Valve train: Systems and components ; MAHLE GmbH (Ed.)
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English German |
| Published: |
Wiesbaden
Springer Vieweg
2013
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| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Series: | ATZ/MTZ-Fachbuch
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XV, 306 S. 287 farb. Ill., 16 schw.-w. Tab. |
| ISBN: | 9783834826473 3834826472 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Valve train |b Systems and components ; MAHLE GmbH (Ed.) |c [... authors ... Rainer Barth ...] |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
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| 300 | |a XV, 306 S. |b 287 farb. Ill., 16 schw.-w. Tab. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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IMAGE 1
VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 PURPOSE OF VALVE TRAIN SYSTEMS 1
1.1 SPEED REQUIREMENTS 1
1.2 LOADING 2
1.3 SERVICE LIFE REQUIREMENTS (PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES) 2
1.4 GAS EXCHANGE CALCULATION 2
1.5 DESIGN INPUT VARIABLES 4
1.6 VARIABILITY OF VALVE TRAIN SYSTEMS 5
1.7 COMFORT (NVH) 6
2 VALVE TRAIN CONFIGURATIONS 7
2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF VALVE TRAIN SYSTEMS 7
2.1.1 CLASSIFICATION BY ARRANGEMENT AND NUMBER OF CAMSHAFTS 7
2.1.2 CLASSIFICATION BY CAM FOLLOWERS 9
2.1.3 CLASSIFICATION BY VALVE LASH COMPENSATION 9
2.1.4 DIFFERENTIATION OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES AND PASSENGER CARS 9
2.2 VALVE TRAIN INTERFACES 10
2.2.1 CAMSHAFT BEARINGS 10
2.2.2 POWERTRAIN 10
2.2.3 CAM FOLLOWER/VALVE GROUP 11
2.2.4 OUTPUT 12
2.3 CYLINDER HEAD 12
2.3.1 COMBUSTION CHAMBER 13
2.3.1.1 COMPRESSION RATIO 13
2.3.1.2 NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT OF VALVES 14
2.3.1.3 COMBUSTION CHAMBER SHAPES 17
2.3.2 GAS EXCHANGE PORTS 19
2.3.2.1 SHAPE OF THE INTAKE PORTS 19
2.3.2.2 SHAPE OF THE EXHAUST PORTS 21
2.3.3 SECONDARY AIR INJECTION AND EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION 22
2.3.4 COOLING JACKET 22
2.3.4.1 DESIGN ASPECTS 22
2.3.4.2 FLOW DIRECTION 23
2.3.5 VALVE CONTROL CHAMBER 24
2.3.5.1 SHAPE CHARACTERISTICS 24
2.3.5.2 LUBRICATING OIL SUPPLY 25
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1030080720
IMAGE 2
VIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.3.6 REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL MECHANICS 26
2.3.6.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR CYLINDER HEAD GASKETS 26
2.3.6.2 STRESSES AND RIGIDITY OF THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER REGION 26
REFERENCES 27
3 VALVES, VALVE GUIDES, AND VALVE SEAT INSERTS 29
3.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR VALVES, VALVE GUIDES, AND VALVE SEAT INSERTS 29
3.1.1 INTAKE AND EXHAUST 33
3.1.2 TEMPERATURE 34
3.1.3 PRESSURE 35
3.1.4 CORROSION AND WEAR 35
3.1.5 ACTUATION 38
3.1.6 FRICTION 38
3.1.7 MASS REDUCTION 39
3.1.8 SERVICE LIFE 40
3.2 VALVES 40
3.2.1 TYPES 40
3.2.1.1 HOLLOW VALVES 43
3.2.1.2 MAHLE LIGHTWEIGHT VALVES 43
3.2.2 VALVE MATERIALS 45
3.3 VALVE SEAT INSERTS 46
3.3.1 PURPOSE AND FUNCTION 46
3.3.2 STRESSES AND REQUIREMENTS 46
