Handbook of power systems engineering with power electronics applications:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2013
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Series: | A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., publication
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Rev. ed. of: Handbook of power system engineering |
| Physical Description: | XXVIII, 768 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781119952848 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Hase, Yoshihide |d 1937- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)133565629 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of power systems engineering with power electronics applications |c Yoshihide Hase |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 768 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., publication | |
| 500 | |a Rev. ed. of: Handbook of power system engineering | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Electric power systems | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Elektrische Energietechnik |0 (DE-588)4113411-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Elektrische Energietechnik |0 (DE-588)4113411-4 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
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| adam_text | Contents
PREFACE
xxi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xxüi
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
xxv
INTRODUCTION
1
OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES AND THEIR CIRCUIT CONSTANTS
1
1.1
Overhead Transmission Lines with LR Constants
1
1.1.1
Three-phase single circuit line without overhead grounding wire
1
1.1.2
Three-phase single circuit line with OGW, OPGW
8
1.1.3
Three-phase double circuit line with LR constants
9
1.2
Stray Capacitance of Overhead Transmission Lines
10
1.2.1
Stray capacitance of three-phase single circuit line
10
1.2.2
Three-phase single circuit line with OGW
16
1.2.3
Three-phase double circuit line
16
1.3
Working Inductance and Working Capacitance
18
1.3.1
Introduction of working inductance
18
1.3.2
Introduction of working capacitance
20
1.3.3
Special properties of working inductance and working
capacitance
22
1.3.4 MKS
rational unit system and the various
MKS
practical units
in electrical engineering field
23
1.4
Supplement: Proof of Equivalent Radius
гщ
=
r]/n
■
wn~]/n for a
Multi-bundled Conductor
25
1.4.1
Equivalent radius for inductance calculation
25
1.4.2
Equivalent radius of capacitance calculation
26
Coffee break
1 :
Electricity, its substance and methodology
27
2
SYMMETRICAL COORDINATE METHOD (SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS)
29
2.1
Fundamental Concept of Symmetrical Components
29
2.2
Definition of Symmetrical Components
31
2.2.1
Definition
31
2.2.2
Implication of symmetrical components
33
2.3
Conversion of Three-phase Circuit into Symmetrical Coordinated Circuit
34
viii CONTENTS
2.4 Transmission Lines
by Symmetrical Components
36
2.4.1
Single circuit line with LR constants
36
2.4.2
Double circuit line with LR constants
38
2.4.3
Single circuit line with stray capacitance
С
41
2.4.4
Double circuit line with
С
constants
44
2.5
Typical Transmission Line Constants
46
2.5.1
Typical line constants
46
2.5.2
L, C
constant values derived from typical travelling-wave
velocity and surge impedance
48
2.6
Generator by Symmetrical Components (Easy Description)
49
2.6.1
Simplified symmetrical equations
49
2.6.2
Reactance of generator
51
2.7
Description of Three-phase Load Circuit by Symmetrical
Components
52
FAULT ANALYSIS BY SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
53
3.1
Fundamental Concept of Symmetrical Coordinate Method
53
3.2
Line-to-ground Fault (Phase a to Ground Fault:
1
