Technology, globalization, and sustainable development: transforming the industrial state ; [environment, economy, employment]
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New Haven [u.a.]
Yale Univ. Press
2011
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 720 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0300169728 9780300169720 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Technology, globalization, and sustainable development |b transforming the industrial state ; [environment, economy, employment] |c Nicholas A. Ashford ; Ralph P. Hall |
| 264 | 1 | |a New Haven [u.a.] |b Yale Univ. Press |c 2011 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Technology, globalization and sustainable development
Autor: Ashford, Nicholas Askounes
Jahr: 2011
Contents
Detailed Table of Contents ix
List of Illustrations xxiii
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments xxix
Overview 1
Part I The Multidimensional Concept of Sustainability 17
Chapter 1: Concern for a Global Future 19
Chapter 2: The Emergence of Sustainable Development 122
Part II Economic Development, Globalization, and Sustainability 143
Chapter 3: Economic Development and Prosperity: Current Theory and
Debate 145
Chapter 4: Globalization: Technology, Trade Regimes, Capital Flows, and the
International Economy 183
Chapter 5: Globalization and Sustainability 214
Part III Industrial Policy and the Role of the Firm in Pursuing
Sustainable Development 269
Chapter 6: The Importance of Technological Innovation 271
Chapter 7: Organizational Innovation and Learning: The Role of the Industrial
Firm in Achieving Sustainable Development 287
Chapter 8: Government Policies to Foster Innovation. Economic Growth,
and Employment 336
Part IV National, Regional, and International Efforts to Advance Health,
Safety, and the Environment 367
Chapter 9: Government Intervention to Protect the Environment, Public/Worker
Health and Safety, and Consumer Product Safety 369
Chapter 10: Regional and International Regimes to Protect Health, Safety, and the
Environment 419
Contents
Part V International Trade and Finance 521
Chapter 11: Trade Regimes and Sustainability 523
Chapter 12: Financing Development 569
Part VI Strategie Policy Design for Sustainable Transformations 667
Chapter 13: Pathways to Sustainability. Co-optimizing Economic Development,
the Environment, and Employment 669
Index 703
Detailed Table of Contents
Overview 1
0.1 Introduction 1
0.2 The Multidimensional Character of Sustainability 2
0.3 The Unsustainable Industrial State 3
0.4 Globalization 4
0.5 Drivers of Economic Growth and Development 5
0.5.1 Strategies to Enhance Competitiveness 5
0.5.2 The Consequences of Different Industrial Strategy Options
for Workers 6
0.6 Conceptualizations of Sustainable Development 8
0.6.1 The Interrelatedness of the Economy, of the Environment,
Health, and Safety, and of Employment and the Need to Address
Them Together 8
0.6.2 Sustaining and Disrupting Innovation Distinguished 8
0.6.3 A Capsule Definition of Sustainable Development 11
0.7 Governance Options for Achieving a Transformation to a
More Sustainable State 11
0.8 The Role of Government 12
0.9 The Way Forward 14
O.lOReferences 15
Part I: The Multidimensional Concept of Sustainability 17
1 Concern for a Global Future 19
1.1 Human Needs 20
1.1.1 The Measurement of (Human) Development 22
1.1.2 Consumption and Well-Being 33
1.1.3 Employment 35
1.1.3.1 Income and Wage Inequality 36
1.1.3.1.1 The Impact of Technological Change on
Wages and Employment 42
