Egyetem a Farkas utcában: a kolozsvári Ferenc József Tudományegyetem előzményei, korszakai és vonzatai
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Hungarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kolozsvár
Scientia K.
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | 3., átdolg., bőv. kiad. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassungen in engl. u. rumän. Sprache. - Lit.-Verz. u. Index |
| Beschreibung: | 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 973858096X |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150564958765056 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SUMMARIES
Hungarian University-founding Attempts up to
1872
In the Middle Ages three universities were founded in Hungary. The first
had its seat in
Pécs
(1367),
the second at
Buda
(1395),
the third at
Pozsony/
Bratislava
(1465).
Each of them existed but for some decades. Following the
Mohács
Disaster when a third part of the country was occupied by the Turks
mostly the churches and the
Transy
lvanian princes founded academies. Their
students could continue their studies in foreign countries.
The most famous
Calvinist
Academies were those from Debrecen
(1588)
and
Sárospatak (approx.
1620).
In Transylvania in
1557
three colleges were founded
in
Cluj/Kolozsvár,
Târgu
Mures/Marosvásárhely
and
Oradea/Nagyvárad.
Prince
Gábor Gethlen
is the founder of the
Alba Iulia/Gyulafehérvár
Calvinist
Academy, where German and British professors taught for some years. It had
besides the Philosophical Faculty a Theological Course, too. The Tatars burnt
up its buildings, so Prince
Mihály Apafi
I. moved it to Aiud/Nagyenyed. In
Cluj/
Kolozsvár
the oldest was the Unitarian College with Philosofical-Theological
courses. The
Calvinist
College started its higher courses due to
János Apáczai
Csere,
the greatest scholar of those times. He also made a recommendation
to Prince
Barcsai
concerning the foundation of a real university with three
faculties. The
Marosvásárhely
Calvinist
school in
1718
was united with the
banished
Sárospatak
College, and so the
Marosvásárhely
Calvinist
College took
birth, its Law Department was very important.
The Catholics organized their school-system in the spirit of the counter-
reformation. Prince
István Báthory,
then Polish king, opened a Jesuit school
in Kolozsmonsotor in
1579.
This school was moved to
Kolozsvár
in
1580,
and
raised to the rank of academy in
1581.
According to some opinions it can be
considered a university though its foundation was not confirmed by the Pope.
In
1583
a Theological Seminary was also founded in the town by
Báthory.
In
1607
the Jesuits were driven out from Transylvania. They could come back only
at the end of the century. They restarted their academy. After the prohibition of
the Jesuits in
1773
Queen Maria
Theresia
there founded a Faculty of Law
(1774)
and a Faculty of Surgery
(1775)
in the town. The lower classes were overtaken by
the Piarists. Cardinal
Péter Pázmány
is the founder of the Trnava/Nagyszombat
Academy in
1635.
It was also directed by the Jesuits. Queen Maria
Theresia
raised it to the rank of Royal University and moved it to
Buda in
1777.
This is the
only university which survived through the centuries in Hungary. Its descendant
is the Budapest University. Two more Jesuit academies were founded by bishops:
one at Kosice/Kassa
(1657),
another at
Eger
(1754).
None of them could survive.
420
SUMMARIES
Most of the learned men up to the XlXth century studied in foreign
countries. At the beginning in Italy, then in Germany and in the Netherlands.
Especially the University of Vienna was important in educating the Hungarian
intellectuals.
During the
1848
revolution there were discussions about the foundation
of a university in
Kolozsvár.
The Academy of Law was (re)opened in
1863.
The Faculty of Surgery, now as an Institute continued to prepare surgeons and
midwives.
Historical Periods of Franz Joseph University
(1872-1945)
from
Cluj/Kolozsvár
This is the first complete history of the
1872
founded university. The first
chapter presents the political conditions following the
1867
Compromise: there
was a need for a second university in Hungary. In
Cluj
/Kolozsvár
a lot of conditions
were already existing for a new university. The bill for founding the university
was drawn up by
József Eötvös,
the famous writer and politician of those times.
King Franz Joseph gave the permission for opening the university on 29th of May
1872.
After long discussions the Parliament passed the bill of foundation. The
opening ceremonies and festvities took place on 10th of November
1872.
The
four faculties had alltogether
40
professors and
258
students.
The next two chapters present the first and longest historical period of
the university:
1872-1919.
