Architecture, regional identity and power in the Iron Age Landscapes of Mid Wales: the hillforts of North Ceredigion
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford
Archaeopress
2013
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| Schriftenreihe: | BAR / British series
583 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XI, 181 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781407311234 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Architecture, regional identity and power in the Iron Age Landscapes of Mid Wales
Autor: Driver, Toby
Jahr: 2013
CONTENTS
Preface..........................................................................................................................................................
Summary (English)....................................................................................................................................... iii
Crynodeb (Summary - Welsh).................................................................................................................... iv
Contents......................................................................................................................................................... vi
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................................ xi
CHAPTER 1. Introduction: Celts, research frameworks and the
development of hillfort studies in Britain
1.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1
1.2 A NEW IRON AGE: REBELLION AND REINVENTION.....................................................................1
1.3 DEVELOPING IRON AGE STUDIES IN BRITAIN..............................................................................2
1.3.1 Moving towards a national agenda............................................................................................3
1.4 SUB-RECTANGULAR? POLYGONAL? OVAL? UNIVALLATE?
OUTMODED APPROACHES TO IRON AGE SETTLEMENT STUDIES.................................................4
1.5 INTERPRETING IRON AGE COMMUNITIES: SOME CHANGING MODELS.................................5
1.6 A FRESH START FOR MID-WALES .......................................................................................... 8
1.7 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS: THE HILLFORT AS ARTEFACT .....................................................8
CHAPTER 2. The landscape background and history of research and enquiry
2.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................11
2.1.1 A note on chronology.................................................................................... 11
2.2 LANDSCAPE, CLIMATE AND AGRICULTURE.................................................................................11
2.2.1 The boundaries of the study area...............................................................................................11
2.2.2 Geology..................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.3 Topography............................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.4 The major rivers and their characteristics................................................................................. 14
2.2.5 Climate..................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.6 Agricultural potential................................................................................................................ 16
2.2.6.1 Soils........................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.6.2 Palaeo-environmental evidence.................................................................................17
2.2.6.3 Bronze Age evidence................................................................................................. 17
2.2.6.4 Iron Age evidence......................................................................................................18
2.2.6.5 Historic and present-day agricultural regimes......................................................... 19
2.3 ASSESSING THE SETTLEMENT PATTERN: ANTIQUARIAN AND
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH.............................................................................................................. 19
2.3.1 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 19
2.3.2 Early regional surveys of the Cardiganshire prehistoric earthworks............................ 20
2.3.3 Developments from the Second World War to the present day............................................... 20
2.3.4 Assessing the settlement pattern: recovering lost or destroyed sites using
aerial photography..............................................................................................................................22
2.3.4.1 The contribution ofcropmark evidence to the settlement pattern............................22
2.3.4.2 Levels of evidence recorded from the air........................................................24
2.3.4.3 The contribution ofcropmarks to an understanding of the Iron Age
settlement pattern..................................................................................................................25
2.4 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................. 27
CHAPTER 3. Settlements in the landscape: Chronology, topography and the Iron Age communities
3.1 ESTABLISHING CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR CEREDIGION................................... 29
3.1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................29
3.1.2 Early forts in Wales and the borders: Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age transition:
c.800-550calBC............................................................................................................................... 30
3.1.3 Potential hillforts of the later Bronze/Early Iron Ages in north Ceredigion............................. 33
3.1.3.1 Early forts in north Ceredigion: Rampart morphology and chronology................ 33
3.1.4 The middle to later Iron Age in Ceredigion, c.400 cal BC - AD 70 ................................... 35
3.1.4.1 Settlement expansion................................................................................................ 35
3.1.4.2 Later Rampart morphology..................................................................................... 36
3.1.4.3 Enlarged and developed hillforts............................................................................. 37
3.1.4.4 Settled landscapes of small enclosures in north Ceredigion................................. 38
3.1.5 Evidence from the Roman conquest......................................................................................... 39
3.1.5.1 Scapula s campaigns AD 47-51 ............................................................................. 39