DvtaiM Table of Contents
1.1.3.1.2 Skill-Based Technological (hange and
the Relative lmportance of Other Factors
on Inequality 47
1.1.3.1.3 Addressing Wage and Income Inequality
in the United States 51
1.1.3.2 The lmportance of Employment beyond the Creation of
Purchasmg Power 52
1.1.4 Human Needs and Sustainability 54
1.2 Social Justice. Inequality. and the Social Contract between the Governed and
the Government 56
1.2.1 The Social Contract and the Theory of Justice 56
1.2.2 Operationah/ing the Social Contract 61
1.2.3 EqualityofWhat? 69
1.3 Living beyond Our Ecological Means: The Technology Debate 73
1.3.1 Growth, Technology, and Substitution versus a
Steady-State Economy 77
1.3.2 The Environment and Affiuence: The Environmental
Kuznets Curve 80
1.3.3 Technological Optimism 86
1.4 A Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Development 88
1.5 The European Union s Strategy for Sustainable Development:
The Lisbon Strategy and Europe 2020 97
1.6 The Reformulation of Sustainable Development as a Problem of
Global Climate Change 100
1.7 Broadening Our Awareness of Tipping Points 101
1.8 The 2008 Financial Crisis and Opportunities for Reconceptualization of
the Growth Paradigm 102
1.9 The Necessity of Solving Problems on a Comprehensive Basis 105
1.10 Notes 105
1.11 Additional Readings 106
1.12 References 106
2 The Emergence of Sustainable Development 122
2.1 Notes 138
2.2 Additional Readings 139
2.3 References 139
Part II: Economic Development, Globalization, and Sustaroabflity 143
3 Economic Development and Prosperity: Current Theory and Debate 145
3.1 The Meaning of Economic Development 145
3.1.1 Growth and Development Distinguished 145
3.1.2 Factor Endowments and the Classification of Capital 146
3.2 Theories and Perspectives on Economic Growth 147
3.2.1 Rostow s Stages-of-Growth Model 147
3.2.2 Linear Stages-of-Growth Models: The Harrod-Domar Model 148
3.2.3 Structural-Change Models 148
3.2.4 The International-Dependence Perspective 149
3.2.5 Neoclassical Growth Theory: The Solow Model 150
OeUiled Table of Contents
3.2.6 New Growth Theory: Römers Model 151
3.2.7 The Ayres-Warr Analysis 153
3.2.8 Implicit Assumptions about Technological Innovation in
Neoclassical Environmental and Ecological Economics 154
3.2.9 Peak Oil and Economic Growth 155
3.3 Technological Development and Growth Theory 156
3.3.1 Technological Change 156
3.3.1.1 The Long Waves 156
3.3.1.2 The Information or Postindustrial Revolution 159
3.3.2 Joseph Schumpeter s Creative Destruction 163
3.3.3 Market Structure and Innovation 164
3.4 Critiques of, and Alternatives to, the Northern Growth Model 166
3.4.1 Growth in Developing Economies and the Washington
Consensus 166
3.4.2 Sustainability in Practice: The Cases of Kerala and
Costa Rica 168
3.5 What Lies Ahead for Economic Growth and Development in Industrialized
and Developing Economies? 170
3.5.1 The End of Sustainable Growth? 170
3.5.2 The Impact of Economic Growth on Employment in the
Developed World 171
3.5.3 The Next Industrial Revolution? 172
3.5.4 Broadening Capital Ownership and Its Effects on Consumption-
Led Growth, Sustainable Livelihoods. and the Environment 173
3.6 The New Economics 173
3.7 Notes 179
3.8 Additional Readings 179
3.9 References 179
4 Globalization: Technology, Trade Regimes, Capital Flows, and the
International Economy 183
4.1 Introduction 183
4.2 Globalization 184
4.2.1 Industrial Globalization 187
4.3 Trade Regimes 189
4.3.1 The World Trade Organization 189
4.3.2 The North American Free Trade Agreement 189
4.4 Trade and Economic Development 190
