Problem ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej pod panowaniem rosyjskim:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Łódź
Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
2012
|
| Series: | Monografie Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
9 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The protection of archaeological objects of national heritage on the former area of Rzeczpospolita under the Russian rule. - Nazwa wydawcy w cop Bibliogr. s. 243-287 |
| Physical Description: | 287 s. 30 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788393358694 |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Instytut Archeologii
Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Adrianna Szczerba
Problem ochrony
zabytków archeologicznych
ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej
pod panowaniem rosyjskim
W JM,
Łódź 2012
Spis treści
WSTĘP
Cel, zakres i metoda pracy 7
Zagadnienia ogólne - terminologia 15
ROZDZIAŁ I 19
GENEZA OCHORNY ZABYTKÓW ARCHEOLOGICZYCH W XIX WIEKU 19
ZIEMIE POLSKIE NA TLE EUROPEJSKIM
1 Rozwój idei ochrony zabytków w Europie 19
2 Państwowa ochrona zabytków w Europie w XIX wieku 30
ROZDZIAŁ II 41
OCHRONA ZABYTKÓW ARCHEOLOGICZNYCH W ROSJI DO 1918 R 41
ARCHEOLOGICZNYCH W ROSJI DO 1918 R LEGISLACJA I STRUKTURY
ADMINISTRACYJNE
1 Ochrona zabytków archeologicznych do lat 20 XIX w Pierwsze rozporzą 41
dzenia i instytucje
2 Ochrona zabytków archeologicznych w Rosji w okresie od czasów panowa- 47
nia cara Mikołaja I do 1918 r Rozwój ustawodawstwa rosyjskiego i struktur
administracyjnych
3 Starania o ustawę konserwatorską w XIX i na przełomie XIX i XX wieku 68
ROZDZIAŁ III 77
GENEZA OCHRONY ZABYTKÓW ARCHEOLOGICZNYCH NA ZIEMIACH 77
POLSKICH
1 „Przedwiośnie opieki nad starożytnościami 77
2 Zmiana postaw wobec zabytków archeologicznych po III rozbiorze ziem 85
polskich Puławy
ROZDZIAŁ IV 91
OCHRONA ZABYTKÓW NA ZIEMIACH POLSKICH POD PANOWANIEM 91
ROSYJSKIM WI POŁOWIE XIX WIEKU
1 Pod egidą Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk w Warszawie 91
2 Od powstania listopadowego do połowy XIX wieku 98
3 Pierwsze państwowe działania na rzecz ochrony zabytków 100
6 Problem ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej
ROZDZIAŁ V 105
OCHRONA ZABYTKÓW ARCHEOLOGICZNYCH W KRÓLESTWIE POLSKIM 105
OD POŁOWY XIX WIEKU
1 Prawno - administracyjne działania na rzecz ochrony zabytków 105
archeologicznych w II połowie XIX wieku i na początku XX wieku
2 Społeczna opieka nad zabytkami archeologicznymi w Królestwie 119
Polskim II połowie XIX wieku
2 1 Warunki rozwoju archeologii w Królestwie Polskim 119
2 2 Inwentaryzacja zabytków, mapy archeologiczne, wystawy 125
starożytności
2 3 Instytucje kulturalne w II połowy XIX w a ochrona zabytków 134
archeologicznych
2 4 Ochrona zabytków archeologicznych po 1905 r 140
2 5 Starania o muzeum archeologiczne , 153
2 6 Na prowincji 160
ROZDZIAŁ VI 163
OCHRONA ZABYTKÓW ARCHEOLOGICZNYCH NA „ZIEMIACH ZABRA- 163
NYCH W XIX WIEKU I NA POCZĄTKU XX WIEKU
1 Ochrona zabytków na ziemiach litewskich i białoruskich w XIX i na 163
przełomie XIX i XX wieku - działania państwowe i inicjatywy społeczne
1 1 Ochrona zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach litewskich 163
i białoruskich w XIX w Działalność Wileńskiej Komisji Archeologi
cznej i Muzeum Starożytności
1 2 Sytuacja polskiej archeologii na ziemiach litewskich i białoruskich 185
po 1905 r
2 Ochrona zabytków archeologicznych na Ukrainie Prawobrzeżnej w XIX 203
i na przełomie XIX i XX wieku - działania państwowe i inicjatywy
społeczne
ZAKOŃCZENIE 219
THE PROTECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS OF NATIONAL 237
HERITAGE ON THE FORMER AREA OF RZECZPOSPOLITA UNDER
THE RUSSIAN RULE
BIBLIOGRAFIA 243
Źródła archiwalne 243
Źródła publikowane 244
Źródła rosyjskie, ukraińskie i białoruskie 281
The protection of archaeological objects
of national heritage
on the former area of
Rzeczpospolita
under the Russian rule
The issue of protection of archaeological objects of national heritage on the
former area of
Rzeczpospolita
under the Russian rule has not been a subject of de¬
tailed research studies yet. The present study is an attempt to fill this gap, especially
in the light of the fact that the Austrian and Prussian partitions have already been descri¬
bed in this respect. Moreover, knowledge of this issue is important due to the fact that
after
1918
Polish archaeologists used their experience in the area of conservation gained
in the period of Partitions. Thanks to a social campaign and preparation of specialized
human resources, it was possible to organize the state-governed conservation of histori¬
cal monuments almost immediately after the independence was regained, and the State
Group of Conservation Officers for Pre-Historic Objects
(Państwowe Grono Konserwa¬
torów Zabytków Przedhistorycznych,
1918-1928)
played a crucial role here.
