Kronologjia shqiptare dhe kalendarët arabo-osmanë: kalendarët Hixhri Hënor dhe Mali Rumi ; metoda konvertimesh ; dokumente të kronologjisë shqiptare
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Albanian |
| Published: |
Tiranë
Inst. i Integrimit të Kulturës Shqiptare (IIKSH)
2011
|
| Series: | Biblioteka Astronomia, Kronologjia historike
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Includes bibliographical references (pages 283-286) |
| Physical Description: | 291 pages Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789995646073 9995646072 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Gashi, Ibrahim Rr. |d 1935-2012 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)139372512 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Kronologjia shqiptare dhe kalendarët arabo-osmanë |b kalendarët Hixhri Hënor dhe Mali Rumi ; metoda konvertimesh ; dokumente të kronologjisë shqiptare |c Dr. Ibrahim Rr. Gashi |
| 264 | 1 | |a Tiranë |b Inst. i Integrimit të Kulturës Shqiptare (IIKSH) |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a 291 pages |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 24 cm | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Biblioteka Astronomia, Kronologjia historike | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (pages 283-286) | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Calendar / Albania / History | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Islamic calendar | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Historisches Ereignis |0 (DE-588)4160028-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Record in the Search Index
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KRONOLOGJIA SHQIPTARE DHE KALENDARET ARABO-OSMANE
PERMBAJTJA
Dyfjalë
nga botuesi
.
Faqeľ
PARATHËNIE
.11
PJESA
E PARE
I.KALENDARI HIXHRI HËNOR
U.KALENDARIHËNORARAB
.17
1.1.1.
Kalendari
і
vjétër
Arab dhe Hixhri
Hënor
Mysliman
.17
I.LZCiklet
né
Hixhrin
Hënor
.19
I.2.ERA MYSUMANE HIXHRI DHE
PËRPILIMI
I
KALENDARËVE VJETORË
.21
1.2.1.
Era myslimane Hixhri
.21
l.2.2.Përpilimi
і
kalendarëve një-vjeçar natyrorë
(takvimët) Hixhri Hënor
.23
І.г.З.Регсакііті і
dites
së
pare të muajve të
kalendárií
Hixhri Hënor
sipas
kalendarit
Gregorian.
24
I.3.LIDHJA
E
KALENDARIT HIXHRI HËNOR ME
KALENDARËT
JULIAN
E
GREGORIAN DHE
PERIODEN
JULIANE
SI DHE KTHIMII
DATAVE NGA
NJËRI NË
TJETRIN
.30
1.3.1.
Kalendari
Julian dhe Gregorian
.30
l.3.2.Perioda
Juliane.31
l.3.3.Lidhja
ndërmjet datave të kalendarit
Julian
dhe
ditëve
Juliane.32
l.3.4.Kthimi
і
datave të kalendarit Hixhri Hënor ne data të kalendarit
Julian
287
Dr. Ibrahim Rr. GASHI
(Gregorian) dhe
në ditë të Periodes
Juliane
dne anasjelltas
.38
I.4.MET0DA
TABELARE
NJEHSUESE
.39
I.S.METODA
ME ANË
FORMULASH
.47
I.6.FESTAT
FETARE MYSLIMANE
DHE
PËRCAKTIMI
I DATAVE
.49
I.7.MET0DA
TABELARE
E
GJETJES
SË
LIDHJES
NDERMJET DATAVE
TË
KALENDARIT
HIXHRI
HËNOR ME DATAT
E
KALENDAREVE
JULIAN
E
GREGORIAN,
SI DHE ME DITËT
JULIANE DHE
ANASJELLTAS
.53
1.7.1
Tabelat
e
lidhjes se dates
1
të muajve të viteve
1-1500
të
kalendárií
Hixhri Hënor me
datat
e
kalendarëve
Julian
dhe
Gregorian
dhe me Ditët
Juliane.54
PJESA
E
PARE
e tabelave
konvertuese nga
kalendari
Hixhri Hënor
në kalendarin
Julian
dhe anasjellas, për
datat:
1
Muharrem të vitit
1
deri
me
29
Dhul-hixhxhe të vitit
990
të
kal.
Hixhri Hënor dhe
16
Korrik
622
e.r. të
kal.
Julian
deri
me
24
Janar
1583
e.r.
të kalendarit
Gregorian
.
faqe
55 -122
PJESA
E
DYTË
e tabelave
konvertuese nga
kalendari
Hixhri Hënor
në kalendarin
Gregorian
dhe anasjellas, për
datat:
1
Muharrem të
vitit
991
deri
me
29
Dhul-hixhxhe të vitit
1500
të kalendarit Hixhri
Hënor dhe
25
janar
1583
e.r.
deri
me
16
nëntor
2077
e.r. të
kal.