#G)
54
3.2.1
Condition before the fault
55
3.2.2
Condition of phase a to ground fault
56
3.2.3
Voltages and currents at virtual terminal point
f
in
the
0-1-2
domain
56
3.2.4
Voltages and currents at an arbitrary point under
fault conditions
57
3.2.5
Fault under no-load conditions
58
3.3
Fault Analysis at Various Fault Modes
59
3.4
Conductor Opening
59
3.4.1
Single-phase (phase a) conductor opening
59
3.4.2
Two-phases (phase b, c) conductor opening
65
Coffee break
2:
Dawn of the world of electricity, from Coulomb
to
Ampère
and Ohm
66
FAULT ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT LINES
(INCLUDING SIMULTANEOUS DOUBLE CIRCUIT FAULT)
69
4.1
Two-phase Circuit and its Symmetrical Coordinate Method
69
4.1.1
Definition and meaning
69
4.1.2
Transformation process of double circuit line
71
4.2
Double Circuit Line by Two-phase Symmetrical Transformation
73
4.2.1
Transformation of typical two-phase circuits
73
4.2.2
Transformation of double circuit line
75
4.3
Fault Analysis of Double Circuit Line (General Process)
77
4.4
Single Circuit Fault on the Double Circuit Line
80
4.4.1
Line-to-ground fault
( 1
0G) on one-side circuit
80
4.4.2
Various one-side circuit faults
81
4.5
Double Circuit Fault at Single Point
f
81
4.5.1
Circuit
1
phase a line-to-ground fault and circuit
2
phases
b
and
с
line-to-line faults at point
f
81
4.5.2
Circuit
1
phase a line-to-ground fault and circuit
2
phase
b
line-to-ground fault at point
f
(method
1 ) 82
CONTENTS
ix
4.5.3 Circuit 1
phase a line-to-ground fault and circuit
2
phase
b
line-to-ground fault at point
f
(method
2) 83
4.5.4
Various double circuit faults at single point
f
85
4.6
Simultaneous Double Circuit Faults at Different Points
f, F on
the Same Line
85
4.6.1
Circuit condition before fault
85
4.6.2
Circuit
1
phase a line-to-ground fault and circuit
2
phase
b
line-to-ground fault at different points
f, F
88
4.6.3
Various double circuit faults at different points
89
5
PER UNIT METHOD AND INTRODUCTION OF TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT
91
5.1
Fundamental Concept of the PL) Method
91
5.1.1
PU
method of single-phase circuit
92
5.1.2
Unitization of a single-phase three-winding transformer and
its equivalent circuit
93
5.2
PU
Method for Three-phase Circuits
97
5.2.1
Base quantities by
PU
method for three-phase circuits
97
5.2.2
Unitization of three-phase circuit equations
98
5.3
Three-phase Three-winding Transformer, its Symmetrical
Components Equations, and the Equivalent Circuit
99
5.3.1
À
—
X
—
A-connected three-phase transformer
99
5.3.2
Three-phase transformers with various winding connections
105
5.3.3
Core structure and the zero-sequence excitation impedance
105
5.3.4
Various winding methods and the effect of delta windings
105
5.3.5
Harmonic frequency voltages/currents in the
0-1 -2
domain
108
5.4
Base Quantity Modification of
Unitized
Impedance
110
5.4.1
Note on
%
IZ of three-winding transformer
110
5.5 Autotransformer 111
5.6
Numerical Example to Find the
Unitized
Symmetrical
Equivalent Circuit
112
5.7
Supplement: Transformation from Equation
5.18
to Equation
5.19 122
Coffee break
3:
Faraday and Henry, the discoverers of the principle of
electric energy application
124
6
THE
α-β-0
COORDINATE METHOD (CLARKE COMPONENTS) AND
ITS APPLICATION
127
6.1
Definition of
α-β-0
Coordinate Method
[α-β-0
Components)
1 27
6.2
Interrelation Between
α-β-0
Components and Symmetrical Components
1 30
6.2.1
The transformation of arbitrary waveform quantities
130
6.2.2
Interrelation between a-^-0 and symmetrical components
132
6.3
Circuit Equation and Impedance by the
α-β-0
Coordinate Method
134
6.4
Three-phase Circuit in
α-β-Ο
Components
134
6.4.1
Single circuit transmission line
134
6.4.2
Double circuit transmission line
136
6.4.3
Generator
137
6.4.4