The present study is going to focus on the period between The First Partition
of Poland and regaining independence by Poland, although while researching the genesis
of historical monument conservation in Poland, I had to reach outside this time frame¬
work. Nevertheless, it is the nineteenth century that is a key period for my considerations
in the present study, as it was a special time in the history of monument conservation,
because care for maintaining the objects of the past became an academic discipline then.
Almost all European states engaged in an effort to elaborate a system of historical monu¬
ment conservation, namely establishing legal norms and organizational structures.
Moreover, ethnic and nationalist movements of the nineteenth century played
an important role here, as thanks to them the sense of belonging to the nation gradually
grew, and it was linked with the process of developing the sense of identity with the roots
of a given community and recognizing certain stages of history as own history. It was
an important way of forming a patriotic attitude. Historical monuments became parti¬
cularly important at that time, as they were regarded as material testimony of the past,
Problem
ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej
very symbolic and with a strong influence on the society. They were protected not be¬
cause of their artistic value or beauty, but because they were part of national heritage.
There was a close relation between the development of domestic archaeology and making
the society aware of the value of ancient objects and the need to protect them for fu¬
ture generations. Respect for historical monuments was no longer a reflection of interest
in Greek and Roman art, but also an expression of interest in own roots
-
this movement
occurred in many European countries, including Poland.
During The Partitions, due to the loss of independence, interest in archaeological
artefacts gained patriotic sense in Poland. Ancient relics reminded the times of freedom,
and history was the pride of the nation. Reoccurring threats to Polish national culture
evoked significant civic sensitivity to the issues of protecting national heritage. Conser¬
vation activity focused on three basic tasks: in-field cataloguing of objects of national
heritage, which was related to the need to create archaeological maps of each guberniya,
gathering museum collections, and direct in-field care over protected historical monu¬
ments. These were the first stages of protection of national heritage in Poland.
As far as the territory is concerned, the present study focuses on the area of the for¬
mer Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which as a result of The Partitions and political
decisions taken during the Congress of Vienna in
1815
got under the Russian rule
—
Lit¬
huanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian land, and the Kingdom of Poland.
Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the book was divided into six chap¬
ters to present the subject.
In the first chapter, I tried to answer the question of how sensitivity to monuments
of the past was born in Europe and what was their place in the thinking of the past. I also
presented the beginnings of the state efforts to protect relics and the accompanying legal
norms in selected European countries in the nineteenth and early twentieth century.
In the second chapter, I described the legal norms and organizational structures
for the protection of antiquities in the Russian Empire until
1918.
The Russian system
of the protection of historical monuments had many flaws. There was no separate
conservation services. Their tasks were imposed on existing bureaucratic apparatus
what had its consequences for the protection of historical monuments. There was no
reliable catalogue of objects of Russian heritage, despite clear efforts. Sanctions for the
destruction of antiquities or disobeying existing conservation laws also lacked. All these
shortcomings influenced the level of protection of historical monuments in the Russian
Empire, and thus also in the territories annexed by Russia.
The protection of archaeological objects....
239
In the third chapter, I discussed the genesis of protection of objects of national
heritage in the lands of the former
Rzeczpospolita.
The origins of the conscious
protection of historical monuments I have seen in the initiatives undertaken during the
reign of King
Stanislaw
August Poniatowski and the collectors movement, which were
intensively developing after the loss of independence. The Third Partition brought not
only psychological, but also institutional and cultural changes in the lifestyle of Poles,
which had an impact on the attitude of the educated class of society for souvenirs of the
past. Patriotism and the need to defend the state of possession against invaders forced
the efforts to protect historical monuments.
Chapter fourth, on the protection of antiquities on Polish territory in the first half
of the nineteenth century, I divided into three parts. The first section refers to the activity
of Society of Friends of Sciences in Warsaw in the field of preservation of historical
monuments and initiatives of other scientific and cultural organizations, which were
created from the inspiration of members of the Warsaw society. In the next section I
presented the conditions of development of archeology in the Kingdom of Poland from
the Congress of Vienna to the November uprising, in this context, an important issue
was the persecution of Polish culture. The subject of the third section is the first state
initiatives to protect historical monuments.
