Fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Routledge
2014
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 641 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9780415815079 9780415815086 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise |c James Watkins |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Exercise |x Physiological aspects | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of practical worksheets
xv
Preface
xvii
Acknowledgements
xix
About the author
xx
PARTI
Functional anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
1
1
The musculoskeletal system
3
Objectives
3
Unicellular and multicellular organisms
3
Cellular organisation in multicellular organisms
5
Tissues
5
Organs and systems
7
The musculoskeletal system
8
Musculotendinous units
1°
Force, mechanics and biomechanics
12
Load, strain and stress
12
Musculoskeletal system function
16
The human machine
21
Loading on the musculoskeletal system
23
Review questions
23
2
The skeleton
25
Objectives
25
Composition and function of the skeleton
25
Terminology
26
Common bone features 27
Anatomical frame of reference and spatial terminology
28
The axial skeleton 31
The skull 31
The vertebral column -5-3
The rib cage 40
VII
■
CONTENTS
The
appendicular
skeleton
41
The upper limb
41
The lower limb
45
Review questions
55
Connective tissues
56
Objectives
56
Functions of connective tissues
56
Mechanical support
57
Intercellular exchange
57
Classification of connective tissues
57
Ordinary connective tissues
58
Elastin and collagen fibres
58
Ground substance
59
Ordinary connective tissue cells
60
Irregular ordinary connective tissues
60
Regular ordinary connective tissue
65
Fibrous tissue, elastic tissue and fascia
70
Cartilage
71
Hyaline cartilage
72
Fibrocartilage
72
Elastic cartilage
73
Bone
73
Bone growth and development
74
Structure of mature bone
83
Review questions
90
The articular system
91
Objectives
91
Structural classification of joints
91
Fibrous joints
92
Cartilaginous joints
93
Synovial
joints
95
Joint movements
98
Degrees of freedom
98
Angular movements
99
Synovial
joint classification
101
Uniaxial
101
Biaxial
102
Multiaxial 103
Flexibility, stability and laxity in
synovial
joints
103
Flexibility
103
Stability and laxity
105
Functions of joint capsule and ligaments
106
VIII
CONTENTS
Flexibility training
110
Review questions 111
The neuromuscuiar system
112
Objectives
112
The nervous system
112
Neurons
114
Nerve impulse transmission
117
Nerve tissue organisation in the brain
120
Nerve tissue organisation in the spinal cord and spinal nerves
121
Voluntary and reflex movements
123
Nerve fibre injuries
125
Skeletal muscle
125
Origins and insertions
125
Pennate
and non-pennate muscles
127
Fusiform musculotendinous units
128
Muscle fibres
129
Muscular contraction
131
Isometric length-tension relationship in
a sarcomere
132
Isometric length-tension relationship in a musculotendinous unit
134
Motor units
136
Slow and fast twitch muscle
fibres
137
Muscle architecture and muscle function
138
Roles of muscles
139
Muscle fibre arrangement and force and excursion
141
Biarticular muscles
142
Kinaesthetic sense and proprioception
143
Proprioceptors
144
Force-velocity relationship in musculotendinous units
147
Action and contraction in musculotendinous units
148
Stretch-shorten cycle
149
Review questions
155
Mechanical characteristics of musculoskeletal components
156
Objectives
156
Stress-strain relationships in solids
156
Units of force 15e
Stiffness and compliance
158
Toughness, fragility and brittleness
160
Energy
161
Work, strain energy and kinetic energy
161
Gravitational potential energy
163
Hysteresis, resilience and damping
165
Resilience of the lower limbs in running
166
IX
CONTENTS
Viscosity and viscoelastic ity
168
Mechanical model of viscoelasticity
169
Properties of viscoelastic materials
170
Shock absorption in joints
171
Review questions
173
7
Structural adaptation
174
Objectives
174
Adaptation
174
Biopositive
and
bionegative
effects of loading
175
Response and adaptation of musculoskeletal components to loading
179
Optimum strain environment
180
Structural adaptation in bone
181
Stereotypical loading and optimum bone mass
181
Bone modelling throughout life
182
Flexure-drift phenomenon
182
Chondraf modelling phenomenon
184
Structural adaptation in regular fibrous tissues
193
Structural adaptation at ligament and tendon insertions
194
Structural adaptation in muscle
196
Strength changes
196
Muscle extensibility changes
197
Review questions
199
PART II
Biomechanics of movement
201
8
Introduction to biomechanics of movement
203
Objectives
203
Force
203
Mechanics
204
Subdisciplines
of mechanics
205
Biomechanics
207
Forms of motion
207
Units of measurement
210
Unit symbols in the SI system
212
Conversion of units
212
Review questions
215
9
Linear motion
216
Objectives
216
Space and the Newtonian frame of reference
216
Anatomical frame of reference
219
Distance and speed
220
Average speed in a marathon race
221
CONTENTS
Effect of running wide in middle-distance track events
223
Linear kinematic analysis of a
100
m
sprint
224
Video recordings for movement analysis
224
Distance-time and speed-time data from video analysis
226
Acceleration
230
Vector and scalar quantities
233