4.4.1 Free Trade: Winners and Losers 190
4.4.2 The Effects of Trade in the Developed World 194
4.4.3 The Effects of Trade in the Developing World 195
4.4.4 Current Structural Changes Stemming from Manufacturing and
Services Dominated by China and India, and from the Consolidation
of Retailing Power in the Developed Countries 196
4.5 The Role of Multinational Enterprises in the International Economy 198
4.5.1 MNEs and Neoclassical Economics 198
4.5.2 The Centrality of Foreign Direct Investment for
Development 200
4.5.3 MNEs: Blessing or Peril? 201
Dvtaüod Tab* of Contents
4.6 Evolution of Financial Institutions 203
4.6.1 Bretton Woods and Its Aftermath 203
4.6.2 The Benetits and Penis of Increased Capital Vlobihty 204
4.6.3 Toward a New Bretton Woods 206
4.6.4 Steps toward a New Financial Architecture 207
4.7 Notes 209
4.8 Additional Readings 209
4.9 References 210
5 Globalization and Sustainability 214
5.1 Effects of Globalization on Economy/Environment Interactions:
Sector II 215
5.1.1 Development (Industrialization) and the Environment 217
5.1.1.1 From Early Industrialization to Silent Spring 217
5.1.1.2 Growthmania and Its Discontents 218
5.1.1.3 The Relationship between Economic Development/
Growth and the Environment: An Analytic Approach 221
5.1.1.4 The Conflict between Economic Growth and
the Environment 224
5.1.1.5 The Relationship between Environmental Regulation
and Economic Growth 224
5.1.2 Trade (Globalization) and the Environment 225
5.1.2.1 The Rationale for Free Trade 226
5.1.2.2 Criticism of the Rationale 226
5.1.2.3 The Positive Impacts of Free Trade on
Environmental Quality 227
5.1.2.4 The Adverse Effects of Free Trade on
the Environment 228
5.1.2.5 The Relationship between Trade and the Environment:
An Analytic Approach 230
5.1.2.6 The Effects of Stringent Environmental Regulation on
Trade and Competition 232
5.1.3 Global Investment and the Environment 233
5.2 Effects of Globalization on Economy/Work Interactions: Sector IV 236
5.2.1 The International Division of Labor (Resulting
from Multinationalization) 237
5.2.2 The Creation of Purchasing Power 242
5.2.3 Technology-Enabled Capital Mobility 243
5.2.4 Interconnections between the International Division of Labor,
Purchasing Power, and Capital Mobility 246
5.3 Effects of Globalization on Environment/Work Interactions: Sector VI 247
5.3.1 Increasing the Environmental Footprint 247
5.3.2 The Effects of a Greener Economy on Employment 248
5.3.3 Immigration and Population 252
5.4 Globalization and Governance 253
5.4.1 The Role of National and International Governance in Promoting
Sustainable Development 254
5.5 Note« 260
Detailed Table of Contents
5.6 Additional Readings 260
5.7 References 260
Part III: Industrial Policy and the Role of the Firm in Pursuing
Sustainable Development 269
6 The lmportance of Technological Innovation 271
6.1 Introduction 271
6.2 Types of Innovation and the Nature of Technological Change 271
6.2.1 Categorizing Technological Change 271
6.2.2 Evolutionary versus Revolutionary Change 277
6.3 The Classical Linear Model of Technological Innovation 278
6.4 National Innovation Systems 279
6.5 References 285
7 Organizational Innovation and Learning: The Role of the Industrial Firm in Achieving
Sustainable Development 287
7.1 Introduction 287
7.1.1 Globalization 288
7.1.2 Pressures for Corporate Environmental Responsibility 289
7.1.3 Responses of Firms to Social Demands 292
7.2 What Kinds of Environmental, Skill, and Employment Changes Are
Needed in the Economy? 293
7.2.1 Environmental Changes 293
