Industrial separation processes: fundamentals
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
De Gruyter
2013
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| Series: | De Gruyter graduate
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XII, 372 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783110306699 |
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Record in the Search Index
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Titel: Industrial Separation Processes
Autor: Haan, André B. de
Jahr: 2013
Contents
1 Characteristics of separation processes
1.1 Significance of separations.
1.2 Characteristics of separation processes. 4
1.2.1 Categorization. 4
1.2.2 Separating agents. 4
1.2.3 Separation factors. 6
1.3 Industrial separation methods. 7
1.3.1 Exploitable properties. 7
1.3.2 Important molecular separations. 9
1.4 Inherent selectivities . 11
1.4.1 Equilibrium based processes. 11
1.4.2 Rate controlled processes. 12
2 Evaporation and distillation
2.1 Separation by evaporation. 15
2.1.1 Introduction . 15
2.1.2 Vapor-liquid equilibria. 16
2.2 Separation by single-stage partial evaporation. 21
2.2.1 Differential distillation. 21
2.2.2 Flash distillation. 22
2.2.2.1 Specifying T and L/V. 24
2.2.2.2 Specifying T and p,ot. 25
2.3 Multistage distillation. 26
2.3.1 Distillation cascades. 26
2.3.2 Column distillation. 27
2.3.3 Feasible distillation conditions. 29
2.3.4 External column balances. 29
2.4 McCabe-Thiele analysis. 30
2.4.1 Internal balances. 30
2.4.1.1 Rectifying section. 31
2.4.1.2 Stripping section. 32
2.4.1.3 Feed stage considerations. 33
2.4.1.4 Feed line. 35
2.4.2 Required number of equilibrium stages. 36
2.4.2.1 Graphical determination of stages and location of feed stage. 36
2.4.2.2 Limiting conditions. 37
viii | Contents
2.4.2.3 Fenske and underwood equations. 40
2.4.2.4 Use of murphree efficiency. 42
2.4.3 Energy requirements. 43
2.5 Advanced distillation techniques. 44
2.5.1 Batch distillation. 44
2.5.2 Continuous separation of multiple product mixtures. 45
2.5.3 Separation of azeotropes. 46
3 Absorption and stripping
3.1 Introduction . 53
3.2 The aim of absorption. 55
3.3 General design approach. 56
3.4 Absorption and stripping equilibria. 57
3.4.1 Gaseous solute solubilities. 57
3.4.2 Minimum absorbent flow. 59
3.5
3.5.1
Absorber and stripper design. 60
Operating lines for absorption. 60
3.5.2 Stripping analysis. 54
3.5.3 Analytical kremser solution. 65
Industrial absorbers. 53
Packed columns. 59
Plate columns. 70
Spray and bubble columns.[]] 70
Comparison of absorption columns.]\ 71
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
4 General design of gas/liquid contactors
41 Introduction . 77
4.2 Modeling mass-transfer. 77
4.3 Plate columns.
4-3.1 Dimensioning a tray column . .[. BS
4.3.2 Height of a tray column . . "
4.3.3 Diameter of a tray column.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 91
4-4 Packed columns.
4.4.1 Random packing. 97
4.4.2 Structured packing. . . . 98
lli Dimensioning a packed column '.['. ,??