Displacement vectors
233
Velocity vectors
234
Centre of gravity
237
Stability
240
Friction
248
Force vectors and resultant force
253
Trigonometry of a right-angled triangle
256
Pythagoras theorem
259
Resolution of a vector into component vectors
259
Cycle length, cycle rate and speed of movement in human locomotion
262
Stride parameters and stride cycle in walking and running
262
Effect of speed of walking and running on stride length and stride rate
264
Optimal stride length
265
Trajectory of the centre of gravity in walking
267
Ground
reaction force in walking
268
Components of the ground reaction force
269
Centre of pressure
271
Path of centre of pressure in walking
271
Ground reaction force in running
272
Active and passive loading
274
Effect of shoes on rate of loading
276
Effect of leg and foot alignment on rate of loading
278
Linear momentum
279
Newton s laws of motion and gravitation
280
Newton s first law of motion
281
Newton s law of gravitation: gravity and weight
281
Newton s second law of motion: the impulse of a force
284
U
nits of force
288
Free body diagram
291
Resultant force and equilibrium
292
Newton s third law of motion
297
Conservation of linear momentum
306
Uniformly accelerated motion
308
Air resistance 311
Projectiles
314
Trajectory of a projectile in the absence of air resistance
316
Trajectory of a shot 321
Effect of air resistance on the range of a shot put
326
ХІ
CONTENTS
Trajectory of a long jumper
327
Effect of air resistance on flight distance in the long jump
331
Review questions
332
Linear kinematics
332
Linear impulse and linear momentum
334
Vectors
334
Ground reaction force
336
Uniformly accelerated motion
339
10
Angular motion
342
Objectives
342
Moment of a force
342
Clockwise and anticlockwise moments
344
The location of the joint centre of gravity of two masses
345
Two conditions for a state of equilibrium
348
Location of the centre of gravity of the human body
350
Direct approach
351
Indirect approach
355
Determination of the whole body centre of gravity by the application of the
principle of moments
360
Levers
363
Lever systems
364
Lever systems in the human musculoskeletal system
367
The use of body segments as levers in strength and endurance training
384
Angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration
392
Relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity
395
Relationship between linear acceleration and angular acceleration
395
Centripetal and centrifugal force
396
Centripetal force in throwing the hammer
398
Centripetal force in cycling around a curved track
400
Centripetal force in running around a curved track
402
Concentric force, eccentric force and couple
404
Rotation and Newton s first law of motion
408
Moment of inertia
410
Measurement of moment of inertia
411
Determination of the moment of inertia of a gymnast about the axis of a horizontal bar
416
Angular momentum
419
Rotation and Newton s second law of motion
422
Transfer of angular momentum
425
Demonstration of transfer of angular momentum using a rotating turntable
425
Transfer of angular momentum in a forward pike dive
428
Transfer of angular momentum in the long jump
429
Transfer of angular momentum in a standing back somersault
430
Rotation and Newton s third law of motion
433
■ ■ ■
XII
CONTENTS
Somersaulting and twisting
435
Contact twist
436
Counter-rotation twist
436
Tilt twist
440
Review questions
443
Moment of a force and levers
443
Segmental
analysis
444
Angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration
445
Angular impulse and angular momentum
447
11
Work, energy and power
448
Objectives
448
Work of a force
448
Power
451
Average power
451
Instantaneous power
452
Conservation of energy
454
Thermodynamics
455
Heat energy
455
Work done in pushing a load up a slope
456
Work of the moment of a force
457
Conservation of mechanical energy
460
Conservation of mechanical energy in a gymnast rotating about a horizontal bar
462
Conservation of mechanical energy in pole vaulting
464
Internal and external work
466
Measurement of internal work
467
Internal work and average power output in walking
468
Mechanical efficiency of the human body in walking
472
Review questions
474
12
Fluid mechanics
476
Objectives
476
Atmospheric pressure
477
Archimedes principle
478
Floating in air
479
Hydrostatic pressure
481
Floating in water
481
Drag
485
Viscous drag
485
Pressure drag
487
Wave drag
495
Bernoulli s principle
495
Hydrodynamic lift
496
Lift due to asymmetric shape
496
xiii
Ш
CONTENTS
Lift due to asymmetric orientation
498
Lift due to asymmetric surface texture
503
Lift due to spin
504
Effect of drag and lift force on ball flight
505
Review questions
506
Appendix Origins, insertions and actions of the major muscles of the
human body
508
Practical worksheet
1
Linear kinematic analysis of a 15m sprint
518
Practical worksheet
2
The effect of increase in speed on stride length,
stride rate and relative stride length in running
522
Practical worksheet
3
Force—time analysis of the ground reaction force in
walking
528
Practical worksheet
4
Force—time analysis of the ground reaction force in
running
533
Practical worksheet
5
Determination of the position of the whole body
centre of gravity by the direct method using a one-dimension reaction
board
538