Gregorian
.
faqe
123 -157
l.7.2.Probleme
të zgjidhura për kthim datash me metodën
tabelare.
158
IJ^.A.Përcaktimi
і
dites se javës
kur dihet
numri i
Dites
Juliane.158
7.2.B.Shembuj kthimesh,
kur kthimi
ështëpasyruar në tabelë
. 158
7.2.C.Shembuj kthomesh me interpolim
.160
I.8.KAPITULU SHTESË
l.e.i.DisatëdhënapërHënën
.165
і.б.г.ТаЬеІаЇ
e fazave
të Hënës për
vitet
2003-2005.169
l.8.3.Mosha
e Hënës
.172
288
KRONOLOGJIA SHQIPTARE
DHE
KALENDARËT ARABO-OSMANË
PJESA
E DYTË
II.KALENDARI
MALÍ-RUMÍ
11.1.
KALENDARI
MALÍ-RUMÍ
11.1.1
.Njohuri të përgjithshme
.179
ll.1.2.Pasqyrimi
і
kalendarëve Hixhri Hënor
dne Malí-Rumí
në
kalendarët
e
botuar në Shqipëri
.183
II.2.LIDHJA
E
KALENDÁRIÍ MALÍ-RUMÍ
ME KALENDARËT
HIXHRI
HËNOR E
GREGORIAN
DHE ME
PERIODEN JULIANE.189
ll.2.1.Gmpi
і
pare
і
tabelave
.189
ll.2.2.Grupi
і
dytë
і
tabelave
.199
ll.2.3.Grupi
і
trete
і
tabelave
.204
ІІ.З.ТАВЕШ
E RENDITJES SË DITËNETËVE PËR
ÇDO
MUAJ TË VITIT
SIPAS
KALENDARËVE TË NDRYSHËM
.206
11.3.1.
Renditja e
ditënetëve të vitit për çdo muaj të
kalendárií
Gregorian (Tabelai).
207
ll.3.2.Renditja
e
ditënetëve të vitit për çdo muaj të kalendarit
Hixhri Hënor
(Tabela
2).208
ll.3.3.Renditja
e
ditënetëve të vitit për çdo muaj të kalendarit
Malí-Rumí
(Tabela
3).209
IIAKTHIME (KONVERTIME) DATASH.210
11.4.1 .Shenbuj
të
zgjidhur kthimesh (konvertimesh),
kur
data e dhënë
pasqyrohet në tabelë të konvertimit
.211
ll.4.2.Shembuj të zgjidhur kthimesh me
interpoline
.212
ll.4.3.Konvertime datash nga një
autobiografi.
Kur
jetoi dhe
veprai
atdhetari,
Hafiz
Ali Ulqini?
.220
PJESA
E
TRETE
III.KTHIME
(KONVERTIME)
DATASH TË DOKUMENTEVE
TË NDRYSHME
KTHIME DATASH TË KALENDARËVE HIXHRI HËNOR DHE MALI
-
RUMI
NE
DATA TË KALENDARËVE
JULIAN
OSE
GREGORIAN DHE
NË DITE
JULIANE
(Tě
nxjerra nga libra
të ndryshëm, që flasin për ngjarje të
289
Dr. Ibrahim Rr. GASHI
rëndësishme të historisë së
popullit shqiptar)
.228
III.1
.Kthlme datash
të
nxjerra nga DERERI
I
PËRMETIT
DHE
I
KORÇÈS
.230
8.A.Vilajet¡ i
Përmetit.
231
e.B.Vilajeti
і
Korçës
.236
III.IINDIKACIONE NGA
LITERATURA HISTORIOGRAFIKE
TURKE
MBI
SHQIPËRINË
.239
ІІІ.З
-Nga
libri
"PATRIOTIZMA
MË
TIRANE',
shkruar nga
Hfz.
Ibrahim
Dalliu, botuar
në
Tirane
1930.241
111.4. Nga libri:
"KOSOVA
GJATË
SHEKUJVE
XV,
XVI
DHE
XVII",
Tirane
1982,
shkruar nga
Prof. Dr.
Skender Rizaj
.245
111.5.
QËNDRESA
E POPULLIT SHQIPTAR
KUNDËR
SUNDIMIT
OSMAN,
SHEKULLI
XVI
DERI
NË
FILLIM
TË
SHEKULUTXVIir.
(Dokumente
osmane).
Akademia
e
Shkencave
e
R.