4.4.4 Height of a packed column. . . 9?
^•4.5 Minimum column diameter . 1U1
4.4.6 Pressure drop . 104
., ". . 106
*¦* Criteria for column selection
. 107
Contents | ix
5 Liquid-liquid extraction
5.1 Liquid-liquid extraction. Ill
5.1.1 Introduction . Ill
5.1.2 Liquid-liquid equilibria. 113
5.1.3 Solvent selection. 115
5.2 Extraction schemes. 117
5.2.1 Single equilibrium stage. 117
5.2.2 Cocurrent cascade. 118
5.2.3 Crosscurrent. 119
5.2.4 Countercurrent. 120
5.3 Design of countercurrent extractions. 121
5.3.1 Graphical McCabe-Thiele method for immiscible systems. 121
5.3.2 Analytical kremser method. 124
5.3.3 Graphical method for partial miscible systems. 124
5.3.4 Efficiency of an ideal non-equilibrium mixer. 129
5.4 Industrial liquid-liquid extractors. 130
5.4.1 Mixer-settlers. 130
5.4.2 Mechanically agitated columns. 131
5.4.3 Unagitated and pulsed columns. 132
5.4.4 Centrifugal extractors. 134
5.4.5 Selection of an extractor. 135
6 Adsorption and ion exchange
6.1 Introduction . 143
6.2 Adsorption fundamentals. 145
6.2.1 Industrial adsorbents. 145
6.2.2 Equilibria. 150
6.2.3 Kinetics. 154
6.3 Fixed-Bed adsorption. 156
6.3.1 Bed profiles and breakthrough curves. 156
6.3.2 Equilibrium theory model. 158
6.3.3 Modeling of mass transfer effects. 161
6.4 Basic adsorption cycles. 162
6.4.1 Temperature-swing. 164
6.4.2 Pressure-swing. 165
6.4.3 Inert and displacement purge cycles. 166
6.5 Principles of ion exchange. 167
6.5.1 Ion exchange resins. 167
6.5.2 Equilibria and selectivity. 169
6.6 Ion exchange processes. 170
7 Drying of solids
7.1 Introduction . 177
7.2 Humidity definitions of carrier gas. 178
7.2.1 Definitions. 178
x I Contents
7.2.2 System air-water: a special case. 180
7.2.3 Psychrometric charts. 182
7.3 Moisture in solids. 183
7.3.1 Bound and unbound water. 184
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.5.3
Drying mechanisms. 188
Constant drying rate. 189
Falling drying rate. 190
Estimation of drying time. 190
Classification of drying operations. 192
Direct-Heat dryers. 194
Contact dryers. 199
Other drying methods. 201
8 Crystallization and precipitation
8.1 Introduction . 207
8.2 Crystal characteristics. 209
8.2.1 Morphology. 210
8.2.2 Crystal size distribution . 211
8.3 Crystallization operating modes from solutions. 212
8.3.1 Operating modes. 212
8.3.2 Cooling crystallizers . 214
8.3.3 Evaporating and vacuum crystallizers. 215
8.3.4 Continuous crystallizers . 217
8.3.5 Basic yield calculations. 219
8.4 Crystallizer modeling and design. 221
8.4.1 Supersaturation and metastability. 221
8.4.2 Nucleation. 223
8.4.3 Crystal growth. 226
8.4.4 Population balance equations for the MSMPR crystallizer. 229
8.5 Other crystallization techniques. 232
8.5.1 Precipitation. 232
Melt crystallization. 233
8.5.2
9 Sedimentation and settling
9.1 Introduction.
QT " . . 241
»¦* Gravity sedimentation. .
H\ Sedimentation mechanisms!. 242
y.2.2 Dilute sedimentation . 242
j^-3 Hindered settling . 245
™ assasEs*?^;^*)¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦%
9-3 Centrifugal sedimentation . . 25°
"•3-1 Pamcle velocity in a centrifugal field" '.'.'//.W. 251
Contents | xi
9.3.2 Sedimenting centrifuges. 252
9.3.3 Bowl centrifuge separation capability. 254
9.3.4 The sigma concept . 256
9.3.5 Capacity of disc centrifuges. 258
9.3.6 Hydrocyclones. 259
9.4 Electrostatic precipitation. 263
9.4.1 Principles. 263
9.4.2 Equipment and collecting efficiency. 265
10 Filtration
10.1 The filtration processfiltration process. 271
10.2 Filtration fundamentals. 274
10.2.1 Flow through packed beds. 274
10.2.2 Cake filtration. 275
10.2.3 Constant pressure and constant rate filtration. 277
10.2.4 Compressible cakes. 278
10.3 Filtration equipment. 279
10.3.1 Continuous large-scale vacuum filters. 279
10.3.2 Batch vacuum filters. 283
10.3.3 Pressure filters. 284
10.4 Filter media. 286
10.5 Centrifugal filtration. 287
10.5.1 Centrifugal filters. 287
10.5.2 Filtration rates in centrifuges . 289
10.6 Interceptive filtration. 292
10.6.1 Deep bed filtration. 292
10.6.2 Impingement filtration of gases. 293
10.6.3 Interception mechanisms. 295
10.6.4 Lamellar plate separators. 297
11 Membrane filtration
11.1 Introduction. 301
11.2 Membrane selection. 302
11.3 Membrane filtration processes. 304
11.4 Flux equations and selectivity. 307
11.4.1 Flux definitions. 307
11.4.2 Permeability for diffusion in porous membranes. 309
11.4.3 Permeability for solution-diffusion in dense membranes. 310
11.4.4. Selectivity and retention. 312
11.5 Concentration polarization. 313
Contents
11.6 Membrane modules. 316
11.6.1 Design procedure. 320
11.6.2 Solution. 32°
11.7 Concluding remarks. 321
12 Separation method selection
12.1 Introduction . 325
12.1.1 Industrial separation processes. 325
12.1.2 Factors influencing the choice of a separation process. 327
12.1.2.1 Economics. 327
12.1.2.2 Feasibility. 328
12.1.2.3 Product stability. 329
12.1.2.4 Design reliability. 329
12.2 Selection of feasible separation processes. 330
12.2.1 Classes of processes. 330
12.2.2 Initial screening. 330
12.2.3 Separation factor. 332
12.3 Separation of homogeneous liquid mixtures. 333
12.3.1 Strengths of distillation. 333
12.3.2 Limitations of distillation. 335
12.3.3 Low relative volatilities. 337
12.3.4 Overlapping boiling points. 340
12.3.5 Low concentrations. 341
12.3.6 Dissolved solids. 342
12.4 Separaton systems for gas mixtures. 343
12.4.1 General selection considerations. 343
12.4.2 Comparison of gas separation. 344
12.4.2.1 Absorption. 344
12.4.2.2 Adsorption. 345
12.4.2.3 Membrane separation. 346
12.5 Separation methods for solid-liquid mixtures. 346
Appendix
Answers to exercises. 35 j
References and further reading . . . 359
to^".'¦'¦'¦'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 363 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| spelling | Haan, André B. de 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)1036241904 aut Industrial separation processes fundamentals André B. de Haan ; Hans Bosch Berlin [u.a.] De Gruyter 2013 XII, 372 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier De Gruyter graduate Trennverfahren (DE-588)4078395-9 gnd rswk-swf Trennverfahren (DE-588)4078395-9 s DE-604 Bosch, Hans Verfasser aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-11-030672-9 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4183273&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026065446&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078395-9 |
| title | Industrial separation processes fundamentals |
| title_auth | Industrial separation processes fundamentals |
| title_exact_search | Industrial separation processes fundamentals |
| title_full | Industrial separation processes fundamentals André B. de Haan ; Hans Bosch |
| title_fullStr | Industrial separation processes fundamentals André B. de Haan ; Hans Bosch |
| title_full_unstemmed | Industrial separation processes fundamentals André B. de Haan ; Hans Bosch |
| title_short | Industrial separation processes |
| title_sort | industrial separation processes fundamentals |
| title_sub | fundamentals |
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| topic_facet | Trennverfahren |
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