Transformer impedances and load impedances
in the
α-β-0
domain
139
6.5
Fault Analysis by
α-β-0
Components
139
6.5.1
Line-to-ground fault (phase
σ
to ground
foult: 1
φ
G)
139
6.5.2
The
b
-с
phase line to ground fault
140
6.5.3
Other mode short-circuit faults
141
CONTENTS
6.5.4
Open
-conductor
mode faults
141
6.5.5
Advantages of
α—β—
0
method
141
7
SYMMETRICAL AND
α-β-
0
COMPONENTS AS ANALYTICAL TOOLS
FOR TRANSIENT PHENOMENA
145
7.1
The Symbolic Method and its Application to Transient Phenomena
145
7.2
Transient Analysis by Symmetrical and
α—β—0
Components
147
7.3
Comparison of Transient Analysis by Symmetrical and
α—β—Ο
Components
150
Coffee break
4:
Weber and other pioneers
151
8
NEUTRAL GROUNDING METHODS
153
8.1
Comparison of Neutral Grounding Methods
153
8.2
Overvoltages on the Unfaulted Phases Caused by a
Line-to-ground fault
158
8.3
Arc-suppression Coil (Petersen Coil) Neutral Grounded Method
159
8.4
Possibility of Voltage Resonance
160
Coffee break
5:
Maxwell, the greatest scientist of the nineteenth century
161
9
VISUAL VECTOR DIAGRAMS OF VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS UNDER
FAULT CONDITIONS
169
9.1
Three-phase Fault: 3</>S, 3<pG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System,
High-resistive Neutral Grounding System)
169
9.2
Phase
b
-с
Fault:
2фЅ
(for Solidly Neutral Grounding System,
High-resistive Neutral Grounding System)
170
9.3
Phase a to Ground Fault:
λφΟ
(Solidly Neutral Grounding System)
173
9.4
Double Line-to-ground (Phases
b
and c) Fault:
2<pG (Solidly Neutral Grounding System)
175
9.5
Phase a Line-to-ground Fault:
1
<pG (High-resistive Neutral
Grounding System)
178
9.6
Double Line-to-ground (Phases
b
and c) Fault:
24G (High-resistive Neutral Grounding System)
180
10
THEORY OF GENERATORS
183
10.1
Mathematical Description of a Synchronous Generator
183
10.1.1
The fundamental model
183
10.1.2
Fundamental three-phase circuit equations
185
10.1.3
Characteristics of inductances in the equations
187
10.2
Introduction of d-q-0 Method (d-q-O Components)
191
10.2.1
Definition of d-q-0 method
191
10.2.2
Mutual relation of d-q-O, a-b-c, and
0-1-2
domains
193
10.2.3
Characteristics of d-q-0 domain quantities
194
10.3
Transformation of Generator Equations from a-b-c to d-q-0 Domain
195
10.3.1
Transformation of generator equations to d-q-0 domain
195
10.3.2
Physical meanings of generator s fundamental equations on
the d-q-0 domain
198
10.3.3
Unitization of generator d-q-0 domain equations
201
10.3.4
Introduction of d-q-O domain equivalent circuits
206
CONTENTS
10.4 Generator
Operating Characteristics and its Vector Diagrams on
d- and q-axes Plane
208
10.5
Transient Phenomena and the Generator s Transient Reactances
211
10.5.1
Initial condition just before sudden change
211
10.5.2
Assorted d-axis and q-axis reactances for transient phenomena
21 2
10.Ó
Symmetrical Equivalent Circuits of Generators
213
10.6.1
Positive-sequence circuit
214
10.6.2
Negative-sequence circuit
217
10.6.3
Zero-sequence circuit
219
10.7
Laplace-transformed Generator Equations and the Time Constants
220
10.7.1
Laplace-transformed equations
220
10.8
Measuring of Generator Reactances
224
10.8.1
Measuring method of d-axis reactance
x¿
and short-circuit ratio SCR
224
10.8.2
Measuring method of d-axis reactance x2 and xq
227
10.9
Relations Between the d-q-0 and
ct
-β-Ο
Domains
228
10.10
Detailed Calculation of Generator Short-circuit Transient Current
under Load Operation
228
10.10.1
Transient short circuit calculation by Laplace transform
228
10.10.2
Transient fault current by sudden three-phase terminal fault
under no-load condition
234
10.11
Supplement
234
10.11.1
Supplement
1 :
Physical concept of linking flux and flux linkage
234
10.11.2
Supplement
2:
Proof of time constants 7J, TJ, Vq
equation
(10.