7.2.2 Changes in Skills and Employment 294
7.3 Organizational Innovation and Learning: Theory and Background 295
7.3.1 Organizational Theory and the Limitations of the
Neoclassical Model 295
7.3.2 Organizational Learning 296
7.3.2.1 Networks 298
7.3.2.2 Industrial-Networks Theory 299
7.3.2.3 Sociotechnical Networks 300
7.3.2.4 Social Networks: Learning Collaborations with
Stakeholders 302
7.3.2.5 Summary 305
7.4 Evolutionary or Coevolutionary Transformations and Customer Satisfaction
and Values 305
7.4.1 The Means of Delivering Satisfaction to Customers 306
7.4.2 The Nature of Customer Satisfaction 306
7.4.2.1 Innovations That Provide Customer Satisfaction in
Essentially the Same Way 307
7.4.2.2 Innovations That Are the Same in Basic Concept but
Differ in Quality of Satisfaction 307
7.4.2.3 Innovations That Deliver Customer Satisfaction in
a Significantly/Wholly Different Way 307
7.4.3 Changes in Customer Behavior and Values 308
7.5 The Relationship between Organizational Learning and Change and
Technological Innovation 308
7.5.1 WiUingness 308
Dataüad Tab* of Contents
7.5.2 Opportunity Motivation 310
7.5.3 Capacity Capabihty 310
7.5.4 Environmental^ Onented Evolutionary Technological Changes
within Firms 311
7 5.4.1 I-Changes in Internal Environmental
Management Practices 311
7.5.4.2 U-Adoptmg and Adapting Better, Existing Off-the-
Shelf Technologies (Diffusion Incremental Innovation) 312
7.5.4.3 III - Development of New Technologies and New
Applications of Existing Technologies by Existing Firms
(Mostly Involving Sustaining Innovation) 313
7.5.5 Is Evolutionary Change Enough? 315
7.5.6 Environmental^ Onented Technological Changes outside
Existing Firms 317
7.5.6 l IV- Displacement of a Problematic Technology
(Product or Process) by a New Entrant (Who Mostly
Develops Disrupting Innovation) 317
7.5.6.2 V-System Change Necessitating a Reorientation or
Reorganization of Industry 318
7.6 Innovation to Stimulate Employment 318
7.6.1 Wage Inequality and Unemployment 319
7.6.2 Working Conditions and Industrial Relations 319
7.6.3 Technological Change and Employment 321
7.6.4 Values for Sustainable Employment 324
7.6.5 Low-Wage, Cost-Cutting versus Innovation-Driven.
Quality Firm Strategy 325
7.6.6 Reconceptualizing the Need for Innovation in Approaches to
Employment Enhancement 327
7.7 Policy Implications 328
7.8 Notes 329
7.9 Additional Readings 329
7.10 References 329
8 Government Poticies to Foster Ianovatk»a, Economic Growth,
and Employment 336
8.1 Introduction 336
8.2 Types of Technological Change and Sustaining and
Disrupting Innovation 337
8.3 Prerequisites for Technological Change 344
8.4 The Role of Government in Promoting Innovation in
Developed Countries 344
8.4.1 Review of Government Policy Instruments in the Context of
Alternative Theories of Technological Innovation 344
8.4.2 Strategie Niche Management and Transition Management 347
8.4.3 The Three-Layered Approach to System Innovation 351
8.4.4 The Integration of Government Interventions 352
8.5 The lmportance of Diffusion in Achieving Sustainable Development 354
8.6 Stakehokter Invorvement in the Context of Sustainable Development 355
8.7 Innovation, Industrial, and Technology Policy in the Context of a
Global ized Economy 359
Detailed Table of Contents
8.8 Modernization, Globalization, and Employment in the North 360
8.9 Industrial and Employment Policy in the South 361
8.10 Notes 362
8.11 Additional Readings 362
8.12 References 362
Part IV: National, Regional, and International Efforts to Advance Health, Safety,