3.1.5.2 The population of Ceredigion at the time of Frontinus campaigns........................ 40
3.2 THE SETTLEMENT PATTERN..............................................................................................................40
3.2.1 Introduction: considering settlement patterns...........................................................................40
3.2.2 Iron Age Wales and the borderlands: a regional overview.......................................................41
3.2.2.1 The Roman record of the Welsh tribes......................................................................41
3.2.2.2 Regional variations in Welsh Iron Age settlement archaeology: an overview......... 42
3.2.3 Iron Age settlement in north Ceredigion: a review of the evidence......................................... 43
3.2.3.1 The agricultural economy......................................................................................... 43
3.2.3.1.1 Livestock and field systems....................................................................... 44
3.2.3.1.2 Transhumance...........................................................................................44
3.2.3.1.3 Redistribution and hillfort interiors...........................................................45
3.2.3.1.4 Cattle and Iron Age status.........................................................................45
3.2.4 Settlement patterns in north Ceredigion: the west coast...........................................................46
3.2.5 Settlement patterns in north Ceredigion: the lowlands..............................................................47
3.2.5.1 Lowland settlement: the Trawsgoed basin and Ystwyth valley environs.................. 49
3.2.5.2 The Llanfihangely Creuddyn lowland basin.............................................................50
3.2.5.3 The lowland basins north of the Rheidol .................................................................51
3.2.5.3.1 The Melindwr basin...................................................................................51
3.2.5.3.2 The Leri basin small enclosure group..................................................... 52
3.2.5.4 The Cwm Gwyddyl group..........................................................................................52
3.2.6 Settlement patterns in north Ceredigion: plateau areas.............................................................53
3.2.7 Evidence for stock management and corralling in the Bow Street basin,
and comparisons in other parts of the study area ..............................................................................53
3.2.7.1 Ancillary enclosures at north Ceredigion hillforts potentially representing
pastoral enclosures................................................................................................................57
3.3 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................57
CHAPTER 4. Movement, trade and cultural contact: Iron Age links across central Wales
4.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................59
4.2 SHIFTING OUR PERCEPTIONS FROM SEA TO OVERLAND........................................................ 59
4.3 REASSESSING THE VERACITY OF THE DYFED MODEL FOR LATER
PREHISTORIC STUDIES IN WEST WALES...............................................................................................60
4.4 NORTH CEREDIGION: REQUIRED OVERLAND TRADE CONTACTS IN THE WELSH
BORDERLANDS AND CHESHIRE PLAIN................................................................................................ 62
4.4.1 Traded salt............................................................................................................................... 62
4.4.2 The ceramic trade from the Malvern Hills ............................................................................. 64
4.5 STRATEGIES FOR EAST-WEST MOVEMENT ACROSS THE
CAMBRIAN MOUNTAIN RANGE.............................................................................................................65
4.5.1 Rivers and valleys for overland movement..............................................................................65
4.5.2 Lines of communication across the Plynlimon massif..............................................................66
4.6 MOVEMENT BETWEEN THE WYE/ELAN VALLEYS AND THE
YSTWYTH/TEIFI VALLEYS........................................................................................................................67
4.7 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................68
CHAPTER 5. Bridges, bastions and bravado: A new field archaeology of the north Ceredigion hillfort
gateways
5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 69
5.2 GATEWAYS AND ENTRANCE WORKS .......................................................................................... 69
5.2.1 Gateways with passages and crossing bridges..........................................................................70
5.2.2 Freestanding bastions and elaborate gateway elements...........................................................74
5.2.2.1 Castell Grogwynion: an example of a rediscovered complex gateway.................... 74
5.2.2.2 Pen Dinas, Elerch......................................................................................................76
5.2.2.3 Cnwcy Bugail............................................................................................................77
5.2.2.4 Notes on other elaborate gateway elements..............................................................77
5.2.3 Annexes and public areas ....................................................................................................... 77
5.2.3.1 Space for corralling and livestock management ................................................... 78
5.2.3.2 Public space for gatherings and control of human access.......................................80
5.3 STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY AT SMALLER HILLFORTS............................................................ 81
5.4 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................. 82
CHAPTER 6. Impressing the neighbours: Structure, display and the spread of regional architectural
traditions
6.1 INTRODUCTION: RETHINKING THE ROLE AND PURPOSE OF HILLFORT DEFENCES..........83
6.1.2 New approaches to complexity..................................................................................................84
6.2 ARCHITECTURAL COMPLEXITY IN FACADE CONSTRUCTION................................................84
6.2.1 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 84
6.2.2 Structured internal building techniques and facade display..................................................... 85