P.S.
të Shqipërisë.
Instituti i
Historisë,
Tirane
1978.
Përgatitur
nga
Seiami Pulaha.260
Mendime
të recensentëve
.271
Recensa
e
Prof. Dr.
Skender Rizaj
.271
Recensa
e
Prof
.
Dr.
Ejup
Hamiti
.273
Summary.
275
Literatura
. 283
PËRMBAJTJA
.
'.^.7.ľ.287
290
KRONOLOGJIA SHQIPTARE DHE KALENDARËT ARABO-OSMANË
Summary
The book "KRONOLOGJIA SHQIPTARE DHE
KALENDARËT
ARABO-
OSMANË"107,
is a revised version of the author's
2
previous108 books, in which he
wrote about the establishment of calendars Lunar Hijri and
Malí-Rumí,
including
the converting charts between the dates of these two calendars and the Julian
and Gregorian calendars and also their linkage to the Julian Period.
In meetings and discussions with various
studiers
of history and others
subjects, where the events of the past are the object of their studies, there have
been suggestions about adding more details in the above mentioned books. A lot
of
studiers
find it hard to use the mathematical and chart methods given in the
above mentioned books when they make conversions, even though these books
include the charts with direct conversions, however not for all the months.
By taking in consideration the suggestions, the new book, which is more
voluminous, includes the direct converting charts for first day of every month of
the year of calendar Lunar Hijri. The book also talks about other methods of
conversion.
They are very important for the Albanian historiography, and, in general,
for the scholars of the various fields of the time period since the year
600
of the
new era on, and, especially, for the time of the Ottoman rule by us. As it is known,
the Lunar Hegira calendar was used broadly in all the countries with Moslem
population since the seventh century of the new era, and, consequently, even in
the Ottoman state since its foundation. It is used even now as official calendar in
all the Islamic countries as well by all the Muslims even in other countries of the
world, but, by the last ones, for religious purposes. Since the proclamation of
Tanzimat and until the foundation of the modern Turkey, in the Ottoman state,
Malí-Rumí
calendar was also used mainly for financial-administrative aims. The
Malí-Rumí
calendar is one of the solar system calendars, very similar to the Julian
calendar.
Being part of Ottoman Empire for about five centuries, Albania's historical
events are mirrored mainly according to the measurements of the time of this
107
"The Albanian Chronology and the Arab-Ottoman calendars".
108
"Kalendari
Hixhri
Hënor
dhe lidhja
e tij
me
kalendarët
Julian
e
Gregorian dhe me
perioden
Juliane"
("The Lunar Hegira Calendar and its conection with the Julian and Gregorian
calendars, and with the Julian Period"),
Tirane
2003
dhe
"Kalendari
Malí-Rumí
dhe lidhja
e tij
me
kalendarët
Hixhri
Hënor
dhe Gregorian, si dhe me
Perioden Juliane"
("The
Malí-Rumí
Calendar and its conection with the Lunar Hegira and Gregorian calendars, and with the
Julian Period"),
Tirane
2003.
275
Dr. Ibrahim Rr. GASHI
empire, correspondingly, according to the Lunar Hegira calendar, and, afterwards
even according to the
Malí-Rumí
calendar. Just for this reason it is necessary the
knowledge of these two calendars to have the possibility to make the conversions
of their dates in dates of the Julian or Gregorian calendars. And this possibility is
given us by the book "Albania chronology and Arabic-Ottoman calendars", which
differently from the other manuals in foreign languages or Albanian, parallelly with
the tables of the conversion of the dates and the respective methods for
conversion, contain also the history of the birth and development of these
calendars, their mathematical-astronomical basing, a lot of concrete examples for
conversion of the dates, which have to do with events connected with our nation,
drawn from the Ottoman literature, translated or cited and commented by
Albanian scholars and historians. Even though these events have a secondary
and complementary place in connection with the main purpose, they increase the
interest of the reader and they make it even easier to assimilate the knowledge of
these books.
The book is comprised of three parts:
In the first part, the book treats topics related to the calendar Lunar Hijri,
in the second part, topics about the calendar
Malí-Rumí,
and in the third part there
are examples of conversion of dates from the Albanian chronology, from the
above-mentioned calendar to dates of the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
Dwelling on 'The Calendar Lunar Hegira
",
in continuation we give the
content of the first and second paragraphs.
The Lunar Calendar, whose beginning is known since the time of the
Babylonians, continued to be used even in later times. The Arabians, too, as
many peoples of the East, used it even before the acceptance of the Islamic faith,
since the first millennium before the new era. Whereas the calendar Lunar Hegira
with its characteristics, which it preserves until now, was introduced in the time of
the second calif
-
Omar, in the year
638,
with the initiative of his deputy El-Eshar.