108b)
235
10.11.3
Supplement
3:
The equations of the rational function and
their transformation into expanded sub-sequential
fractional equations
237
10.11.4
Supplement
4:
Calculation of the coefficients of equation
10.127 238
10.11.5
Supplement
5:
The formulae of the
lapiace
transform
{see also Appendix A)
240
11
APPARENT POWER AND ITS EXPRESSION IN THE
0-1-2
AND
d-q-0 DOMAINS
241
11.1
Apparent Power and its Symbolic Expression for Arbitrary Waveform
Voltages and Currents
241
11.1.1
Definition of apparent power
241
11.1.2
Expansion of apparent power for arbitrary waveform voltages
and currents
243
11.2
Apparent Power of a Three-phase Circuit in the
0-1 -2
Domain
243
11.3
Apparent Power in the d-q-0 Domain
246
Coffee break
6:
Hertz, the discoverer and inventor of radio waves
248
12
GENERATING POWER AND STEADY-STATE STABILITY
251
12.1
Generating Power and the P-8 and
О~б
Curves
251
12.2
Power Transfer Limit between a Generator and a
Power System Network
254
12.2.1
Equivalency between one-machine to infinite-bus system and
two-machine system
254
12.2.2
Apparent power of a generator
255
xii
CONTENTS
12.2.3
Power
transfer
limit of a generator (steady-stale stability)
256
12.2.4
Visual description of a generator s apparent power transfer limit
257
12.2.5
Mechanical analogy of steady-state stability
259
12.3
Supplement: Derivation of Equation
12.17
from Equations
12.15 ©
Φ
and
12.16 261
13
THE GENERATOR AS ROTATING MACHINERY
263
13.1
Mechanical (Kinetic) Power and Generating (Electrical) Power
263
13.1.1
Mutual relation between mechanical input power and
electrical output power
263
13.2
Kinetic Equation of the Generator
265
13.2.1
Dynamic characteristics of the generator
(kinetic motion equation)
265
13.2.2
Dynamic equation of generator as an electrical expression
267
13.3
Mechanism of Power Conversion from Rotor Mechanical Power
to
Stator
Electrical Power
268
13.4
Speed Governors, the Rotating Speed Control Equipment
for Generators
274
Coffee break
7:
Brilliant dawn of the modern electrical age and the new
twentieth century:
1885-1900 277
14
TRANSIENT/DYNAMIC STABILITY, P-Q-V CHARACTERISTICS AND
VOLTAGE STABILITY OF A POWER SYSTEM
281
14.1
Steady-state Stability, Transient Stability, Dynamic Stability
281
14.1.1
Steady-state stability
281
14.1.2
Transient stability
281
14.1.3
Dynamic stability
282
14.2
Mechanical Acceleration Equation for the Two-generator System and
Disturbance Response
282
14.3
Transient Stability and Dynamic Stability (Case Study)
284
14.3.1
Transient stability
284
14.3.2
Dynamic stability
286
14.4
Four-terminal Circuit and the
Ρ
-б
Curve under Fault Conditions and
Operational Reactance
286
14.4.1
Circuiti
287
14.4.2
Circuit
2 288
14.4.3
Trial calculation of P-8 curve
289
14.5
P-Q-V Characteristics and Voltage Stability
(Voltage Instability Phenomena)
290
14.5.1
Apparent power at sending terminal and receiving terminal
290
14.5.2
Voltage sensitivity by small disturbance
ΔΡ, ΔΟ
291
14.5.3
Circle diagram of apparent power
292
14.5.4
P-Q-V characteristics, and P-V and Q-V curves
293
14.5.5
P-Q-V characteristics and voltage instability phenomena
295
14.5.6
V-Q control (voltage and reactive power control) of power systems
298
14.6
Supplement
1 :
Derivation of
Δν/ΔΡ,
àV/AQ
Sensitivity Equation
(Equation
14.20
from Equation
14.19) 298
14.7
Supplement
2:
Derivation of Power Circle Diagram Equation
(Equation
14.31
from Equation
14.18 (2)) 299
CONTENTS
15 GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS
WITH AVR AND STABLE
OPERATION LIMIT 301
15.1
Theory of AVR, and Transfer Function of
Generator System
with AVR
301
15.1.1
Inherent transfer function of generator
301
15.1.2
Transfer function of generator
+
load
303
15.2
Duties of AVR and Transfer Function of Generator
+
AVR
305
15.3
Response Characteristics of Total System and Generator
Operational Limit
308
15.3.1
Introduction of
s
functions for AVR
+
exciter
+
generator
+
load
308
15.3.2
Generator operational limit and its
ρ
-
q
coordinate expression
310