Practical worksheet
6
Comparison of the direct and
segmental
analysis
methods of determining the position of the whole body centre of gravity
of the human body
545
Practical worksheet
7
Determination of take-off distance, flight distance
and landing distance in a standing long jump
552
Practical worksheet
8
Measurement of the moment of inertia of the
human body
560
Practical worksheet
9
Determination of human power output in stair
climbing and running up a slope
565
Practicai
worksheet
10
Determination of human power output in a
counte
rmovement vertical jump
571
Answers to review questions
577
Index
617
XIV
Fundamental Biomechanics
of
Sport
and Exercise
Fundamental Biomechanics
of
Sport
and Exercise is an engaging and comprehensive intro¬
ductory textbook that explains biomechanical concepts from first principles/ showing clearly
how the science relates to real sport and exercise situations.
The book is divided into two parts. The first provides a clear and detailed introduction to
the structure and function of the human musculoskeletal system and its structural adapta¬
tions, essential for a thorough understanding of human movement. The second part focuses
on the biomechanics of movement, describing the forces that act on the human body and the
effects of those forces on the movement of the body.
Every chapter includes numerous applied examples from sport and exercise, helping the
student to understand how mechanical concepts describe both simple and complex move¬
ments, from running and jumping to pole-vaulting or kicking a football. In addition, inno¬
vative worksheets for field and laboratory work are included that contain clear objectives,
a description of method, data recording sheets, plus a set of exemplary data and worked
analyses. Alongside these useful features are definitions of key terms plus review questions
to aid student learning, with detailed solutions provided for all numerical questions.
No other textbook offers such a clear, easy-to-understand introduction to the fundamen¬
tals of biomechanics.This is an essential textbook for any biomechanics course taken as part
of a degree programme in sport and exercise science, kinesiology, physical therapy, sports
coaching or athletic training.
James Watkins is a professor of biomechanics in the College of Engineering at Swansea
University, UK. His main teaching and research specialisms are musculoskeletal anatomy
and biomechanics.
|
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| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Sport Medizin |
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| id | DE-604.BV041215259 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:42:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780415815079 9780415815086 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 013025377 |
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| physical | XX, 641 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
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| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Watkins, James 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)1146693508 aut Fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise James Watkins 1. publ. London Routledge 2014 XX, 641 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sports Physiological aspects Exercise Physiological aspects Biomechanics Human mechanics Biomechanik (DE-588)4006880-8 gnd rswk-swf Sport (DE-588)4056366-2 gnd rswk-swf Biomechanik (DE-588)4006880-8 s Sport (DE-588)4056366-2 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-203-06646-1 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026189907&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026189907&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Watkins, James 1946- Fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise Sports Physiological aspects Exercise Physiological aspects Biomechanics Human mechanics Biomechanik (DE-588)4006880-8 gnd Sport (DE-588)4056366-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006880-8 (DE-588)4056366-2 |
| title | Fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise |
| title_auth | Fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise |
| title_exact_search | Fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise |
| title_full | Fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise James Watkins |
| title_fullStr | Fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise James Watkins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise James Watkins |
| title_short | Fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise |
| title_sort | fundamental biomechanics of sport and exercise |
| topic | Sports Physiological aspects Exercise Physiological aspects Biomechanics Human mechanics Biomechanik (DE-588)4006880-8 gnd Sport (DE-588)4056366-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sports Physiological aspects Exercise Physiological aspects Biomechanics Human mechanics Biomechanik Sport |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026189907&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026189907&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT watkinsjames fundamentalbiomechanicsofsportandexercise |