With the proposition of calif Omar, as time of the beginning of the numbering of
the years of this calendar (the Moslem era Hegira) was accepted the year
622
which was the year of the displacement of the prophet Muhammad and other
Moslems from Mecca to Medina, an important event for the Islamic world. As
starting moment of this new era was fixed
16
July of the year
622
(according to
the Julian calendar), because this date coincided with the neomenya, while the
date of the new moon was
15
July of the year
622.
The year of the calendar Lunar Hegira contains
354
or
355
days/nights
and is divided in
12
lunar months, denominated: Muharrem,
Safar,
Rabiul-Awal,
Rabiul-Akher, Jumadal-Oula, Jumadal-Akherah, Rajab, Sha'aban, Ramadan,
Shawal, Zulqa'adah, Zulhijjah. These months in alternative manner have each
276
KRONOLOGJIA SHQIPTARE DHE KALENDARËT ARABO-QSMANË
30
days/nights (the odd months) and
29
(the even months). This duration of the
months is determined by the time interval between two consecutive changes of
the phases of the new moon. According to this reasoning, the average duration of
a month of the calendar Hegira is
29,5
days/nights, which means that is shorter
than the synodic month for
44
minutes and
3
secons. Starting from this fact it
comes out that the year of the calendar Hegira would be
8
hours
48
minutes and
36
seconds shorter than the lunar year. To eliminate this difference, which for
30
years would became
11,012
days/nights, it is created a cycle of
30
years, in which
19
years are taken simple with
354
days/nights and
11
leap years with
355
days/nights. In the leap years, in the last month Zulhijjah which has
29
days/nights as even months, it added also one, making it with
30
days /nights.
To make each year to begin when it is new moon, correspondingly with
neomenya, in the
30
years cycle as leap years are taken: II, V,
VII,
X,
XIII,
XV,
XVIII, XXI, XXIV, XXVI
and
XXIX.
The calendar Lunar Hegira is rather
exakt. In
the
30
years cycle the new
moon hasn't concord, conformity with this calendar only for
0,012
days/night. So,
the mistake of a day/night in this calendar is completed only when have elapsed
2500
years.
In the third paragraph are given some informations for the Julian and
Gregorian calendars, as well for the Julian Period, because according to them,
will be made the conversions of the dates of calendar Lunar Hegira. It is important
to see accurately the theme
3.2
which has to do with the Julian Period of
Scaligeri,
which makes the calculation of the time only in days/nights, not taking
into consideration months and years.
In the
4
and
5
paragraph, for conversion of the dates, are given tabular
methods of calculation and methods with formulas. It is of interest, especially, the
tabular method of calculation which gives the possibility for exact conversion of
dates from one calendar to the other through the Julian Days.
In the
6
paragraph are given the principal Moslem feasts explaining even
some problems connected with the day and night of determined dates of the
Hegira calendar. We want to remind that the day/night in the Julian and Gregorian
calendars begins at midnight, whereas in the Hegira calendar begins at the
moment of sunset.
The
7
paragraph, contains the tabular method of the conversion of dates
of the calendar Lunar Hegira in dates of the Julian and Gregorian calendars and
in Julian Days as well vice-versa. At this end,
50
two-page charts are built, which
contain the beginnings of the
12
months of
1500
years of the calendar Lunar
Hegira
(1
to
1500)
and their corresponding dates of the Julian calendar
(622
to
1582)
and of the Gregorian calendar
(1583
to
2076).
Each table contains a
30
years cycle of the calendar Lunar Hegira.
277
Dr. Ibrahim Rr. GASHI
In the themes 7.2.(A, B, C) of the 7-th paragraph, it is given a
considerable number of solved examples, for the conversion of the dates of the
calendar Lunar Hegira in dates of the Julian and Gregorian calendars, as well in
the Julian Days and vice-versa.
In the paragraph
8,
denominated
"Suplemental
chapter" are given some
informations for the moon.
According to the mentioned calendar systems, in Albanian have been
published even books named calendars1, initially in foreign languages. Only by
the end of the XIX-th century began to be published calendars in the Albanian
language, named: "Day-teller"
("Ditërrëfenjës"), "Takvims",
or
,
simply,
"Calendars" which contained even the calendars Hegira and
Malí-Rumí.
Even in
the calendars published by Albanian associations or persons of
cristian
faith or
even from the churches, parallely with the Julian and Gregorian calendars were
given also the calendars Hegira and
Malí-Rumí.