Chapter fifth, on the Kingdom of Poland in the second half of the nineteenth
and early twentieth century, due to spaciousness problems and greater availability
of resources, I divided into two parts. In the first, I discussed the legal and administrative
activities for the benefit of antiquities, while in the second part
-
the issue of the social
protection of them.
In the sixth chapter, I presented the issue of protection of monuments of the past
in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, on the so-called Taken Lands
(Ziemie Za¬
brane),
Lithuanian and Belarusian territories and Right-Bank Ukraine.
In the difficult time of Russian rule, the nineteenth century was a period of society-
based care over objects of national heritage, as even in the moment of relative liberalism,
Russian authorities would take measures aiming at reducing Polish influence on the
social and cultural life.
Russian policy regarding conquered nations was influenced by various internal and
external circumstances: a geopolitical situation of Russia, social and political atmosphere
in the country and the attached areas, and the views of the authorities. At first, Russians
did not pay much attention to the issue of nationality
-
the subjects were demanded to be
loyal to the Tsar and perform their duties. As long as these requirements were satisfied,
the situation in Lithuania, Ukraine and Kingdom of Poland was tolerated.
240 Problem
ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej
The
direction
of Russian policy changed in the 1830s, under the influence of the
national liberation movement, and its ideology was now mainly created by count Sergey
Uvarov, the Minister of Public Education. He suggested founding the Russian state on
the triad of Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationality . National tradition became very
important then, and as historical monuments were its part, Nicholas I gave a series of
decrees regarding their protection in order to demonstrate his love for the fatherland.
Under his reign, ancient heritage was also used for political purposes, and archaeology
was seen as right-minded discipline of science which supports the autocratic political
system of Russia , and its task was to justify Russia s claim to the conquered areas, par¬
ticularly Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian ones.
Politicized archaeology was not new to Poles either. When Russians were attemp¬
ting to prove the ancient Russian character of the western guberniyas of the empire,
Poles would emphasise old Polish traditions. It is especially evident on the area of the
Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where both Polish and Russian scientific institutions, apart
from their scientific aims, specified in their statutes, also had hidden non-scientific go¬
als. Polish associations protected relics after famous ancestors and consolidated memory
about the common Polish and Lithuanian state, whereas Russian ones were to prove that
the north-western part (Lithuanian and Belarusian land) had always been Russian and
Orthodox, and Polish rule had been enforced.
The situation in the Kingdom of Poland was different. Here, there was no way to
implement the theory about the land that had always belonged to the Russian Empire .
Russification
procedure instituted against Poles, the nation with ages-old traditions and
well-developed culture, was also unsuccessful. Thus, Russian authorities made various
attempts aimed at limiting Polish influence on political and cultural life, by rejecting
Polish applications to open scientific and academic institutions. In the reality of The Par¬
titions, historical study of the nation s past, collecting documents and memorabilia, and
archaeological research seemed the only legal way to protect national identity for Poles.
In Russia, apart from administrative and legal measures, conservation of historic
monuments was also carried out as part of activity of scientific societies. The situation
was the same in the area of former Polish land under Russian rule.
The academic life of Lithuanian and Belarusian land concentrated in Vilnius.
It should be emphasized that the Polish-speaking community of the nineteenth-century
Vilnius aimed to organize structured forms of research and conservation of archaeological
objects of national heritage by forming a circle of scholars . In
1856,
Eustachy
Tyszkiewicz
and
Konstanty
Tyszkiewicz managed to form such an organisation
—
they took advantage
of the opportunity which opened in the period of lenient policy of Russians (after The
The protection of archaeological objects
.... 241
Crimean War), and they established temporary Archeological Committee and Museum of
Antiquity of Vilnius
(Wileńska Komisja Archeologiczna i Muzeum Starożytności),
which
in fact was a scientific society with a wide range of interest, and at the same time it was
the only society of this kind which was allowed to operate in Lithuania. In
1898-1906,
secret Society of Enthusiasts of Antiquity and Ethnic Studies
(Towarzystwo Miłośników
Starożytności
і
Ludoznawstwa) operated in
Vünius,
and its major goal was to protect
local historic sites. After
1905,
five societies were established in Vilnius: Science and
Art Museum Society
(Towarzystwo Muzeum Nauki i Sztuki,
which in
1914
was joined
with the Society of Friends of Science), Society of Friends of Science
(Towarzystwo
Przyjaciół Nauk),
Lithuanian Scientific Society
(Litewskie Towarzystwo Naukowe),
and The
Sigismund
II Augustus Society of Friends of Old Vilnius
(Towarzystwo
Miłośników Starego Wilna im. Króla Zygmunta Augusta).