and the Environment 367
9 Government Intervention to Protect the Environment, Public/Worker Health and
Safety, and Consumer Product Safety 369
9.1 Introduction 369
9.2 National Approaches: Regulation of Health, Safety, and the Environment in
the United States 370
9.2.1 Introduction to the U.S. Regulatory System 370
9.2.2 Standard Setting and Obligations of the Employer and the
Manufacturer or User of Toxic Substances in the United States 372
9.2.2.1 The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 372
9.2.2.2 The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 374
9.2.3 The Control of Gradual Pollution in Air and Water and Pollution
from Waste in the United States 374
9.2.3.1 The Clean Air Act 374
9.2.3.2 Water Legislation 377
9.2.3.2.1 The Clean Water Act 377
9.2.3.2.2 The Safe Drinking Water Act 379
9.2.3.3 The Regulation of Hazardous Waste 380
9.2.3.4 The Origins of the Precautionary Approach in U.S.
Regulatory Law 381
9.2.4 The Chemical Safety Provisions of the U.S. Clean Air Act:
Obligations Imposed by EPA and OSHA to Prevent the
Sudden and Accidental Release of Chemicals 387
9.2.5 Pollution Prevention and Inherently Safer Production in the
United States 388
9.2.6 The Right to Know and Information-Based Strategies to
Encourage Alternative Technology in the United States 390
9.2.6.1 Trade-off Analysis 395
9.2.6.2 Trade-off Analysis in the Context of Sustainability 401
9.2.7 Product Safety 401
9.2.7.1 General Discussion 401
9.2.7.2 Prospects for Reform 408
9.2.8 Alternatives to Regulation 409
9.2.9 U.S. and European Law Compared 410
9.3 Static versus Dynamic Efficiency and the Implications for Promoting
Technological Innovation Using Trade-off Analysis 411
9.4 National Government s Role in Achieving Efficiency: The Regulation-
Induced-Innovation Hypothesis 412
9.5 Nation-Based Regulation in the Context of Industrial Globalization 415
9.6 Nation-Based Approaches in Developing Countries without a Strong
Regulatory Tradition 416
Detaitod Tabte of Contents
9.7 Notes 416
9.8 Additional Readings 416
99 References 416
10 Regional and International Regimes to Protect Health, Safety, and
the Environment 419
10.1 Introduction 420
10.LI The Increasing lmportance of Health, Safety, and the
Environment 420
10.1.2 Different Levels of Protection as Subsidies or
Barners to Trade 421
10.1.3 International Health, Safety, and Environmental Law
Instruments and Mechanisms 421
10.2 The Nature of International Environmental Law 424
10.2.1 Treaties. Customs, and Pnnciples as Elements of International
Environmental Law 425
10.2.2 Hard versus Soft Law 426
10.2.3 The International Multilateral Environmental
Agreement Process 426
10.3 Factors Influencing Compliance with Multilateral Environmental
Accords 427
10.3.1 Negotiation of Environmental Accords 429
10.4 The Polluter-Pays Principle. the Precautionary Principle. and Other Evolving
Principles of International Environmental Law 432
10.4.1 The Polluter-Pays Principle and the Coasean View 432
10.4.2 The Precautionary Principle 433
10.4.2.1 The U.S. Approach to the Precautionary
Principle 434
10.4.2.2 European and International Legal Formulation of
the Precautionary Principle 434
10.4.3 Inter generational Equity 437
10.4.4 The Public s Rtght to Access Information and to Participate in
Environmental, Health, and Safety Matters 437
10.4.5 Extended Producer Responsibility 439
10.5 Harmonization of Health, Safety, and Environmental Standards 440
10.5.1 International and European Union Efforts to Harmonize
Standards and Guidelines 440
10.5.2 Voluntary Industry Efforts to Harmonize Practices 444
10.5.3 The Implications of Having Different Standards and Practices:
Increased Capital Movement to Pollution Havens versus the
Porter Hypothesis 445
10.5.4 Reaching Consensus on Risk-Assessment Methodologies and
Risk-Management Rationales 446
10.5.4.1 The OECD Role in Chemical Safety and
Risk Assessment 448
10.6 International Trade of Hazardous Products 449
10.7 International Trade of Hazardous Equipment and Plant 451
10.8 Transfer of Technical Know-how 451
10.9 International Trade of Hazardous Waste 452
Detaited Table of Contents
10.10 Transboundary Migration of Pollution 452
10.11 Polluting the International Commons 454
10.12 Liability for Environmental Damage 457
10.12.1 U.S. Environmental Liability 457
10.12.2 European Union Environmental Liability 459
10.13 Preserving Biodiversity and Endangered Species 461