So, in the calendars "National Day-teller"2
("Kalendari
Kombíar"),
published in Sofia of Bulgaria, since the year
1897,
parallely with the use of the
Julian calendar system, which, in general, was used by the Albanians of the
Orthodox faith, is mirrored even the Gregorian system, as well the months of the
calendar Lunar Hegira and the Moslem religious feasts. The mirroring of the
calendar Lunar Hegira is made even in the "Calenndar for the year 1898"3; in the
calendars of the Society 'The Knowledge"4 of the years
1907
and
1908,
printed
in Vienna of Austria, as well of the year
1910,
printed in
Manastir;
in the calendar
"Aferdita"5, for the year
1910,
Istanbul-Manastir, printed in the typography 'The
Union of the Nation" ("Bashkimi
і
Kombit")
in
1909,
etc.
Afterwards come the Moslem religious calendars, which were published by
the Moslem community and the Bektashian one, where the Hegira calendar and
the
Rumi
one accupy the principal place.
In our time, in all the regions inhabited by Albanians of the Moslem faith,
parallely with the Gregorian calendar, are published in the albanian language, for
every year, even calendars of the Lunar Hegira, mainly for religious purposes.
The second part of the book 'The Albanian Chronology and the Arab-
Ottoman calendars" talks about the calendar
Malí-Rumí.
The Lunar Hegira
calendar and the
Malí-Rumí
one were used officially in Albania in the time of the
1
See the article "Albanian calendars", in the book of Dr. Ibrahim Gashi: "From Our Sky" ("Nga
Qielli
Ynë"),
Tirana
1995,
pg.100-109.
2 «
Ditërrëfenjësi
Shqip
1897 », «
Kalendari
Kombiar
1899 »,
etc.
3
"Kalendari
per
sene
1898",
printed in
Shkodèr
1897.
4
"Kalendari
і
Shoknisë
"Dija",
Vienna
1906; 1907, 1908;
"Kalendari i
Shoknisë
"Dija",
Manastir
1910.
5
Kalendari
"Aférdita"
per motin
1910,
Stamboll-Manastir
1909.
278
KRONOLOGJIA SHQIPTARE DHE KALENDARËT ARABO-OSMANË
Ottoman rule. Even then, when by the end of the XlX-th century and the
beginning of the XX-th the first calendars in Albanian language of the Julian and
Gregorian System were published, the dates according to the Lunar Hegira and
Mali-Rum
í
calendars were preserved. Today, in Albania, the datings according to
these calendars are mirrored only in the religious calendars (takvims) which were
prepared by the Moslem Community and the Bectashian one, mainly for the
purpose of performing the Moslem religious rites.
The Mali-Rum
í
calendar was called Mali
sene
by the Turks (the year
Mali), whereas the naming
Rumi
was used because it has the Julian (Roman)
calendar system. The calendar was first used in the year
1256
of the Lunar
Hegira calendar, correspondingly in the year
1840
of the Gregorian calendar, but
in the calendar notes its use is pushed back since the year
1678
of the Gregorian
calendar. The Mali calendar is similar to the Julian calendar as regards its system
of the building of the calendar year, which has an average time duration of
365,
25
days/nights. Its frailty is similar to that of the Julian calendar: three years are
simple, having each
365
days/nights, whereas each fourth year is a leap year, i.e.
has
366
days/nights. The denominations of the months are: Mart, Nisan, Majis,
Haziran, Temmuz, Agustos, Ejlyl, Kasim, Aralik, Ojak and Shubat. The year in
this calendar begins in the
1
March, and ends the
28
or
29
february (Shubat),
according to the case, if the year of the Julian calendar is a simple or a leap year,
which brings also the frailty or simplicity of the year Mali. The year of
Malí-Rumí
calendar extends in two years of the Julian calendar, and just the
10
first months
of a determined year of the Mali calendar (Mart, Nisan, Majis, Haziran, Temmuz,
Agustos, Ejlyl, Ekim, Kasim and Aralik, coincide with the
10
last months of the
year of the Julian calendar, whereas the
2
last months (Ojak and Shubat) coincide
with the
2
first months of the subsequent year of the Julian calendar.