Poles living in Kiev, Right-Bank Ukraine, did not have as strong personality
as
Eustachy Tyszkiewicz
of Vilnius among them, who would unite the local enthusiasts
of antiquity. A difficult Polish-Ukrainian relationship was an additional hindrance.
However, many Poles devotedly gathered relics of the past.
In the Kingdom of Poland, when due to political circumstances there were no Polish
scientific institutions, it was the activity of individuals, often truly passionate about the
far past of their fatherland, that played the greatest role in protection of national heritage.
Only after the law on societies was proclaimed in
1906,
the Kingdom of Poland gained
scientific institutions which had their part in saving numerous historical monuments
and popularizing them among the society.
|
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| author | Szczerba, Adrianna |
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| bvnumber | BV041083245 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)880010684 (DE-599)BVBBV041083245 |
| era | Geschichte 1772-1918 gnd |
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| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kresy Wschodnie / zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / 19 w jhpk Kresy Wschodnie / zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / 1900-1945 jhpk Polnische Ostgebiete (DE-588)4238028-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kresy Wschodnie / zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / 19 w Kresy Wschodnie / zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / 1900-1945 Polnische Ostgebiete |
| id | DE-604.BV041083245 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:39:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788393358694 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026059987 |
| oclc_num | 880010684 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 287 s. 30 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Monografie Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| series2 | Monografie Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| spelling | Szczerba, Adrianna Verfasser (DE-588)1032362111 aut Problem ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej pod panowaniem rosyjskim Adrianna Szczerba ; Instytut Acheologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego Łódź Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego 2012 287 s. 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego 9 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The protection of archaeological objects of national heritage on the former area of Rzeczpospolita under the Russian rule. - Nazwa wydawcy w cop Bibliogr. s. 243-287 Geschichte 1772-1918 gnd rswk-swf Zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / Kresy Wschodnie / 1900-1945 jhpk Zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / Kresy Wschodnie / 19 w jhpk Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd rswk-swf Kulturgüterschutz (DE-588)4165975-2 gnd rswk-swf Kulturgut (DE-588)4139819-1 gnd rswk-swf Kresy Wschodnie / zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / 19 w jhpk Kresy Wschodnie / zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / 1900-1945 jhpk Polnische Ostgebiete (DE-588)4238028-5 gnd rswk-swf Polnische Ostgebiete (DE-588)4238028-5 g Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 s Kulturgut (DE-588)4139819-1 s Kulturgüterschutz (DE-588)4165975-2 s Geschichte 1772-1918 z DE-604 Monografie Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego 9 (DE-604)BV021831886 9 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026059987&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026059987&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Szczerba, Adrianna Problem ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej pod panowaniem rosyjskim Monografie Instytutu Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego Zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / Kresy Wschodnie / 1900-1945 jhpk Zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / Kresy Wschodnie / 19 w jhpk Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd Kulturgüterschutz (DE-588)4165975-2 gnd Kulturgut (DE-588)4139819-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033560-4 (DE-588)4165975-2 (DE-588)4139819-1 (DE-588)4238028-5 |
| title | Problem ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej pod panowaniem rosyjskim |
| title_auth | Problem ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej pod panowaniem rosyjskim |
| title_exact_search | Problem ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej pod panowaniem rosyjskim |
| title_full | Problem ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej pod panowaniem rosyjskim Adrianna Szczerba ; Instytut Acheologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| title_fullStr | Problem ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej pod panowaniem rosyjskim Adrianna Szczerba ; Instytut Acheologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| title_full_unstemmed | Problem ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej pod panowaniem rosyjskim Adrianna Szczerba ; Instytut Acheologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| title_short | Problem ochrony zabytków archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej pod panowaniem rosyjskim |
| title_sort | problem ochrony zabytkow archeologicznych na ziemiach dawnej rzeczypospolitej pod panowaniem rosyjskim |
| topic | Zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / Kresy Wschodnie / 1900-1945 jhpk Zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / Kresy Wschodnie / 19 w jhpk Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd Kulturgüterschutz (DE-588)4165975-2 gnd Kulturgut (DE-588)4139819-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / Kresy Wschodnie / 1900-1945 Zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / Kresy Wschodnie / 19 w Kulturerbe Kulturgüterschutz Kulturgut Kresy Wschodnie / zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / 19 w Kresy Wschodnie / zabytki / konserwacja i restauracja / 1900-1945 Polnische Ostgebiete |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026059987&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026059987&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV021831886 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT szczerbaadrianna problemochronyzabytkowarcheologicznychnaziemiachdawnejrzeczypospolitejpodpanowaniemrosyjskim |