3.3.2.1 VALVES AS TRIBOLOGICAL PARTNERS 48
3.3.2.2 VALVE SEAT LUBRICATION 48
3.3.2.3 THERMAL STRESSES 49
3.3.2.4 TRIBOCHEMICAL STRESSES 54
3.3.2.5 MECHANICAL STRESSES IN THE VALVEA/SI TRIBOLOGICAL SYSTEM . 54
3.3.2.6 ASSEMBLY 55
3.3.2.7 MACHINING 56
3.3. MATERIALS 56
3.3.3.1 PRODUCTION PROCESSES 56
3.3.3.1.1 CASTING 57
3.3.3.1.2 PM PRODUCTION 58
3.3.3.1.3 VSI HARD-FACING 60
3.3.3.2 MATERIALS 60
3.3.3.2.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 60
3.3.3.2.2 CASTING MATERIALS 61
3.3.3.2.3 PM MATERIALS 62
3.3.3.2.4 HARD-FACING MATERIALS 64
IMAGE 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
3.3.4 DESIGN AND TOLERANCES 64
3.3.4.1 GENERAL 64
3.3.4.2 CASTING MATERIAL TOLERANCES 68
3.3.4.3 PM MATERIAL TOLERANCES 69
3.4 VALVE GUIDES 70
3.4.1 PURPOSE AND FUNCTION 70
3.4.2 STRESSES AND REQUIREMENTS 71
3.4.2.1 VALVE STEMS AS TRIBOLOGICAL PARTNERS 72
3.4.2.2 LUBRICATION 72
3.4.2.3 THERMAL STRESSES 74
3.4.2.4 TRIBOCHEMICAL STRESSES 75
3.4.2.5 MECHANICAL STRESSES 76
3.4.2.6 ASSEMBLY 77
3.4.2.7 MACHINING 77
3.4.3 MATERIALS 78
3.4.3.1 PRODUCTION PROCESSES 78
3.4.3.1.1 CASTING AND NONFERROUS METAL PRODUCTION . . . . 78
3.4.3.1.2 PM PRODUCTION 79
3.4.3.2 MATERIALS 80
3.4.3.2.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 80
3.4.3.2.2 CASTING MATERIALS 81
3.4.3.2.3 NONFERROUS METALS 81
3.4.3.2.4 PM MATERIALS 81
3.4.3.2.5 OVERVIEW OF VALVE GUIDE MATERIALS 82
3.4.4 DESIGN AND TOLERANCES 83
3.4.4.1 GENERAL 83
3.4.4.2 TOLERANCES 85
3.5 VALVE STEM SEALS 87
3.6 VALVE SPRING RETAINERS 88
3.7 VALVE COLLETS 89
3.8 VALVE SPRINGS 90
REFERENCES 92
4 CAMSHAFTS 93
4.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR CAMSHAFTS 93
4.1.1 CONTACT 93
4.1.2 CAMSHAFT BEARINGS 93
4.1.3 SERVICE LIFE 94
4.1.4 FRICTIONAL LOSSES 95
4.1.5 SUITABLE DESIGNS FOR PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS 95
IMAGE 4
X
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.2 CAST CAMSHAFTS 96
4.2.1 CHILLED CAST IRON CAMSHAFTS 97
4.2.2 NODULAR CAST IRON CAMSHAFTS WITH INDUCTIVE HARDENING 99
4.3 ASSEMBLED CAMSHAFTS 100
4.3.1 STANDARD 101
4.3.2 CAMSHAFTS WITH ROLLING BEARINGS (LOW-FRICTION CAMSHAFTS, LFC) 103
4.3.3 MAHLE CAMLNCAM 105
4.3.4 CAMSHAFTS WITH INTEGRATED BLOW-BY SEPARATION 106
4.3.5 CAMSHAFTS IN CLOSED BEARING FRAMES 107
4.4 FORGED CAMSHAFTS 107
4.4.1 FORGED CAMSHAFTS FOR PASSENGER CAR ENGINES 108
4.4.2 FORGED CAMSHAFTS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLE AND LARGE ENGINES 108
4.5 CAMSHAFTS MACHINED FROM SOLID MATERIAL 109
4.6 SPECIAL CAMSHAFTS 109
4.6.1 TRILOBES 109
4.6.2 MOVABLE CAM SEGMENTS 110
4.6.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL CAM LOBES 111
4.6.4 PLASTIC CAMSHAFTS 112
4.6.5 SEGMENTED CAMSHAFTS 112
5 CAM FOLLOWERS - PURPOSE AND FUNCTION 113
5.1 CAM FOLLOWER TYPES 113
5.1.1 ROCKER ARM 114
5.1.2 LEVER MODULE 114
5.1.3 BUCKET TAPPET 114
5.1.4 DISK OR MUSHROOM TAPPET 115
5.1.5 ROLLER TAPPET 115
5.1.6 ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS 115
5.2 SLIDING CONTACT/ROLLING CONTACT 115
5.3 AREAS OF APPLICATION 118
5.4 COMPONENTS IN DETAIL 120
5.4.1 ROCKER LEVERS 120
5.4.1.1 ROCKER ARM 120
5.4.1.2 LEVER MODULE 121
5.4.1.3 LEVER VALVE LASH ADJUSTMENT 122
5.4.1.4 MECHANICAL VALVE LASH ADJUSTMENT 123