The Mali calendar wasn't born by chance. It is know that the Turks even
before the acceptance of Islam have used the calendar system basing on the
solar system. They, as it is affirmed even in Turkish writings1, have continued to
use this national calendar system in some Turkish Communities also after the
acceptance of Islam. As can be seen, the Ottomans, in a certain manner, had
inherited the solar calendar. On the other side, the growth or artificial addition of
some rent's payments according to the Lunar Hegira in comparison with the
payments according to the solar calendar, an addition named
"tefavűtü
hasené"2,
was a practical need of the use of the solar calendar. So, after the year
1087
of
1
Faik Reshit Unat: Hicri tarihleri Miladi, tarihleri
Çevirme Kilavuzu,
Ankara
1959,
pg.159
2
Tefavűtü
hasené
-
a change in the incomes as result of the differnce of
10-12
days
which has the calendar year Lunar Hegira from the financial Mali calendar.
279
Dr. Ibrahim Rr. GASHI
the Lunar Hegira calendar there are cases of the use of the dates of the sola
calendar.
Since the year
1152
of the calendar Lunar Hegira it was in use the so-
called financial year, beginning with the month March of the Julian calendar,
changing even the time of the delivering of the payments and the assignement of
the different duties from the month Muharrem of the year of the calendar Hegira to
the month March of the Julian calendar. As it is noted down even in the Ottoman
documents, "this was done because it was considered necessary by the
defterdár
Atif
Efendi".
And further: "In the customs' documents of the year
1205
of Lunar
Hegira it can be seen that it was accepted as basis the solar system. The
defterdár
Osman Efendi
from Morea, certifying the damage which had the public
treasury from the payments in the year
1209,
settled the mistake and enlarged the
field of application of the year Mali (financial)"3. Whereas, after the year
1255,
for
all the official and financial registration was applied this financial year.
Initially the years of the calendar Mali which, as it was said, has beginning
the year
1088
of the calendar Lunar Hegira are named with the same ordinal
number as the calendar years Lunar Hegira in order to adapt them to the Moslem
era Hegira. More exactly, the year Mali is numbered with the same number of the
calendar year Lunar Hegira which contains the date
1
March of the Julan
calendar.
Being the calendar Mali solar calendar of the Julian type, its year has a
duration
10-12
days/night greater than the calendar year Lunar Hegira. So,
1
March (beginning of the year) of the year
1120
of the calendar Mali falls on the
30
of the month Zulhijjah (last month) of the year
1120
of the calendar Lunar Hegira.
Whereas
1
March of the subsequent year of the calendar Mali falls on the
11
Muharrem (first month) of the year
1122
of the calendarLunar Hegira4. As it is
seen, just here was created the difference for one unity in the numbering of the
years of the calendar Mali and that of Lunar Hegira. This difference of one year
adds a year backwardness in the numbering of the years of the calendar Mali in
connection with the calendar Hegira, on the average in every
33
years, and
precisely in the years
1154,1188,1221,1255,
etc. of the calendar Lunar Hegira.
But, in that time it was reaches an agreement in order to make the numbering of
the years in the same manner, independently from the created differences. So,
the year Mali which followed the year
1120
(Mali) was numbered with
1122,
because its beginning failed in a date of the
1122
of the calendar Lunar Higera
(11
Muharrem
1122).
And, as one can see, it is made the passage of one number
from the date
28
Shubat (February) which is the last month of the year
1120
of
the calendar Mali, to the date
1
Mart (March) of the year
1122
of this calendar. In
3
Faik Reshit Unat: Hicri tarihleri Mitadi, tarihleri
Çevirme Kilavuzu,
Ankara
1959,
pg.
159
4
Dr. Ibrahim Gashi:"Kalendari dhe Kronologjia
në
Bote
dhe
tek shqiptarët",
Tirane
2000,
pg.219.
280
KRONOLOGJIA SHQIPTARE
DHE
KALENDARET ARABO-OSMANË
various tables and calendars, to show that it is
nade
an overcoming of the
numbering, between the numbers
1120
and
1122,
which are the years following
each-other, it is noted down the word sivish. This manner of overcoming in the
numbering of the years of the Mali-Rumi calendar was applied also for the jears
1154,1188,1221,
and
1255
of the Hegira calendar. It was interrupted in the year
1289
of the Hegira calendar when it was not made the overcoming in the
numbering of the years of the Mali-Rumi calendar, and it wasn't noted down the
word sivish. Next to the year
1287
of the Mali calendar it was noted down the
number which followed
1288,
was
1
March coincided with the date
3
Muharrem of
the year
1289
of the Lunar Hegira calendar, correspondingly
1
March of the year
1872
of the Julian calendar
(13
Mars
1872
of the Gregorian calendar). So,
between the Mali-Rumi calendar and the Lunar Hegira calendar it was created a
difference of one unity in the numbering of the years. The backwardness of a year
in relation to the Lunar Hegira calendar was added to the Mali calendar in the
year
1322
(correspondingly the year
1906
of the Gregorian calendar).