15.4
Transmission Line Charging by Generator with AVR
312
15.4.1
Line charging by generator without AVR
313
15.4.2
Line charging by generator with AVR
313
15.5
Supplement
1 :
Derivation of ej(s), eq[$) as Function of ef(s)
(Equation
15.9
from Equations
15.7
and
15.8) 313
15.6
Supplement
2:
Derivation of ec(s)os Function of ef{$) (Equation
15.10
from
Equations
15.8
and
15.9) 314
Coffee break
8:
Heaviside, the great benefactor of electrical engineering
315
16
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS AND THE CAPABILITY LIMITS
OF GENERATORS
319
16.1
General Equations of Generators in Terms of p-q Coordinates
319
16.2
Rating Items and the Capability Curve of the Generator
322
16.2.1
Rating items and capability curve
322
16.2.2
Generator s locus in the p^-q coordinate plane under various
operating conditions
325
16.3
Leading Power-factor (Under-excitation Domain) Operation, and
UEL Function by AVR
328
16.3.1
Generator as reactive power generator
328
16.3.2
Overheating of
stator
core end by leading power-factor
operation (low excitation)
329
16.3.3
UEL (under-excitation limit) protection by AVR
333
16.3.4
Operation in the over-excitation domain
334
16.4
V-Q (Voltage and Reactive Power) Control by AVR
334
16.4.1
Reactive power distribution for multiple generators and
cross-current control
334
16.4.2
P-f control and V-Q control
336
16.5
Thermal Generators Weak Points (Negative-sequence Current,
Higher Harmonic Current, Shaft-torsional Distortion)
337
16.5.1
Features of large generators today
337
16.5.2
The thermal generator, smaller /2-withstanding capability
338
16.5.3
Rotor overheating caused by
d .c.
and higher
harmonic
cúrrente
340
16.5.4
Transient
torsionai
twisting torque of TG coupled shaft
343
16.6
General Description of Modern Thermal/Nuclear TG Unit
346
16.6.1
Steam turbine (ST) unit for thermal generation
347
16.6.2
Combined Cycle (CC) system with gas/steam turbines
349
16.6.3
ST unit for nuclear generation
351
16.7
Supplement: Derivation of Equation
16.14
from Equation
16.9
®
351
xlv CONTENTS
17 R-X COORDINATES
AND THE THEORY OF DIRECTIONAL
DISTANCE RELAYS
353
17.1
Protective Relays, Their Mission and Classification
353
17.1.1
Duties of protective relays
354
17.1.2
Classification of major relays
354
17.2
Principle of Directional Distance Relays and R-X Coordinates Plane
355
17.2.1
Fundamental function of directional distance relays
355
17.2.2
R-X coordinates and their relation to P~Q coordinates
and p-q coordinates
356
17.2.3
Characteristics of DZ-Relays
357
17.3
Impedance Locus in R-X Coordinates in Case of a Fault
(under No-load Condition)
358
17.3.1
Operation of DZ(S)-Relay for phase
b
-с
line-to-line fault
(2фЅ)
358
17.3.2
Response of DZ(G)-Relay to phase a line-to-ground fault
(
λφθ
361
17.3.3
Response of DZ(G)-Relay against phase
b
to
с
{line-to-line)
short circuit fault (20S)
363
17.3.4
DZ-Ry for high-impedance neutral grounded system
365
17.4
Impedance Locus under Normal States and Step-out Condition
365
17.4.1
R-X locus under stable and unstable conditions
365
17.4.2
Step-out detection and trip-lock of DZ-Relays
369
17.5
Impedance Locus under Faults with Load Flow Conditions
370
17.6
Loss of Excitation Detection by DZ-Relays
371
17.6.1
Loss of excitation detection
371
17.7
Supplement
1 :
The Drawing Method for the Locus
Ż
=
Á/(]
—
ke^)
of Equation
17.22 372
17.7.1
The locus for the case
8:
constant,
к: О
to oo
372
17.7.2
The locus for the case k: constant,
б:
0
to
360° 373
17.8
Supplement
2:
The Drawing Method for
Ż
= 1 /( 1
/À
-f-
1
/B)
of Equation
17.24 374
Coffee break
9:
The symbolic method by complex numbers and
Arthur Kennelly, the prominent pioneer
376
18
TRAVELLING-WAVE (SURGE) PHENOMENA
379
18.1
Theory of Travelling-wave Phenomena along Transmission Lines
(Distributed-constants Circuit)
379
18.1.1
Waveform equation of a transmission line
(overhead line and cable) and the image of a travelling wave
379
18.1.2
The general solution for voltage and current by Laplace
transforms
385
18.1.3
