
virtue of the modes and effects of its enforcment. The author uses primarily
contemporanous witnesses from different angles to prove that the mass
annihilation of privately owned farms, and their merging into collecitve lands
were only possible by coercion and means of administrative, psychological
and physical terror. The mobilisation of the campaign is inetpreted by the
socialisation of political dictatorship, in which almost all individuals became
active agents in the process.
* * *
THE FIRST PHASE OF THE COMMUNIST
TAKEOVER IN HUNGARY
(1945-1947)
László Gulyás
In
1944-45
the Red Army of the Soviet Union expelled the
nazi
forces from East
and Middle Europe. The huge area from the Baltic to the Aegean Sea (except
Greece) got overmastered by the
soviets.
At a diplomatic negotiation Stalin
summarized the future of the region as follows:
[...]
if somebody occupies
a region, his social system will be forced upon that region. Where an army
marches in, its system will be enforced.
266
English summaries
Int
he next four years these words came true, by the spring of
1949
Stalin
formed a communist block from the countries of East and Middle Europe. As a
Middle European country, Hungary had the same fate.
The paper presents the first phase of the communist takeover that happened
in three phases.
* *
THE MAIN STAGES IN PREPARING
COLLECTIVIZATION
(1945-1958)
Eva Cseszka
Collectivization in Hungary took place in three waves and the third one between
December
1958
and
1961
made relations of production complete in agriculture.
In my essay I demonstrate the process how the Hungarian communist party
took preliminary steps and then carried out its goal i. e. the transformation of
the agrarian system. The starting point of my paper is
1945
when after the lost
World War II. Hungary became part of the Soviet sphere of interest, because this
fact determined the future fate of our country. I also touch upon the question
what kind of consequences collectivization had as concerning agriculture and
the whole national economy as well as the question which factors helped or
hindered communist party in its economic policy.
* * *
TRIALS AGAINST THE KULAKS
Attila Horváth
This essay demonstrates the conceptual trials against the kulaks. In the
communist regime conceptual trials played an important role in creating
psychosis induced by the authority. These trials were directed not only against
the accused persons, but also against certain political and minority groups. They
were followed by fictional charges, hysteria, mass propaganda, arousing hatred.
Their goal was to deter masses, mainly persons having similar social situation
and political mentality that the accused. Trials were provided with carefully
pre-planned mass publicity. In Hungary the summary jurisdiction, the so-called
three-day-trials against fire-raisers were an important stage in the fight against
Englísh
summaries
267
the kulaks. Besides the rapid settlement of the investigating session, however,
the judicial session was of no special importance.
* * *
PEASANTS RESISTANCE AND ACTIVE
ACCOMMODATION DURING THE FINAL PHASE OF
THE COLLECTIVIZATION,
1959-61
Zsuzsanna
Varga
During the
1950s
in Hungary there were three waves of collectivization
campaigns. The present study analyzes peasants strategies of resistance and
active accommodation during the third campaign, between
1959-1961.
In the
winter of
1958-1959,
at the beginning of the final campaign, a mere
13%
of all
tillage area had been co-operative property. This proportion had grown to nearly
70%
by March
1961.
Paralleling this, the number of co-operative members had
increased from
200 000
to
1 200 000.
My subject in this paper is the range of strategies Hungarian peasants used
to cope with the state-inflicted trauma of collectivization, and the way they
tried to modify the kolkhoz so that it served their purposes a well as the state s.
With the help of special files of the Historical Archive of the Hungarian State
Security, this work sheds a new light on the whole relationship of the party-state
and agrarian society during (and indeed after) the collectivization.
* * *
CHANGES IN THE AGRICULTURE OF
PÉCS
(1945-68)
Zoltán Kaposi
The study examines the quarter-century past of the agriculture of
Pécs
in the
time of the development of the socialist central-planned economy.
Pécs
was one
center of the agricultural production in the South Transdanubian region. About
750
people obtained land (land, site or vinery) from the distributed estates
during the land reform in
1945.
At the beginning of the 1950 s a concentrated
state-owned farm was created (State Farm of
Pécs).
This farm provided
quality production in the field of animal husbandry, crop and viticulture.
268
English summaries
The development ofthe collective farms was started early, and their number
increased till the
1960;
at this time, eight collective farms the city had. The
development of these collective farms was executed with state terrorism. Later
these collective farms were concentrated; at the end ofthe 1960 s only three
farms were operating, therefore the production and the profitability increased.
Due to the quick development ofthe industry in the ages ofthe 70 s and 80 s the
agricultural production and employment decreased.