The Mali-Rumi calendar was using in this form having as beginning the
date
1
March up to
28
February
1917
of the Gregorian calendar
(15
February
1332
of the Mali-Rumi calendar), when in Turkey was introduced the system of
the Gregorian calendar with the name "Western Calendar", not changing the
historical beginning of the numbering of the years (era Hegira). The year
1333
of
the Mali-Rumi calendar lasted only
10
months (March -December), because on
January
1
begins the year
1334.
In this manner the Mali calendar suffered two
changes: it began to use the Gregorian system of the years pushing forward the
date for
13
days, and the beginning of the year passed from
1
March to
1
January. So,
1
January of the year
1334
of the Mali-Rumi calendar falls on the
same day with
1
January of the year
1918
of the Gregorian calendar. This manner
of the time calculation according to the Mali calendar in Turkey lasts until the end
of the year
1341
(the end of the year
1925
of the Gregorian calendar).
On January
1, 1926
of the Gregorian calendar, Turkey accepts the
Gregorian calendar (Miladi) as state official calendar. So, the day that
followed the date
31
december (kanunievvel)
of the year
1341
of the Mali-
Rumi calendar was called the first day of the month January of the year
1926
of the Gregorian calendar. This change was made by the approval of
the law5 nr.
628,
date
24
December
1341 (1925).
This is the short history of the birth and development of the Mali-Rumi
calendar in the Ottoman empire, which is presented at the beginning of the
second part of the book 'The Albanian Chronology and the Arab-Ottoman
calendars".
5
Faik Reshit Unat: Hicri tarihleri Miladi, tarihleri
Çevirme Kilavuzu,
Ankara
1959,
p.
160
281
Dr. Ibrahim Rr. GASHI
The central paragraph and the most important one of the second part of
the book is the one that has
15
tables, which contain the years
1086-1341
of the
Malí-Rumí
calendar, the corresponding years
1086-1341
of the calendar Lunar
hegira and the years
1676-1925
of the Gregorian calendar. Like this, in these
tables are given also the ordinal number of the days of the Julian Period
(denominated the Julian Days) and the denomination of the week days, which
correspond to the date of the beginning of the year of the
Malí-Rumí
calendar.
These tables are divided into three groups according to the changes which
suffered this calendar during the years we have shown above.
Next to the
14
tables of the conversion are given also three tables with
ordinal number of the days during all the year according to the respective
calendars: Gregorian, Lunar Hegira and
Malí-Rumí.
They are called 'The Tables
of the Order", and have a special importance in the conversion of the dates from
one calendar to another.
In continuation, in the third part of the book, solved exercises of
conversions of the dates of various events are given, drawn from books of native
or foreign authors, which have to do with the history of our nation and having the
dates according to the Lunar Hegira or
Malí-Rumí
calendars.
For the compilation of the book "The Albanian Chronology and the
Arab-Ottoman calendars" it is used scientific literature connected with the
calendars and with the chronology, including here even mathematic-astronomic
knowledge as well historical documents.
282 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Gashi, Ibrahim Rr. 1935-2012 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)139372512 |
| author_facet | Gashi, Ibrahim Rr. 1935-2012 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gashi, Ibrahim Rr. 1935-2012 |
| author_variant | i r g ir irg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041258362 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)859392699 (DE-599)BVBBV041258362 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4144384-6 Beispielsammlung gnd-content (DE-588)4184303-4 Tabelle gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Beispielsammlung Tabelle |
| geographic | Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Albanien |
| id | DE-604.BV041258362 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T00:26:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789995646073 9995646072 |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026232242 |
| oclc_num | 859392699 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 291 pages Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Inst. i Integrimit të Kulturës Shqiptare (IIKSH) |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Biblioteka Astronomia, Kronologjia historike |