5.4.1.5 HYDRAULIC VALVE LASH ADJUSTMENT 124
5.4.1.6 LIFT CURVE WITH/WITHOUT OPENING RAMP 125
5.4.2 TAPPETS 126
5.4.2.1 FLAT TAPPET (OHV) 126
5.4.2.2 BUCKET TAPPET (OHC) 127
IMAGE 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
5.4.2.3 ROLLER TAPPET 128
5.4.2.4 MATERIALS 130
5.4.3 SWITCHABLE CAM FOLLOWERS 130
5.4.3.1 SWITCHABLE BUCKET TAPPET 131
5.4.3.2 SWITCHABLE ROLLER TAPPET 131
5.4.3.3 LEVER MODULE/ROCKER ARM WITH SWITCHING FUNCTION 131
5.5 BEARING JOURNALS FOR CAM FOLLOWERS 132
5.5.1 BEARINGS FOR ROLLERS 132
5.5.1.1 NEEDLE BEARING 132
5.5.1.2 PLAIN BEARING 133
5.5.1.3 PIN ASSEMBLY PROCESS 134
5.5.1.4 LUBRICATING OIL SUPPLY TO ROLLER BEARINGS 136
5.5.2 LEVER BEARING 136
5.5.3 ADJUSTING SCREW WITH SUPPORT OF ELEPHANT FOOT 137
5.5.4 WEAR REQUIREMENTS 138
5.5.4.1 INITIAL ENGINE START 139
5.5.4.2 STOP-START OPERATION 139
5.6 FRICTION 139
5.7 SERVICE LIFE 141
REFERENCES 142
6 VARIABILITY IN THE VALVE TRAIN 143
6.1 REASONS FOR VARIABILITY IN THE VALVE TRAIN 143
6.1.1 DEFINITIONS 143
6.1.2 DEGREE OF VARIABILITY 144
6.1.3 APPLICATION FOR GASOLINE ENGINES 145
6.1.3.1 MAXIMIZING CHARGE UNDER FULL LOAD ACROSS THE
SPEED RANGE 145
6.1.3.1.1 INERTIA EFFECT 145
6.1.3.1.2 RUNNER CHARGING 146
6.1.3.2 DETHROTTLING UNDER PARTIAL LOAD 147
6.1.3.2.1 VARIABLE INTAKE OPENING DURATION 147
6.1.3.2.2 VALVE SHUT-OFF (CYLINDER DEACTIVATION) 149
6.1.3.3 RESIDUAL GAS CONTROL 149
6.1.3.4 PURGING GAS EXCHANGE (SCAVENGING) 151
6.1.3.5 DYNAMIC TEMPERATURE REDUCTION 153
6.1.4 APPLICATION FOR DIESEL ENGINES 154
6.1.4.1 CHARGE MOTION FOR REDUCING SOOT EMISSIONS 154
6.1.4.2 REDUCED NO X EMISSIONS 154
6.1.4.2.1 REDUCED GEOMETRIC COMPRESSION RATIO 155
6.1.4.2.2 REDUCED EFFECTIVE COMPRESSION RATIO 155
IMAGE 6
XII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.1.4.3 INCREASED EXHAUST GAS ENTHALPY FOR CATALYTIC CONVERTER
HEATING AND DPF REGENERATION 156
6.1.5 HOMOGENOUS LOW-TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION PROCESS 156
6.2 VARIABLE VALVE TRAIN SYSTEMS 158
6.2.1 VALVE TIMING SYSTEMS 162
6.2.2 SWITCHABLE VALVE TRAIN SYSTEMS 168
6.2.2.1 VALVE LIFT PROFILE SWITCHING SYSTEMS 168
6.2.2.2 VALVE LIFT SHUT-OFF SYSTEMS (CYLINDER DEACTIVATION) 173
6.2.3 CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE VALVE TRAIN SYSTEMS 178
6.2.3.1 VALVE CONTROLS WITHOUT CAMSHAFT
(DIRECTLY ACTUATED SYSTEMS) 179
6.2.3.2 CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE VALVE CONTROLS WITH CAMSHAFT
(INDIRECTLY ACTUATED SYSTEMS) 186
6.2.4 OUTLOOK AND PROSPECTS 196
REFERENCES 197
7 DESIGN OF VALVE TRAIN COMPONENTS 203
7.1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES 203
7.1.1 RIGIDITY 203
7.1.2 WEIGHT 203
7.1.3 TRIBOLOGY 203
7.1.4 VALVE LIFT CURVE 204
7.2 CONTACT DESIGN 205
7.2.1 ANALYTICAL TREATMENT ACCORDING TO HERTZ 205
7.2.2 HERTZIAN STRESS 206
7.2.3 CONVEXITY 208
7.2.4 MATERIAL SELECTION 209
7.3 TRIBOLOGICAL DESIGN (VALVE TRAIN) 209
7.4 KINEMATIC DESIGN 213
7.4.1 KINEMATIC MODEL 213
7.4.2 GAS EXCHANGE 214
7.4.2.1 OPENING CROSS SECTION 214
7.4.2.2 ACTUATION TIMES 214
7.4.3 SEATING VELOCITY 215
7.4.4 DRIVE TORQUE 215
7.4.5 CAM PROFILE 215
7.4.5.1 DESIGN OF THE CAM PROFILE 218
7.5 DYNAMIC DESIGN 219
7.5.1 RESULTS OF DYNAMIC SIMULATION 221