10.14 Food Safety 462
10.15 Biotechnology 462
10.16 Pharmaceutical Safety 463
10.17 Environmental Law and Its Role in Stimulating Technological Change 463
10.17.1 Clean Production Mechanisms 464
10.18 Regional Approaches to Protection of Health, Safety. and the
Environment: The European Union 468
10.18.1 Environmental Law in the European Union 468
10.18.1.1 Background to EU Environmental Law 469
10.18.1.2 Enforcement 473
10.18.2 Regulation of Air, Water. and Waste 473
10.18.2.1 Air 474
10.18.2.2 Water 474
10.18.2.3 Waste 474
10.18.3 Prevention of Chemical Accidents 475
10.18.4 The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive 475
10.18.5 The EU Integrated Product Policy. the Environmental
Technologies Action Plan, and Life-Cycle Assessment 476
10.18.5.1 The EU Integrated Product Policy and the
Environmental Technologies Action Plan 476
10.18.5.2 Life-Cycle Assessment 479
10.18.6 Access to Information and Participatory Rights 480
10.18.7 The Eco-Management and Audit Scheme and ISO 14001 480
10.18.8 Chemicals Policy and REACH 482
10.18.8.1 The REACH Initiative 482
10.18.8.2 The U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act and
Lessons for REACH 484
10.18.9 Food Safety in the EU 486
10.18.10 Biotechnology in the EU 487
10.18.11 Financial Assistance and LIFE 488
10.18.12 The European Chemical Substances Information System 489
10.18.13 Commentary on EU Environmental Law 489
10.19 Worker Health and Safety 489
10.20 The lmportance of International Institutions 494
10.20.1 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development 495
10.20.2 The International Labour Organization 496
10.20.3 The United Nations 496
10.20.3.1 The United Nations Environment Programme 497
10.20.3.2 The United Nations Industrial Development
Organization 498
10.20.3.3 The United Nations Development Programme 499
10.20.4 The World Health Organization 500
DataiMd Tabte of Contents
10.20.5 The World Trade Organization and the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade 500
10.20 6 The North American Free Trade Agreement 501
10.20.7 The Food and Agriculture Organization 503
lü.20.8 Nongovernmental Organizations 503
10 20.9 The European Foundation for the Improvement of Livmg and
Working Conditions 503
10.21 Global Governance 504
10.22 Conclusions 505
10.23 Notes 505
10.24 Additional Readings 508
10.25 References 508
Appendix 10-A: Multilateral Environmental Agreements in Reverse
Chronological Order 514
Appendix 10-B: Multilateral Environmental Agreements by Area of the
Environment 518
Part V: International Trade and Finaace 521
11 Trade Regimes and Snstainability 523
11.1 Trade Agreements in General 523
11.1.1 Introduction 523
11.1.2 Trade as a Driver of Growth 524
11.1.3 Overview of the Agreements Administered by the
World Trade Organization 527
11.1.4 Dispute Resolution under the WTO 529
11.1.5 The Prohibition against Subsidies 532
11.2 Trade and the Environment (Trade Regimes as Constraints on National
Health, Safety, and Environmental Policies) 533
11.2.1 The Shrimp-Turtle Dispute and Article XX(g) of the GATT
(Conservation of Natural Resources) 534
11.2.2 Asbestos and Section XX(b) of the GATT (Protection of Human
and Animal Life and Health) 534
11.2.3 Trade and Standards under the WTO Agreements 540
11.2.4 The Decision of the Appellate Body in the Asbestos Case and
Future Uncertainty of the Availability of Articles XX(b) and (g)
Exceptions 542
11.2.5 Food Safety: Hormones in Beef and the SPS Agreement 543
11.2.6 Biotechnology: Genetically Modified Organisms 544
11.2.7 The General Agreement on Trade in Services 553
11.2.8 The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights 553
11.3 Trade and the Environment (Trade Regimes as Tools to Promote Advances
in National and International Environmental Policies) 554
11.3.1 Trade as a Positive Force to Improve Environmental
Conditions 554
1 L3.2 NAFTA and Other U.S. Bilateral Trade Regimes 556
11.4 Trade, Employment, and Labor Standards 557
11.5 Notes 560
Detailed Table of Contents
11.6 References 561
Appendix IIA: Selected WTO Agreements 564
12 Financing Development 569
12.1 Introduction 569
Part A: Financing of Economic Development 573
12.2 Official Development Assistance and Private Capital 573
12.3 Analyzing Official Development Assistance 573
12.3.1 A Historical Overview of Development Aid 573
12.3.1.1 The World Bank Group 574
12.3.1.2 The International Monetary Fund 576