| spelling | Gashi, Ibrahim Rr. 1935-2012 Verfasser (DE-588)139372512 aut Kronologjia shqiptare dhe kalendarët arabo-osmanë kalendarët Hixhri Hënor dhe Mali Rumi ; metoda konvertimesh ; dokumente të kronologjisë shqiptare Dr. Ibrahim Rr. Gashi Tiranë Inst. i Integrimit të Kulturës Shqiptare (IIKSH) 2011 291 pages Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Astronomia, Kronologjia historike Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Includes bibliographical references (pages 283-286) Calendar / Albania / History Islamic calendar Geschichte Historisches Ereignis (DE-588)4160028-9 gnd rswk-swf Rumi-Kalender (DE-588)104152269X gnd rswk-swf Julianischer Kalender (DE-588)4318310-4 gnd rswk-swf Islamischer Kalender (DE-588)4332685-7 gnd rswk-swf Umrechnung (DE-588)4193907-4 gnd rswk-swf Gregorianischer Kalender (DE-588)4158128-3 gnd rswk-swf Kalender (DE-588)4029290-3 gnd rswk-swf Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4144384-6 Beispielsammlung gnd-content (DE-588)4184303-4 Tabelle gnd-content Islamischer Kalender (DE-588)4332685-7 s Rumi-Kalender (DE-588)104152269X s Umrechnung (DE-588)4193907-4 s Julianischer Kalender (DE-588)4318310-4 s Gregorianischer Kalender (DE-588)4158128-3 s DE-604 Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 g Historisches Ereignis (DE-588)4160028-9 s Kalender (DE-588)4029290-3 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026232242&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026232242&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Gashi, Ibrahim Rr. 1935-2012 Kronologjia shqiptare dhe kalendarët arabo-osmanë kalendarët Hixhri Hënor dhe Mali Rumi ; metoda konvertimesh ; dokumente të kronologjisë shqiptare Calendar / Albania / History Islamic calendar Geschichte Historisches Ereignis (DE-588)4160028-9 gnd Rumi-Kalender (DE-588)104152269X gnd Julianischer Kalender (DE-588)4318310-4 gnd Islamischer Kalender (DE-588)4332685-7 gnd Umrechnung (DE-588)4193907-4 gnd Gregorianischer Kalender (DE-588)4158128-3 gnd Kalender (DE-588)4029290-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4160028-9 (DE-588)104152269X (DE-588)4318310-4 (DE-588)4332685-7 (DE-588)4193907-4 (DE-588)4158128-3 (DE-588)4029290-3 (DE-588)4001028-4 (DE-588)4144384-6 (DE-588)4184303-4 |
| title | Kronologjia shqiptare dhe kalendarët arabo-osmanë kalendarët Hixhri Hënor dhe Mali Rumi ; metoda konvertimesh ; dokumente të kronologjisë shqiptare |
| title_auth | Kronologjia shqiptare dhe kalendarët arabo-osmanë kalendarët Hixhri Hënor dhe Mali Rumi ; metoda konvertimesh ; dokumente të kronologjisë shqiptare |
| title_exact_search | Kronologjia shqiptare dhe kalendarët arabo-osmanë kalendarët Hixhri Hënor dhe Mali Rumi ; metoda konvertimesh ; dokumente të kronologjisë shqiptare |
| title_full | Kronologjia shqiptare dhe kalendarët arabo-osmanë kalendarët Hixhri Hënor dhe Mali Rumi ; metoda konvertimesh ; dokumente të kronologjisë shqiptare Dr. Ibrahim Rr. Gashi |
| title_fullStr | Kronologjia shqiptare dhe kalendarët arabo-osmanë kalendarët Hixhri Hënor dhe Mali Rumi ; metoda konvertimesh ; dokumente të kronologjisë shqiptare Dr. Ibrahim Rr. Gashi |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kronologjia shqiptare dhe kalendarët arabo-osmanë kalendarët Hixhri Hënor dhe Mali Rumi ; metoda konvertimesh ; dokumente të kronologjisë shqiptare Dr. Ibrahim Rr. Gashi |
| title_short | Kronologjia shqiptare dhe kalendarët arabo-osmanë |
| title_sort | kronologjia shqiptare dhe kalendaret arabo osmane kalendaret hixhri henor dhe mali rumi metoda konvertimesh dokumente te kronologjise shqiptare |
| title_sub | kalendarët Hixhri Hënor dhe Mali Rumi ; metoda konvertimesh ; dokumente të kronologjisë shqiptare |
| topic | Calendar / Albania / History Islamic calendar Geschichte Historisches Ereignis (DE-588)4160028-9 gnd Rumi-Kalender (DE-588)104152269X gnd Julianischer Kalender (DE-588)4318310-4 gnd Islamischer Kalender (DE-588)4332685-7 gnd Umrechnung (DE-588)4193907-4 gnd Gregorianischer Kalender (DE-588)4158128-3 gnd Kalender (DE-588)4029290-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Calendar / Albania / History Islamic calendar Geschichte Historisches Ereignis Rumi-Kalender Julianischer Kalender Islamischer Kalender Umrechnung Gregorianischer Kalender Kalender Albanien Beispielsammlung Tabelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026232242&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026232242&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gashiibrahimrr kronologjiashqiptaredhekalendaretaraboosmanekalendarethixhrihenordhemalirumimetodakonvertimeshdokumentetekronologjiseshqiptare |