7.5.1.1 COMPARISON OF SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT 222
7.5.1.2 OPTIMIZATION OF VALVE LIFT CURVE 222
IMAGE 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI11
7.5.2 RIGIDITY DESIGN 224
7.5.3 NATURAL FREQUENCIES 225
7.5.4 ACOUSTICS 226
7.6 COMPONENT DESIGN USING FEA 226
7.6.1 CAMSHAFTS 227
7.6.1.1 NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF CAMSHAFTS 227
7.6.1.2 RIGIDITY OF CAMSHAFTS 229
7.6.1.2.1 TORSIONAL RIGIDITY 229
7.6.1.2.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH 231
7.6.1.3 DEFORMATIONS AND STRESSES UNDER LOAD 232
7.6.1.4 CAST CAMSHAFTS 235
7.6.2 CAM FOLLOWERS 236
7.6.2.1 NATURAL FREQUENCIES 236
7.6.2.2 ROCKER LEVERS 236
7.6.2.2.1 RIGIDITY 236
7.6.2.2.2 STRESSES UNDER LOAD 237
7.6.2.3 TAPPETS 239
7.6.2.3.1 ROLLER TAPPET 239
7.6.2.3.2 DISK TAPPET 242
7.6.2.3.3 BUCKET TAPPET 242
7.6.3 VALVE GROUP 244
7.6.3.1 VALVES 245
7.6.3.2 VALVE SEAT INSERTS 247
7.6.3.3 VALVE GUIDES 247
REFERENCES 248
8 TESTING OF VALVE TRAIN SYSTEMS 249
8.1 TESTING OBJECTIVES FOR VALVE TRAIN COMPONENTS 249
8.1.1 BASIC FUNCTION 249
8.1.2 DURABILITY 250
8.1.3 FRICTION AND WEAR 250
8.1.4 NOISE, VIBRATION, HARSHNESS 251
8.2 COMPONENT TESTING 252
8.2.1 STATIC COMPONENT TESTING 253
8.2.2 DYNAMIC COMPONENT TESTING 254
8.2.2.1 RESONANCE PULSATOR 254
8.2.2.2 ROTATING BENDING FATIGUE TESTING MACHINE 254
8.2.2.2.1 HIGH-TEMPERATURE ROTATING BENDING FATIGUE
STRENGTH TESTING OF VALVE MATERIALS 254
8.2.2.2.2 ROTATING BENDING FATIGUE TESTING
OF CAMSHAFTS 258
IMAGE 8
XIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.2.3 RELAXATION TESTING MACHINE 259
8.2.3.1 RELAXATION OF VSI 260
8.2.3.2 TEST SETUP 262
8.2.3.3 TEST RESULTS 263
8.3 DRIVEN ENDURANCE TESTS 263
8.3.1 WEAR TESTING OF CAM LOBES AND CAM FOLLOWERS 265
8.3.2 WEAR TESTING OF THE VALVE SEAT 267
8.3.2.1 LOADS ON THE VALVE SYSTEM 267
8.3.2.1.1 WEAR ON THE VALVE SEAT 268
8.3.2.2 TESTING THE VALVE SYSTEM 270
8.3.2.2.1 WEAR MEASUREMENT 270
8.3.2.3 VTR TEST BENCH - MAHLE'S DEVELOPMENT TOOL 271
8.3.2.3.1 SETUP AND FUNCTION 271
8.3.2.3.2 PRELIMINARY TEST RESULTS 272
8.3.2.4 CORRELATION TO ENGINE RESULTS 273
8.3.3 VFW TRIBOMETER 274
8.4 MEASUREMENTS ON THE DRIVEN ENGINE TEST BENCH 275
8.4.1 MEASURING VALVE DYNAMICS 277
8.4.2 MEASURING TORQUES 278
8.4.2.1 MEASURING THE TORQUE CURVE 278
8.4.2.2 MEASURING THE MEAN FRICTIONAL TORQUE 279
8.5 MEASUREMENTS IN THE LIVE ENGINE 280
8.5.1 MEASURING VALVE LIFT AND ACTUATION FORCES 281
8.5.2 MEASURING TORQUES 283
8.5.3 MEASURING THE VALVE TEMPERATURE 284
8.5.3.1 THERMOMETRIC METHODS FOR MEASURING THE VALVE
TEMPERATURE 285
8.5.3.1.1 PERFORMING TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS 287
8.5.3.1.2 VALVE TEMPERATURES (EXAMPLES OF RESULTS) . . . . 288
8.5.3.2 OPTICAL MEASUREMENT METHOD FOR MEASURING THE VALVE
TEMPERATURE 288
8.5.3.3 MEASURING THE VALVE TEMPERATURE USING THERMOCOUPLES . . 289
8.5.3.3.1 TRANSFERRING THE MEASURED VALUES FROM
THERMOCOUPLES 289
8.5.3.3.2 PRINCIPLE OF MAHLE MEASUREMENT METHOD
USING THERMOCOUPLES 291
8.5.3.3.3 APPLICATION OF THE MEASUREMENT METHOD . . . . 291
8.5.3.3.4 VALVE TEMPERATURES (EXAMPLES OF RESULTS) . . . . 293
8.5.4 ENDURANCE TESTS 295
REFERENCES 296
IMAGE 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