Its first part up to
1897
is considered the period of
consolidation, the second one of being on the top. In both periods the teaching
staff, the students, the buildings, scientific results of the four faculties (Law,
Medicine, Philosophy, Mathematics-Natural Sciences) are presented. It is
worth mentioning that in
1881
the king consented that his name be used in
the denomination of the university (Hungarian Royal Franz Joseph University).
In
1898
the founding act of the university was signed by the king. In these
47
years the number of departments grew from
40
to
61,
the number of students
from
258
to
2500.
A lot of buildings were built.
The chapter entitled Years of Banishment presents the period of
1918-
1921.
Following the end of World War I.
Cluj/Kolozsvár
got under Romanian
rule. The Romanian politicians „took over the university on 12th May
1919.
In the buildings a new Romanian University was opened in November. The
Hungarian churches tried to found a new interconfessional university at
Cluj/
Kolozsvár,
but this was not accepted by the authorities. In autumn
1920
the
Calvinist
Church opened a Teacher-training Institute in the building of its
Theological Faculty, in
1921
the authorities suppressed it. Most of the professors
preferred Budapest, where they tried to continnue their work: on the 25th of
SUMMARIES
421
February
1920
they started to deliver lessons of the second semester of the
school-year. The town Szeged invited the Franz Joseph University to get settled
in this town. The Hungarian parliament passed the bill in June
1921
according
to which Szeged would be the temporary seat of the university.
A new chapter presents the
19
years of the university spent at Szeged.
A lot of new buildings were raised, scientific research work was carried on,
scientific reviews started. The most famous professor, Albert
Szent-Györgyi
was aworded with Nobel-prize. In August
1940
as a result of the Second Vienna
Award the Northern part of Transylvania returned to Hungary. The Romanian
University moved to Sibiu/Nagyszeben, the Hungarian parliament passed the
bill according to which the Franz Joseph University returned to
Cluj/Kolozsvár.
The last chapter presents the
1940-1945
period of the university. To the
existing four faculties a fifth one was added, that of Economics. The number of
departments was about
85,
the number of students around
2500.
To help the
research work the Transylvanian Scientific Institute was founded. The Soviet
Army occupied the town in October
1944.
The university survived one more
year. The Romanian Government on the 29th of May
1945
with a decree founded
a new university with Hungarian teaching language and by this put an end to
the Franz Joseph University after
73
years of activity. All the buildings and
equipment were given to the Romanian university which soon returned from
Sibiu/Nagyszeben. The new Hungarian university got but a school-building.
Soon it got the name of the famous mathematician
János Bolyai.
Unitarian Professors of
Cluj/Kolozsvár
University
Cluj/Kolozsvár
is the birthplace of the Unitarian Church and is still the
seat of the bishops. This is the town where for centuries the single Unitarian
Highschool (Unitarian College) functioned. So it seems significant to see
how this confession was represented in the teaching staff of the University.
This study points out that both the first rector
(Á.
Berde)
and the
prorector
(S. Brassai)
were Unitarians. Up to
1919
two more professors were promoted:
the linguist G.
Bálint
and the physician Zs.
Jakabházy.
It is interesting to
mention that because of their studies in Britain and in the States the English
lecturers (J.
Kovács, Gy.
Boros)
were also Unitarians. Beginning with
1940
four
members of the teaching staff were Unitarians:
Á.
Gyergyay (Medicine) B.
Varga
(Pedagogy), J.
Gelei
(Zoology), Z.
Gyulai
(Physics). Some years later two more
were promoted: Gy.
László
(Archeology) and
M. Módy
(Classical Philology).
Some others were
privat
docents
and lecturers. In those
73
years of existence
the University had
10
full professors,
4
English lecturers and
5
privat docents/
lecturers belonging to this confession. Six from the full professors were elected
members of the Hungarian Academy of Science.
422
SUMMARIES
Jewish Professors of
Cluj/Kolozsvár
University
Following the
1867
compromise between Hungry and Austria the
unification of Transylvania with Hungary was declared again. In the same year
the emancipation law was passed in the Hungarian Parliament. In those times
there lived about one thousand Jewish inhabitants in
Cluj,
so the town was not
a Jewish center. The university had a great role in attracting Jewish intellectuals
to this town. So in
1910
their number increased to
7000,
approximately
11 %
of
the population. This study presents those Jewish professors and
privat
docents
who were delivering lectures at the university in the title-period. It is easy
to state that they were mostly teaching at the medical and science faculties.