12.3.2 Analysis of the Crisis in Official Development Assistance 577
12.3.2.1 The Volatility of Development Aid 578
12.3.2.2 Some Promising Signs 579
12.3.3 A Critical Assessment of Development Aid 583
12.3.3.1 The Problem with Government Involvement 583
12.3.3.2 The Problem with Aid Fungibility 585
12.3.3.3 The Problem with Conditionality 587
12.3.3.4 Problems with Effective Coordination 591
12.3.3.5 The Problems with Capacity Building 592
12.3.4 Bilateral Financial Transfers: Ranking Developed Countries on
Their Foreign Policies 593
12.3.5 Export Credit Agencies 596
12.3.5.1 The Functioning of ECAs 597
12.3.5.2 Background on the Evolution of the OECD Common
Approaches 598
12.3.6 Private Multinational Banks and the Equator Principles 600
12.3.7 Sovereign Wealth Funds 600
12.4 Private Capital Flows 600
12.4.1 The Rise in Private Capital Flows 601
12.4.2 Drawbacks of Financial Globalization 602
12.4.2.1 Foreign Direct Investment 602
12.4.2.2 Bank Lending 603
12.4.2.3 Portfolio Flows 604
12.4.2.4 Will the Inflows Last? 605
12.4.2.5 The Cost of Volatility 606
12.4.2.6 A Bias of Flows against the Poor 608
12.4.2.7 Potential Hazards for Sustainable Development 612
12.4.3 Maximizing the Benefits of Financial Integration 613
12.4.3.1 Strategies for the Developing World 613
12.4.3.2 What Can the Industrialized World Do? 615
Part B: Financing for Environmental Protection 616
12.5 The lmportance of Enviromental Financing 616
12.6 The Emergence of Financing Structures for the Environment 616
12.6.1 A Historical Overview of Environmental Aid: The Road
to Rio 616
12.6.2 Criticism of Financing Structures for Environmental Aid:
TheFlawsofRio 617
12.6.2.1 Conflicting Interests between North and South 617
Detailed Table of Contents
12.6.2.2 The Dispute over Additionaltty 617
12.6.2.3 Neglecting the Tension between the Economy and
the Environment 619
12.6.2 4 Agenda 21: Lacktng a Mandate 620
12 7 Issues of Implementation in Financing Sustainable Development 620
12.7.1 Dilemmas and Solutions in Environmental Financing 620
12.7.2 Freemg Up Financial Resources for Sustainable
Development Activities 622
12.7.2.1 Donor Funding 623
12.7.2.2 Governments and Other In-Country Sources
of Finance 624
12.7.2.3 International Transfer Mechanisms 625
12.7.2.3.1 The Clean Development Mechanism 625
12.7.2.3.2 DebtSwaps 625
12.7.2.4 National Environmental Funds 626
12.7 2.5 Trust Funds 627
12.7.3 Making Better l se of Market Mechanisms to Promote
Sustainable Development 627
12.7.3.1 Introducing New Financial Mechanisms That
Internalize Environmental or Social Externalities 628
12.7.3.2 Adapting Existing Market Mechanisms to Promote
Sustainable Development 629
12.7.3.3 Removing Existing Financial Mechanisms That
Hamper Sustainable Development 629
Part C: Fmancmg Innovations (New Proposais) and Comaaeatary 63t
12.8 The SDR Proposal 631
12.9 An International Investment Agreement 632
12.10 The Global Environment Facility 634
12.10.1 The Establishment of the GEF 635
12.10.2 The GEFafter Rio 635
12.10.3 Recent Developments and Future Prospects 637
12.11 Binary Economics 638
12.11.1 The Theoretical Fundamentals of Binary Economics 639
12.11.1.1 Implications of Underutiiized Productive
Capacity 642
12.11.2 Implementing Binary Economics 643
12.11.3 Some Implications of Binary Economics 646
12.11.3.1 A New Explanation of the Persistence of Pervasive
Unutilized Productive Capacity and Suboptimal
Growth 646
12.11.3.2 A Means of Providing Greater Earning Capacity to
the Economically Disadvantaged (Poor and Working People)
without Redistribution 647
12.11.3.3 A Change in the Dynamics of Globalization and Free
Trade and the Arguments That Support the Varknis
Positions on These Subjects 647
12.11.3.4 A Novel but Perhaps Indeterminate Impact on
Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development 648
12.11.4 Commentary on the Prospects for Binary Economic« 651
Detailed Table of Contents
12.12 Microfinance 651
12.12.1 Microcredit 652
12.12.2 Microgrants 654
12.12.3 Savings and Insurance 655
12.13 Conclusion 655
12.14 Notes 655
12.15 References 656
Appendix 12-A: Acronyms 662
Appendix 12-B: Defining Aid 663
Appendix 12-C: The Millennium Development Goals and Targets 665
Part VI: Strategie Policy Design for Sustainable Transformations 667
13 Pathways to Sustainability: Co-optimizing Economic Development, the Environment,
and Employment 669
13.1 Introduction 669