Four-terminal network equation between two arbitrary points
387
18.1.4
Examination of line constants
389
18.2
Approximation of Distributed-constants Circuit and Accuracy
of Concentrated-constants Circuit
390
18.3
Behaviour of Travelling Wave at a Transition Point
391
18.3.1
Incident wave, transmitted wave and reflected wave at a
transition point
391
18.3.2
Behaviour of voltage and current travelling waves
at typical transition points
392
18.4
Surge Overvoltages and their Three Different and Confusing Notations
395
18.5
Behaviour of Travelling Waves at a Lightning-strike Point
396
CONTENTS
xv
18.6
Travelling-wave Phenomena of Three-phase Transmission Line
398
18.6.1
Surge impedance of three-phase line
398
18.6.2
Surge analysis of lightning by symmetrical coordinates
(lightning strike on phase a conductor)
399
18.7
Line-to-ground and Line-to-line Travelling Waves
400
18.8
The Reflection Lattice and Transient Behaviour Modes
402
18.8.1
The reflection lattice
402
18.8.2
Oscillatory and non-oscillatory convergence
404
18.9
Supplement
1:
General Solution Equation
18.10
for Differential
Equation
18.9 405
18.10
Supplement
2:
Derivation of Equation
18.19
from Equation
18.18 407
Coffee break
10: Steinmetz,
prominent benefactor of circuit theory
and high-voltage technology
408
19
SWITCHING SURGE PHENOMENA BY CIRCUIT-BREAKERS AND
LINE SWITCHES
411
19.1
Transient Calculation of a Single-Phase Circuit by Breaker Opening
411
19.1.1
Calculation of fault current tripping (single-phase circuit)
411
19.1.2
Calculation of current tripping (double power source circuit)
415
19.2
Calculation of Transient Recovery Voltages Across a Breaker s Three
Poles by
ЗфЅ
Fault Tripping
420
19.2.1
Recovery voltage appearing at the first phase (pole) tripping
421
19.2.2
Transient recovery voltage across a breaker s three poles
by 3</>S fault tripping
423
19.3
Fundamental Concepts of High-voltage Circuit-breakers
430
19.3.1
Fundamental concept of breakers
430
19.3.2
Terminology of switching phenomena and breaker tripping
capability
431
19.4
Current Tripping by Circuit-breakers: Actual Phenomena
434
19.4.1
Short-circuit current (lagging power-factor current)
tripping
434
19.4.2
Leading power-factor small-current tripping
436
19.4.3
Short-distance line fault tripping (SLF)
440
19.4.4
Current chopping phenomena by tripping small current
with lagging power factor
441
19.4.5
Step-out tripping
443
19.4.6
Current-zero missing
444
19.5
Overvoltages Caused by Breaker Closing (Close-switching Surge)
444
19.5.1
Principles of overvoltage caused by breaker closing
444
19.6
Resistive Tripping and Resistive Cbsing by Circuit-breakers
447
19.6.1
Resistive tripping and resistive closing
447
19.6.2
Standardized switching surge level requested by
EHV/UHV breakers
447
19.6.3
Overvol
tage
phenomena caused by
tri ppi ng
of breaker
with resistive tripping mechanism
448
19.6.4
Overvoltage phenomena caused by closing of breaker
with resistive closing mechanism
451
19.7
Switching Surge Caused by Line Switches (Disconnecting Switches)
453
19.7.1
LS-switching surge: the phenomena and mechanism
453
Ì
9.7.2
Caused Influence of LS-switching surge
454
xvi CONTENTS
19.8
Supplement
1 :
Calculation of the Coefficients
к- -кл
of Equation
19.6 455
19.9
Supplement
2:
Calculation of the Coefficients
/ci-
A¿
of Equation
19.17 455
Coffee break
11 :
Fortescue s symmetrical components
457
20
OVERVOLTAGE PHENOMENA
459
20.1
Classification of Overvoltage Phenomena
459
20.2
Fundamental (Power) Frequency Overvoltages (Non-resonant Phenomena)
459
20.2.1
Ferranti
effect
459
20.2.2
Self-excitation of a generator
46Ì
20.2.3
Sudden load tripping or load failure
462
20.2.4
Overvoltages of unfaulted phases by one line-to-ground fault
463
20.3
Lower Frequency Harmonic Resonant Overvoltages
463
20.3.1
Broad-area resonant phenomena (lower order frequency
resonance)
463
20.3.2
Local area resonant phenomena
465
20.3.3
Interrupted ground fault of cable line in a neutral ungrounded
distribution system
467
20.4