Especially the mathematicians like L. Schlesinger, L.
Fejér,
F. Riesz,
A. Haar
got on European fame. Three professors were elected rectors, some more were
deans. All together there were
17
full professors,
4
senior lecturers and
14
privat
docents
of Jewish origin. It can be stated that the emancipation of Jews
was fully respected at the
Cluj
University in the above period.
Áron
Berde
-
the Economist
The first rector of the
Cluj/Kolozsvár
University descends from a Sekler
(székely)
Unitarian family. On the expenses of his Church he studied for two
years at German universities. He got specialized in Chemistry, Natural Sciences,
and also Economics. Beginning with
1844
he was professor of the Unitarian
College from
Cluj/Kolozsvár.
Then he was elected headmaster. He is the author
of the first Hungarin book of
Meteorology
(1847),
he also translated a textbook of Chemistry from
German
(1848).
In
1858
he was elected corresponding member of the Hungarian
Academy of Science. The Academy of Law from
Cluj/Kolozsvár
was opened
in
1863,
where
Berde
was appointed professor of Economics. Beginning with
1869
he is the head of this Academy. He makes the first proposal for opening
the
Cluj/Kolozsvár
University. In
1872
at the newly founded university he
becomes professor of Economics and Finances. He is elected first rector.
Berde
wrote some courses of Economics and also some studies. He is considered to
be the follower of the American economist, Ch. H. Carey.
Berde
was the editor
of a number of reviews and newspapers.
SUMMARIES
423
Sámuel
Brassai
-
the Polymath
At the opening of
Cluj/Kolozsvár
university
Brassai
was over
70.
It
is probable that he ran for not one single department. He was famous as a
botanist, philosopher, linguist, mathematician. He was elected as member of the
Hungarian Academy of Science first in the section of Mathematics and Natural
Sciences
(1837).
In
1864
he was transferred to the section of Philosophy. He was
the author of some school textbooks in Mathematics. So he got at the university
the Department of Elementary Mathematics. Immediately
Brassai
was elected
prorector
for the first school-year. He lended some international fame to the
new university. But teaching Mathematics did not satisfy
Brassai,
because there
were few students at this section, and they were not interested in research,
they only wanted to get a diploma. So in
1875/76
he got the right of teaching
Sanscrit language and General Linguistics at the Faculty of Philosophy. This
was an optional course but students attended it to see and hear the most famous
man of science of those times.
Brassai
was elected dean
(1875/76),
then rector
(1879/80).
In his inaugural address as a rector he declared that professors and
students must participate in research work. He initiated a foundation to help
students who want to obtain doctor s degree. He got retired in
1883.
Hugó
Meltzl
-
a Scholar of Literature
Meltzl was a descendant of a Saxon/German family from
Reghin/
Szászrégen/Regen.
At the Unitarian College from
Cluj/Kolozsvár
he learnt
Hungarian language and became an admirer of the Hungarian poet
Sándor Petőfi.
He studied at German universities and took his doctor s degree at Leipzig in
1872.
In that very year at the age of
26
he was appointed to professor of German
language and literature at the new
Cluj/Kolozsvár
University. His courses were
not only from field of Germanistics but also of Philosophy and Comparative
Literature. He was considered a genius by his students. In
1877
with the
help of old professor
S. Brassai
he started the first Journal of Comparative
Literature
(Összehasonlító Irodalomtörténelmi
Lapok/Acta Comparationis
Litterarum Universarum) in the world. They published articles in more than
20
languages. They also published folk-poetry which was then translated in
different languages. This fortnightly was much interested in the poetry of
Petőfi
as well in the philosophy of Schopenhauer. It was quitted at the beginning of
1888.
Meltzl borrowed the idea of Comparative Literature from Goethe, but his
interpretation of this idea was different from that of our days. He died because
of a heart-attack on his way back from Italy, near Oradea/Nagy
várad.
424
SUMMARIES
József
Brandt
-
the Surgeon
Following medical studies in Vienna and specialisation in surgery Brandt
came to
Cluj/Kolozsvár
in
1867
to teach Surgery and Ophthalmology at the
Medical-surgery Institute from this town. At the newly opened university in
1872
Brandt became professor of the Department for Surgery. He was elected
vice-dean of the Medical Faculty and rector of the university. More than
100
of
his students got specialized in Surgery under his direction. So he was a school-
founder. He had to retire in
1904.