13.2 Technological, Organizational, Institutional. and Social Innovation 677
13.2.1 Technological Innovation 678
13.2.2 Organizational Innovation 678
13.2.3 Institutional Innovation 678
13.2.4 Social Innovation 679
13.2.5 Commentary on Innovation 680
13.3 Governance Options to Achieve Sustainability 681
13.4 Alternative Postures of Government and Their Implications for Sustainable
Transformations 682
13.5 Requirements of Transformations for Greater Sustainability 684
13.6 Technology-Based Strategies to Improve Productiveness; Health, Safety, and
the Environment; and Employment 684
13.7 Policies and Approaches to Promote Sustainable Development 685
13.7.1 National Governance 685
13.7.1.1 Promoting More Sustainable Industrial Production and
Consumption 686
13.7.1.2 Improving Health, Safety, and the Environment 688
13.7.1.3 Enhancing Meaningful, Rewarding, and Safer
Employment and Adequate Earning Capacity 688
13.7.1.4 The lmportance of Integration in the National
Context 689
13.7.2 International Governance 692
13.7.2.1 Promoting More Sustainable Industrial Trade 692
13.7.2.2 Creating Incentives to Improve Health, Safety, and the
Environment 693
13.7.2.3 Creating Incentives for Labor and Human Rights 693
13.8 The New Economics and Concluding Commentary 693
13.8.1 The New Economics 693
13.8.2 Monopoly Commerce, Specialization, and Vulnerability 693
13.8.3 Concluding Commentary 694
13.9 Notes 698
13.10 References 698
Index 703
|
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| id | DE-604.BV041104019 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:39:42Z |
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| isbn | 0300169728 9780300169720 |
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| spelling | Ashford, Nicholas Askounes Verfasser (DE-588)171642708 aut Technology, globalization, and sustainable development transforming the industrial state ; [environment, economy, employment] Nicholas A. Ashford ; Ralph P. Hall New Haven [u.a.] Yale Univ. Press 2011 XXVIII, 720 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Industriepolitik (DE-588)4026860-3 gnd rswk-swf Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd rswk-swf Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd rswk-swf Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 s Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 s Industriepolitik (DE-588)4026860-3 s b DE-604 Hall, Ralph P. Verfasser (DE-588)1022956914 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026080354&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ashford, Nicholas Askounes Hall, Ralph P. Technology, globalization, and sustainable development transforming the industrial state ; [environment, economy, employment] Industriepolitik (DE-588)4026860-3 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026860-3 (DE-588)4326464-5 (DE-588)4557997-0 |
| title | Technology, globalization, and sustainable development transforming the industrial state ; [environment, economy, employment] |
| title_auth | Technology, globalization, and sustainable development transforming the industrial state ; [environment, economy, employment] |
| title_exact_search | Technology, globalization, and sustainable development transforming the industrial state ; [environment, economy, employment] |
| title_full | Technology, globalization, and sustainable development transforming the industrial state ; [environment, economy, employment] Nicholas A. Ashford ; Ralph P. Hall |
| title_fullStr | Technology, globalization, and sustainable development transforming the industrial state ; [environment, economy, employment] Nicholas A. Ashford ; Ralph P. Hall |
| title_full_unstemmed | Technology, globalization, and sustainable development transforming the industrial state ; [environment, economy, employment] Nicholas A. Ashford ; Ralph P. Hall |
| title_short | Technology, globalization, and sustainable development |
| title_sort | technology globalization and sustainable development transforming the industrial state environment economy employment |
| title_sub | transforming the industrial state ; [environment, economy, employment] |
| topic | Industriepolitik (DE-588)4026860-3 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Industriepolitik Nachhaltigkeit Globalisierung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026080354&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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