* * *
THE EFFECTS OF YUGOSLAV AGRARIAN POLICY
AFTER
1945
ON THE SOUTHERNER HUNGARIAN
POPULATION
Teréz Kovács
In the countries ofthe Soviet Block and Yugoslavia, the expropriation ofthe
surplus production of small-and middle-scale peasants was carried out by the
Communist party in the spirit ofthe primitive accumulation of capital articulated
by Preobrazenskij. This system disposed of various instruments: collectivisation,
compulsory delivery of products to the state, Kulak lists, consolidation of land
holdings. In Yugoslavia, particularly in the
Vojvodina,
the most favourable
agricultural
regon
and with a significant Hungarian population, state power
preferred the system of compulsory delivery of products. This system was
introduced in March
1946,
and abolished in August
1952.
The most shocking
year was
1949,
directly following the excommunication of Tito from the Soviet
Block. Those who did not manage to fulfill the irrealistic requirements ofthe
delivery of their products to the state were physically violated, imprisoned
and executed in certain cases. Family members were also affected by the
persecutions. Those who were humilated were also condemned as Enemies of
the People. From
1953
onwards, the Yugoslavian Communist Party permitted
landowners the possession of
10
hectares of private land property. The fact that
Hungarian landowners living in the
Vojvodina
escaped total collectivisation
had a liberating effect on them.
* * *
English summaries
269
SCHEDULE AND METHODS OF THE
COLLECTIVISATION IN
SZÉKELY
LAND
Márton László
This study analyses the process of collectivisation in Szeklerland a specific
region from Romania, populated by Hungarians. The study presents first the
phases of the Romanian collectivisation, and the events from Szeklerland. The
collectivisation in Romania was announced between
3-5
March
1949.
They were
organized collective farms, in which the land, the animals and the agricultural
instruments became common property. The process of collectivisation
was carried out with changes in methods and intensity, and it used various
techniques: offering material advantages, intimidation, extortion, psychical
methods, and killings. For this reason there were several movements against
the collectivisation, but these were annihilated by the authorities. Finally, the
process of collectivisation was finished on
27
April
1962.
* * *
THE METAMORPHOSES OF AGRARIAN POLICY
The nationalisation of land properties and collectivisation
in Czechoslovakia
(1945-1960)
István
Gauči
к
This study deals with the changes of the Czechoslovakia!! agricultural policy
after the World War II. Its main theme consists of the analysis of collectivisation,
developing after
1948
and terminating in
1960,
and the presentation of its periods.
The author pays special attention to events taking place in southern Slovakia.
Between
1945
and
1948
the property structures of the Hungarian minority were
violently altered in these regions, which determined fundamentally the range
and specific aims of collectivisation. The former communist and democratic
agricultural conceptions and some elements of land reform plans had affected
the collectivisation. The author is searching for answers whether there existed
any conceptional antecedents of collectivisation before
1948,
and what sort of
were they. Apart from this, what kind of characteristic features were preserved
after the communist takeover. It is a fact, that the radical transformation of
southern Slovakia did not start with the accession of totalitarian rule to power
and collectivization, but it lasted since
1945.
With the formation of social
270
English summaries
agricultural co-operatives (so called: kolkhoz) their members became simple
employees and they suffered encroachment on their rights. The idea of the co¬
operative society was degraded and in consequence of the formal democratism
its content became empty. The study points out the fact, that the thesis of the
socialist co-operative led to the failure and discreditation of the co-operative
tradition before
1945.
* * *
LAND QUESTION IN THE FRAMES
OF CHANGING OF THE REGIME
András
Schlett
Demand for the remedy of wounds suffered during the last
50
years was
intensified with the changing of the regime. The possible versions of solutions
-
re-privatisation, total or partial compensation etc.
—
caused cutting debates
and differences in opinions both among the parties and the masses. The
governing coalition crayoned out the first land bill on land ownership settlement
on 22nd July
1990,
which was dominated by the Back to
47
re-privatisation
conception represented by the Smallholders Party and became a political
slogan. The Government accepted it on 13th September
1990,
however, it also
asked preliminary norm control from the Constitutional Court in order to ward
off flaming debates and attacks. The Constitutional Court in his resolution
of 2nd October
1990
labelled the bill as anti-constitutional. The governing
coalition worked out and presented a new bill till the middle of December. The
Act
XXV
accepted on 24th April
1991
with rejecting re-privatisation decided
to compensate the caused harms partially. The method of compensation took
place in the form of compensation note. The scope of the entitled persons and
the rules of execution were completed by some other subsequent acts and law.
* * *
English summaries
271
LAND POLICY OF THE POST
-
SOCIALIST
AGRICULTURAL TRANSITION IN HUNGARY
Endre
Tanka
Historically, a civil democratic land reform, as a rule, in Europe has two decisive
criteria. First, it is characterized by elementary civil values, especially related
to private land ownership. Land as a means of production is given to the land
-
user by the reform in economic sense as a functioning property: in viable
farm size and together with indispensable factors of production. This principle
means the basic unity of land ownership and land use. Second, the civil typed
land reform pursues such a land and agricultural policy which in the long run
exerts the interests of the majority of producers.