Brandt was the medical president of the first
Kolozsvár
Ambulance Service
(1891)
and the initiator, then director of the Red
Cross Hospital from
Cluj/Kolozsvár
(1895)
where he could work until his death
(1912).
He is considered the first great surgeon from Transylvania. He operated
everything though for a long time he had to work in very poor conditions. The
modern Clinic of Surgery was opened only in
1899.
Brandt was first to perform
successful ovariectomy in Transylvania
(1869),
and the second in Europe who
performed nephrectomy
(1873).
He accepted Lister s antiseptic theory; in
1890
the university sent him to Berlin to study Koch s vaccine. An Appendix
contains the list of Brandt s assistants and surgery students.
Zsigmond Purjesz
-
the Internist Doctor
After studies graduated at Budapest, Zs. Purjesz
(1846-1918)
is promoted
head of Internal Medicine Department of the University from
Cluj/Kolozsvár.
During his first
18
years of activity his Medical Section consists of
5
rooms
where only
24
sicks can be treated. However his suggestive courses as well as
his thorough examination methods created a school of medicine. His students
became apostles of healing throughout the country. He is the author of the first
Hungarian treatise of internal medicine
(1874, 1885).
Under his direction was
built the new Medical Clinic of the town with
100
beds and laboratories, to
which a contagious and a pulmonary section was added with
100
more beds. His
colleagues and disciples dedicated him a memorial volume of studies
(1906),
and after his retiring his bust was placed in front of the entrance of the clinic.
Gyula Farkas
-
the Physicist
This study presents the teaching staff of the Mathematical-Natural Sciences
Faculty beginning with its foundation. One of the most outstanding professors
was
Gyula Farkas
who taught Theoretical Physics between
1887-1915.
His short
biography is followed by the presentation of his activity as the member of the
teaching staff. It is mentioned his role as a dean and as rector of the university.
SUMMARIES
425
Most of the dates are taken from the year-books of the university. The last
chapter characterizers
Gyula Farkas
as a lecturer and educator, gives a list of his
multiplied courses, enumerates his best students. In the Appendix the title of all
the courses held by professor
Farkas
at this university are to be found.
Antal
Herrmann
-
the Ethnographer
A. Herrmann was but
privat
docent
at
Cluj/Kolozsvár
university.
Privat
docents
following an examination got the right to deliver courses at the
university. These courses usually completed those held by full professors.
Herrmann was born in
Brasov/Brassó/Kronstadt
from a German family.
He came to
Cluj/Kolozsvár
to study in the Catholic
Gimnázium
to learn
Hungarian. Beginning with
1874/75
he was student of Hugo Meltzl and
under his influence he became interested in ethnography. His main field
became the life and folklore of gipsies. In
1887
he founded the first review
of ethnology in Hungary, in
1889
together with
Pál Hunfalvy
they founded
the Hungarian Ethnographical Society. Herrmann was supported by archduke
Joseph Charles, he himself much interested in the life of gipsies. Herrmann in
1898
was accepted as
privat docent,
he nearly each year held some courses
in the field of ethnography, he became a school-founder. Meanwhile he was
the organizer of the Ethnographical Museum of the Transylvanian Carpathic
Society. Beginning with
1921
he taught at Szeged up to his death in
1926.
There he got the title of full professor.
György Bartók
-
the Philosopher
Gy.
Bartók
was son of the
Calvinist
bishop of Transylvania. He himself
studied both theology and philosophy. As student of the
Cluj/Kolozsvár
university he was the disciple of
Károly
Böhm
and
István
Schneller.
After
some years of teaching Hungarian and German at the Aiud/Nagyenyed
Calvinist
College in
1909
he became professor of theology at the
Calvinist
Theological Faculty from
Cluj/Kolozsvár.
In
1912
he started to deliver courses
of philosophy at the university as
privat
docent.
In
1917
he was promoted
to full professor of the university. After
1921
he continnued his career at the
Szeged university. He was the devoted disciple of K.
Böhm
and completed his
philosophy. Under his direction the
Kolozsvár
school of philosophy took
birth. Their review the
Szellem és Élet
was started in
1936.
He himself wrote
important philosophical studies, books about K.