6.2.3 Revetment walling as a method for display............................................................................. 87
6.2.3.1 Stone walling and the uses of revetment for display................................................. 87
6.2.3.2 Quartz walling ....................................................................................................... 88
6.2.4 Hillfort appearance and physical alteration............................................................................. 91
6.2.4.1 Levelling against the horizon....................................................................................91
6.2.4.2 Topographic incorporation.......................................................................................91
6.2.4.3 Conspicuous construction and false multivallation.................................................. 92
6.3. FACADE SCHEMES IN HILLFORT CONSTRUCTION....................................................................94
6.3.1 The Pen Dinas facade scheme at the south fort, Pen Dinas, Aberystwyth............................... 94
6.3.2 The Pen Dinas facade scheme at Gaer Fawr, Lledrod............................................................. 96
6.3.3 Parallels: the Pen Dinas facade scheme in north Ceredigion....................................................98
6.3.4 Parallels outside the region....................................................................................................... 100
6.3.5 Case study: elements of the Pen Dinas facade scheme employed at
Castell Grogwynion............................................................................................................................ 101
6.3.5.1. Castell Grogwynion.................................................................................................102
6.3.6 Divergence: the Darren facade scheme ..............................................................................102
6.3.7 The Cors Caron facade scheme ...........................................................................................103
6.3.8 Hybrid designs and the intermingling of architectural traditions ...................................... 105
6.3.9 Hillforts which cannot be readily grouped and concentric hillforts ....................................106
6.4 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................107
CHAPTER 7 . Hillforts and human movement: Approaching, entering, experiencing and passing the
hillforts in the landscape
7.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 109
7.2 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS REGARDING THE LANDSCAPE SETTINGS OF
NORTH CEREDIGION HILLFORTS............................................................................................................109
7.3 PRIME LOCATIONS: OWNERSHIP AND COMMAND OF PROMINENT LOCATIONS
IN THE IRON AGE LANDSCAPE............................................................................................................... 110
7.3.1 Definition.................................................................................................................................. 110
7.3.2 Pen Dinas, Aberystwyth. A hillfort in a prime location............................................................ 111
7.4 HILLFORT FACADES AND THEIR RELATION TO TRACKWAYS, PASSES AND
OVERLAND ROUTES..................................................................................................................................113
7.4.1 Hillfort facades at Ponterwyd Junction ...................................................................................113
7.4.2 Hillfort facades bordering Cors Caron...................................................................................... 115
7.4.3 Castell Rhyfel and its relationship to overland mountain passes.............................................. 116
7.5 APPROACHING SIX KEY HILLFORTS: MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE
IN THE LANDSCAPE ................................................................................................................................ 118
7.5.1 Approaching six key hillforts.................................................................................................. 118
7.5.2 Movement from lowland to upland: Caer Lletty Llwyd and Pen Dinas, Elerch...................... 118
7.5.2.1 Summary................................................................................................................... 118
7.5.2.2 The two hillforts....................................................................................................... 118
7.5.3 The long approach to Darren.................................................................................................... 120
7.5.3.1 Summary................................................................................................................... 120
7.5.3.2 The approaches ....................................................................................................... 120
7.5.4 Castell Flemish: facing out from Cors Caron.......................................................................... 122
7.5.4.1 Summary................................................................................................................... 122
7.5.4.2 The defences.............................................................................................................. 122
7.5.5 Incorporating topography: the approach to Castell Grogwynion ................................... 123
7.5.5.1 Summary................................................................................................................... 123
7.5.5.2 Description of the western outcrop........................................................................... 124
7.5.5.3 The monumental role of the western outcrop............................................................ 124
7.5.6 Cnwc y Bugail, Trawsgoed: a small fort with a major gateway annexe....................................126
7.5.6.1 Summary....................................................................................................................126
7.5.6.2 Monumentally at the hillfort.....................................................................................126
7.5.6.3 The dynamics of the entrance approach....................................................................127
7.6 SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................ 128
CHAPTER 8. Discussion and conclusions: Towards a new Iron Age for mid and west Wales
8.1 DEVELOPING A NARRATIVE FOR LATER PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT
IN NORTH CEREDIGION............................................................................................................................. 129