Switching Surges
467
20.4.1
Overvoltages caused by breaker closing (breaker closing surge)
468
20.4.2
Overvoltages caused by breaker tripping (breaker tripping surge)
469
20.4.3
Switching surge by line switches
469
20.5
Overvoltage Phenomena by Lightning Strikes
469
20.5.1
Direct strike on phase conductors (direct flashover)
470
20.5.2
Direct strike on OGW or tower structure (inverse flashover)
470
20.5.3
Induced strokes (electrostatic induced strokes, electromagnetic
induced strokes)
471
21
INSULATION COORDINATION
475
21.1
Overvoltages as Insulation Stresses
475
21.1.1
Conduction and insulation
475
21.1.2
Classification of overvoltages
476
21.2
Fundamental Concept of Insulation Coordination
481
21.2.1
Concept of insulation coordination
481
21.2.2
Specific principles of insulation strength and breakdown
482
21.3
Countermeasures on Transmission Lines to Reduce Overvoltages
and Flashover
483
21.3.1
Adoption of a possible large number of overhead grounding
wires (OGWs, OPGWs)
483
21.3.2
Adoption of reasonable allocation and air clearances for
conductors/grounding wires
484
21.3.3
Reduction of surge impedance of the towers
484
21.3.4
Adoption of arcing horns (arcing rings)
484
21.3.5
Tower mounted arrester devices
485
21.3.6
Adoption of unequal circuit insulation (double circuit line)
487
21.3.7
Adoption of high-speed reclosing
487
21.4
Overvoltage Protection at Substations
488
21.4.1
Surge protection by metal-oxide surge arresters
488
21.4.2
Metal-oxide arresters
490
21.4.3
Ratings, classification and selection of arresters
494
CONTENTS
21.4.4 Separation
effects of station arresters
495
21.4.5
Station protection by OGWs, and grounding resistance reduction
497
21.5
Insulation Coordination Details
500
21.5.1
Definition and some principal matters of standards
500
21.5.2
Insulation configuration
502
21.5.3
Insulation withstanding level and
BIL,
BSL
502
21.5.4
Standard insulation levels and their principles
504
21.5.5
Insulation levels for power systems under
245
kV
(Table
21.
2A)
504
21.5.6
Insulation levels for power systems over
245
kV
(Tables
21
.2B and C)
507
21.5.7
Evaluation of degree of insulation coordination
509
21.5.8
Insulation of power cable
511
21.6
Transfer Surge Voltages Through the Transformer, and Generator
Protection
511
21.6.1
Electrostatic transfer surge voltage
511
21.6.2
Generator protection against transfer surge voltages through
transformer
519
21.6.3
Electromagnetic transfer voltage
520
21.7
Internai
High-frequency Voltage Oscillation of Transformers
Caused by Incident Surge
520
21.7.1
Equivalent circuit of transformer in EHF domain
520
21.7.2
Transient oscillatory
voilages
caused by incident surge
521
21.7.3
Reduction of internal oscillatory voltages
525
21.8
Oil-filled Transformers Versus Gas-filled Transformers
526
21.9
Supplement: Proof that Equation
21.21
is the Solution of Equation
21.20 529
Coffee break
12:
Edith Clarke, the prominent woman electrician
530
22
WAVEFORM DISTORTION AND LOWER ORDER HARMONIC
RESONANCE
531
22.1
Causes and Influences of Waveform Distortion
531
22.1.1
Classification of waveform distortion
531
22.1.2
Causes of waveform distortion
533
22.2
Fault Current Waveform Distortion Caused on Cable Lines
534
22.2.1
Introduction of transient current equation
534
22.2.2
Evaluation of the transient fault current
537
22.2.3
Waveform distortion and protective relays
540
23
POWER CABLES AND POWER CABLE CIRCUITS
541
23.1
Power Cables and Their General Features
541
23.1.1
Classification
541
23.2
Distinguishing Features of Power Cable
545
23.2.1
Insulation
545
23.2.2
Production process
546
23.2.3
Various environmental layout conditions and required
withstanding stresses
547
23.2.4
Metallic sheath circuit and outer-covering insulation
548
23.2.5
Electrical specification and factory testing levels
549
23.3
Circuit Constants of Power Cab!«
550
23.3.1
Inductances of cables
550
23.3.2
Capacitance and surge impedance of cables
554
xviii CONTENTS
23.4
Metallic Sheath and Outer Covering
557
23
A.