ABBREVIATIONS 297
GLOSSAR (G) 299
NOTE:
SEVERAL TECHNICAL TERMS ARE EXPLAINED IN MORE DETAIL IN THE GLOSSARY AT
THE END OF THE BOOK.
THEY ARE MARKED WITH A (G) WHEREVER THEY FIRST APPEAR IN A SECTION. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041159676 |
| classification_rvk | ZL 5500 ZO 4230 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)854333777 (DE-599)DNB1030080720 |
| dewey-full | 621.437 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.437 |
| dewey-search | 621.437 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.437 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Verkehr / Transport |
| edition | 1. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041159676 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-03T00:49:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783834826473 3834826472 |
| language | English German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026134959 |
| oclc_num | 854333777 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29T DE-573 |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-573 |
| physical | XV, 306 S. 287 farb. Ill., 16 schw.-w. Tab. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Springer Vieweg |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | ATZ/MTZ-Fachbuch |
| spelling | Ventiltrieb Valve train Systems and components ; MAHLE GmbH (Ed.) [... authors ... Rainer Barth ...] 1. ed. Wiesbaden Springer Vieweg 2013 XV, 306 S. 287 farb. Ill., 16 schw.-w. Tab. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier ATZ/MTZ-Fachbuch Ventilsteuerung (DE-588)4187491-2 gnd rswk-swf Kraftfahrzeugmotor (DE-588)4127798-3 gnd rswk-swf Kraftfahrzeugmotor (DE-588)4127798-3 s Ventilsteuerung (DE-588)4187491-2 s DE-604 Barth, Rainer Sonstige oth X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4240498&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htmea Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026134959&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Valve train Systems and components ; MAHLE GmbH (Ed.) Ventilsteuerung (DE-588)4187491-2 gnd Kraftfahrzeugmotor (DE-588)4127798-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4187491-2 (DE-588)4127798-3 |
| title | Valve train Systems and components ; MAHLE GmbH (Ed.) |
| title_alt | Ventiltrieb |
| title_auth | Valve train Systems and components ; MAHLE GmbH (Ed.) |
| title_exact_search | Valve train Systems and components ; MAHLE GmbH (Ed.) |
| title_full | Valve train Systems and components ; MAHLE GmbH (Ed.) [... authors ... Rainer Barth ...] |
| title_fullStr | Valve train Systems and components ; MAHLE GmbH (Ed.) [... authors ... Rainer Barth ...] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Valve train Systems and components ; MAHLE GmbH (Ed.) [... authors ... Rainer Barth ...] |
| title_short | Valve train |
| title_sort | valve train systems and components mahle gmbh ed |
| title_sub | Systems and components ; MAHLE GmbH (Ed.) |
| topic | Ventilsteuerung (DE-588)4187491-2 gnd Kraftfahrzeugmotor (DE-588)4127798-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ventilsteuerung Kraftfahrzeugmotor |
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