8.2 RECOGNISING MONUMENTAL IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN NORTH CEREDIGION.... 129
8.2.1 The two principal regional facade schemes in north Ceredigion .......................................130
8.2.2 Topography and its influence on hillfort architecture........................................................... 131
8.2.3 Looking wider: tracing north Ceredigion architectural traditions in central
and eastern Wales............................................................................................................................... 133
8.3 ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLISM: AN OVERVIEW...........................................................................133
8.3.1 Hillfort architecture: defensive/utilitarian versus symbolic/non-utilitarian ....................... 133
8.3.2 Iron Age architectural symbolism .................................................................................. 136
8.3.3 Two halves don t make a whole: Duality in later prehistoric architecture ........................ 137
8.3.4 Timber and rock: regional capability and engineering effort.............................................. 138
8.3.5 Front/rear symbolism in the hillforts of mid Wales .................................................................138
8.4 CULTIVATING MEN AS WELL AS LAND : HOW THE LANDSCAPE WAS ORGANISED...... 139
8.4.1 Territorial division in Iron Age landscapes: some primary issues .......................................139
8.4.1.1 Contemporary landscapes of later prehistoric settlement................................. 140
8.4.2 Land ownership patterns and topography in the Iron Age ....................................................141
8.4.3 Proximity and isolation: the settlement pattern north of the river Rheidol ..........................142
8.4.3.1 Hillforts commanding ridges and valleys.................................................................142
8.4.3.2 Resourcing the chiefly feast ................................................................................... 143
8.4.3.3 Ridges and routeways ...........................................................................................144
8.4.4 Regional territorial divisions and cultural hillfort groups ....................................................145
8.4.4.1 Pen Dinas and the regional landscape .................................................................145
8.4.4.2 Landscape division amongst potentially contemporary hillfort groups
identified on the grounds of shared architecture .................................................................146
8.4.4.2.1 Articulating the Pen Dinas Facade scheme......................................................... 146
8.4.4.2.2 Articulating the Cors Caron facade scheme........................................................ 146
8.5 PROBABLE MODES OF SOCIAL ORGANISATION IN IRON AGE NORTH CEREDIGION......... 148
8.5.1 The architectural legacy............................................................................................................ 148
8.5.2 Evidence for social stratification...............................................................................................150
8.5.3 Finding the petty chiefs : systems of regional power and control .......................................151
8.6 CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................................................................... 152
8.6.1 Ways forward: unlocking the hillfort heritage of mid Wales....................................................155
Sites to Visit....................................................................................................................................................157
Appendix 1. A list of hillforts and later prehistoric defended enclosures in north Ceredigion.............158
Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................163
Index................................................................................................................................................................175
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| spelling | Driver, Toby Verfasser (DE-588)103563189X aut Architecture, regional identity and power in the Iron Age Landscapes of Mid Wales the hillforts of North Ceredigion Toby Driver Oxford Archaeopress 2013 XI, 181 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier BAR / British series 583 Wallburg (DE-588)4189008-5 gnd rswk-swf Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd rswk-swf Ceredigion (DE-588)4069856-7 gnd rswk-swf Ceredigion (DE-588)4069856-7 g Wallburg (DE-588)4189008-5 s Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 s DE-604 British series BAR 583 (DE-604)BV023549802 583 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026056207&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Driver, Toby Architecture, regional identity and power in the Iron Age Landscapes of Mid Wales the hillforts of North Ceredigion Wallburg (DE-588)4189008-5 gnd Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4189008-5 (DE-588)4014102-0 (DE-588)4069856-7 |
| title | Architecture, regional identity and power in the Iron Age Landscapes of Mid Wales the hillforts of North Ceredigion |
| title_auth | Architecture, regional identity and power in the Iron Age Landscapes of Mid Wales the hillforts of North Ceredigion |
| title_exact_search | Architecture, regional identity and power in the Iron Age Landscapes of Mid Wales the hillforts of North Ceredigion |
| title_full | Architecture, regional identity and power in the Iron Age Landscapes of Mid Wales the hillforts of North Ceredigion Toby Driver |
| title_fullStr | Architecture, regional identity and power in the Iron Age Landscapes of Mid Wales the hillforts of North Ceredigion Toby Driver |
| title_full_unstemmed | Architecture, regional identity and power in the Iron Age Landscapes of Mid Wales the hillforts of North Ceredigion Toby Driver |
| title_short | Architecture, regional identity and power in the Iron Age Landscapes of Mid Wales |
| title_sort | architecture regional identity and power in the iron age landscapes of mid wales the hillforts of north ceredigion |
| title_sub | the hillforts of North Ceredigion |
| topic | Wallburg (DE-588)4189008-5 gnd Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wallburg Eisenzeit Ceredigion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026056207&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023549802 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT drivertoby architectureregionalidentityandpowerintheironagelandscapesofmidwalesthehillfortsofnorthceredigion |