Böhm
and Kant. In
1940
at the
newly opened
Cluj/Kolozsvár
university he was the first rector. After
1944
he
lived at Budapest, where he died din
1970.
426
SUMMARIES
György Kristóf- Literay
Historian
This study presents the activity as university professor of the important
Transylvanien
literary historian
György Kristóf
(1878-1965).
He studied at
the Aiud/Nagyenyed
Calvinist
College, then at the Philisophical Faculty of
the
Cluj/Kolozsvár
University being specialized in Hungarian and Latin. He
took his doctor s degree at the Budapest University in
1905.
Then for
19
years
he was teacher at the
Orăştie/
Szászváros
Calvinist
Kun College.
There
he started his scientific career writing studies. After World War I, now in
Romania, the
Kolozsvár/Cluj
University was overtaken by the Romanian state
authorities, but it had a department for Hungarian studies. Its only professor
beginning with
1922
was G.
Kristóf.
He trained all the teachers of Hungarian
from Transylvania up to
1940.
Beginning with
1940
Kristóf
was professor of
the returned Hungarian University from the town, being elected dean. Now
he delivered lectures only about the 19th century Hungarian literature. He got
retired in
1945.
A list of his courses as well the list of his students is published.
Chronology of the Transylvanian Higher Education
between
1557-1945
The most important events connected with higher education are
enumerated in chronological order.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Gaal, György 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)141419164 |
| author_facet | Gaal, György 1948- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gaal, György 1948- |
| author_variant | g g gg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041159225 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)859373814 (DE-599)GBV348656874 |
| edition | 3., átdolg., bőv. kiad. |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Cluj-Napoca (DE-588)1122053215 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Cluj-Napoca |
| id | DE-604.BV041159225 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:40:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 973858096X |
| language | Hungarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026134531 |
| oclc_num | 859373814 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 21 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Scientia K. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Gaal, György 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)141419164 aut Geschichte der "Ferenc József" Universität in Klausenburg ger Egyetem a Farkas utcában a kolozsvári Ferenc József Tudományegyetem előzményei, korszakai és vonzatai Gaal György 3., átdolg., bőv. kiad. Kolozsvár Scientia K. 2012 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassungen in engl. u. rumän. Sprache. - Lit.-Verz. u. Index Magyar Királyi Ferencz József Tudományegyetem (DE-588)34184-8 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Cluj-Napoca (DE-588)1122053215 gnd rswk-swf Cluj-Napoca (DE-588)1122053215 g Magyar Királyi Ferencz József Tudományegyetem (DE-588)34184-8 b Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026134531&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Gaal, György 1948- Egyetem a Farkas utcában a kolozsvári Ferenc József Tudományegyetem előzményei, korszakai és vonzatai Magyar Királyi Ferencz József Tudományegyetem (DE-588)34184-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)34184-8 (DE-588)1122053215 |
| title | Egyetem a Farkas utcában a kolozsvári Ferenc József Tudományegyetem előzményei, korszakai és vonzatai |
| title_auth | Egyetem a Farkas utcában a kolozsvári Ferenc József Tudományegyetem előzményei, korszakai és vonzatai |
| title_exact_search | Egyetem a Farkas utcában a kolozsvári Ferenc József Tudományegyetem előzményei, korszakai és vonzatai |
| title_full | Egyetem a Farkas utcában a kolozsvári Ferenc József Tudományegyetem előzményei, korszakai és vonzatai Gaal György |
| title_fullStr | Egyetem a Farkas utcában a kolozsvári Ferenc József Tudományegyetem előzményei, korszakai és vonzatai Gaal György |
| title_full_unstemmed | Egyetem a Farkas utcában a kolozsvári Ferenc József Tudományegyetem előzményei, korszakai és vonzatai Gaal György |
| title_short | Egyetem a Farkas utcában |
| title_sort | egyetem a farkas utcaban a kolozsvari ferenc jozsef tudomanyegyetem elozmenyei korszakai es vonzatai |
| title_sub | a kolozsvári Ferenc József Tudományegyetem előzményei, korszakai és vonzatai |
| topic | Magyar Királyi Ferencz József Tudományegyetem (DE-588)34184-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Magyar Királyi Ferencz József Tudományegyetem Cluj-Napoca |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026134531&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gaalgyorgy egyetemafarkasutcabanakolozsvariferencjozseftudomanyegyetemelozmenyeikorszakaiesvonzatai |