After
1989
the Hungarian policy decision maker has denied to society the
fulfilment of civil democratic land reform and instead of it there has been executed
only the original accumulation of capital in form of partial indemnification and
land privatization which has exerted the interests just of small elite of power.
This paper analyses the main institutional features of transitional process,
namely the reduction of agriculture, the liquidition of peasantry, the reshaping
of large- scale farming system etc. The cruel consequences of investigated land
policy reflect the challenges for an effective national self- protection system in
this field.
* * *
SOME THOUGHTS ON THE MAIN CHARACTER
OF HUNGARIAN COLLECTIVIZATION: THE
AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATIVE
Mihály
Kurucz
The legal model of so called socialist land ownership can be characterised by
the mediaeval feudal twofold
dominium
system, where it is separated from
each other the right of property as a primary right (state owner s right, and the
residual private
landshare
ownership), and the rights of utilisation as a kind of
user ownership (management rights and cooperative land use rights)
.
This twofold
dominium
system is to be chacarterised by the concept of quasi
ownership system. The cooperative s land use right covers all the entitlements of
ownership of civil law. The land share ownership has object, but not any defined
272
English summaries
land parcel. Instead of land parcels, some elements of formerly land ownership,
as branch of cultivation, land value concerning fertilization, expressed in gold
krone remains as object of the ownership .
The socialist system of land ownership reached the peak of its evolution
in late eighty years: cooperative land use rights and
landshare
ownership of
peasants became marketable.
After the soft revolution by the end of XX. Century, the private land ownership
was reinforced, but in the course of compensation and property privatisation,
agricultural land was handed over to private owners, but a new type of co¬
operative as well as companies remained dominant in the utilisation of land.
Hungary s current land use structure is basically determined by the land
regulation of the socialist period: the ownership is fragmented, the holding
structure is concentrated with many surviving large holdings.
By the privatization has disappeared two main social fundamental characters
of rural life: the ancillary household farming and the compulsory employment of
cooperative farmers in cooperatives.
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)859397428 (DE-599)GBV722411189 |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1961 gnd Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1961 Geschichte |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd Szeklerland (DE-588)4118933-4 gnd Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Jugoslawien Szeklerland Ungarn |
| id | DE-604.BV041268496 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:43:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789632773537 |
| language | Hungarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026242155 |
| oclc_num | 859397428 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 272 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Szent István Társulat az Apostoli Szentszék Könyvk. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | A Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem Jog- és Államtudományi Karának könyvei |
| series2 | A Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem Jog- és Államtudományi Karának könyvei : Tanulmányok |
| spelling | Földindulások, sorsfordulók kollektivizálás, agrárvilág és vidéki változások a XX. század második felében szerk. Schlett András Budapest Szent István Társulat az Apostoli Szentszék Könyvk. 2012 272 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier A Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem Jog- és Államtudományi Karának könyvei : Tanulmányok 10 Enth. 12 Beitr. - Bibliogr. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1945-1961 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf Szeklerland (DE-588)4118933-4 gnd rswk-swf Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 g Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 s Geschichte 1945-1961 z DE-604 Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g Szeklerland (DE-588)4118933-4 g Geschichte z Schlett, András Sonstige oth A Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem Jog- és Államtudományi Karának könyvei Tanulmányok ; 10 (DE-604)BV041220273 10 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026242155&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026242155&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Földindulások, sorsfordulók kollektivizálás, agrárvilág és vidéki változások a XX. század második felében A Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem Jog- és Államtudományi Karának könyvei Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4164682-4 (DE-588)4028966-7 (DE-588)4118933-4 (DE-588)4078541-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Földindulások, sorsfordulók kollektivizálás, agrárvilág és vidéki változások a XX. század második felében |
| title_auth | Földindulások, sorsfordulók kollektivizálás, agrárvilág és vidéki változások a XX. század második felében |
| title_exact_search | Földindulások, sorsfordulók kollektivizálás, agrárvilág és vidéki változások a XX. század második felében |
| title_full | Földindulások, sorsfordulók kollektivizálás, agrárvilág és vidéki változások a XX. század második felében szerk. Schlett András |
| title_fullStr | Földindulások, sorsfordulók kollektivizálás, agrárvilág és vidéki változások a XX. század második felében szerk. Schlett András |
| title_full_unstemmed | Földindulások, sorsfordulók kollektivizálás, agrárvilág és vidéki változások a XX. század második felében szerk. Schlett András |
| title_short | Földindulások, sorsfordulók |
| title_sort | foldindulasok sorsfordulok kollektivizalas agrarvilag es videki valtozasok a xx szazad masodik feleben |
| title_sub | kollektivizálás, agrárvilág és vidéki változások a XX. század második felében |
| topic | Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kollektivierung Jugoslawien Szeklerland Ungarn Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026242155&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026242155&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041220273 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT schlettandras foldindulasoksorsfordulokkollektivizalasagrarvilagesvidekivaltozasokaxxszazadmasodikfeleben |