1
Role of metallic sheath and outer covering
557
23.4.2
Metallic sheath earthing methods
558
23.5
Cross-bonding Metallic-shielding Method
559
23.5.1
Cross-bonding method
559
23.5.2
Surge voltage analysis on the cable sheath circuit and
jointing boxes
560
23.Ó
Surge Voltages: Phenomena Travelling Through a Power Cable
563
23.6.1
Surge voltages at the cable infeed terminal point
m
563
23.6.2
Surge voltages at the cable outfeed terminal point
η
565
23.7
Surge Voltages Phenomena on Cable and Overhead Line Jointing
Terminal
566
23.7.1
Overvoltage behaviour on cable line caused by lightning
surge from overhead line
566
23.7.2
Switching surges arising on cable line
567
23.8
Surge Voltages at Cable End Terminal Connected to
GIS
568
Coffee break
13:
Park s equations, the birth of the d-q-0 method
571
24
APPROACHES FOR SPECIAL CIRCUITS
573
24.1
On-load Tap-changing Transformer (LTC Transformer)
573
24.2
Phase-shifting Transformer
575
24.2.1
Introduction of fundamental equations
576
24.2.2
Application for loop circuit lines
578
24.3 Woodbridge
Transformer and Scott Transformer
579
24.3.1 Woodbridge
winding transformer
579
24.3.2
Scott winding transformer
582
24.4
Neutral Grounding Transformer
583
24.5
Mis-connection of Three-phase Orders
585
24.5.1
Case
1 :
phase o-b-c to a-c-b mis-connection
585
24.5.2
Case
2:
phase a-b-c to b-c-a mis-connection
587
Coffee break
14:
Power system engineering and insulation coordination
589
25
THEORY OF INDUCTION GENERATORS AND MOTORS
591
25.1
Introduction of Induction Motors and Their Driving Control
591
25.2
Theory of Three-phase Induction Machines
(IM)
with Wye-connected
Rotor Windings
592
25.2.1
Equations of induction machine in
abc
domain
592
25.2.2
c/qO domain transformed equations
596
25.2.3
Phasor expression of c/qO domain transformed equations
605
25.2.4
Driving power and torque of induction machines
606
25.2.5
Steady-state operation
610
25.3
Squirrel-cage Type Induction Motors
612
25.3.1
Circuit equation
612
25.3.2
Characteristics of squirrel-cage induction machine
615
25.3.3
Torque, air-gap flux, speed and power as basis of
power electronic control
617
25.3.4
Start-up operation
624
25.3.5
Rated speed operation
626
25.3.6
Over speed operation and braking operation
627
25.4
Supplement
1 :
Calculation of Equations
(25.17), (25.18),
and
(25.19) 627
CONTENTS
x¡x
26 POWER
ELEŒRONIC
DEVICES AND THE FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPT
OF SWITCHING
629
26.1 Power Electronics
and the
Fundamental
Concept
629
26.2 Power
Switching by
Power
Devices
630
26.3 Snubber Circuit 633
26.4
Voltage Conversion by Switching
635
26.5
Power Electronic Devices
635
26.5.1
Classification and features of various power semiconductor devices
635
26.5.2
Diodes
637
26.5.3 Thyristors 638
26.5.4
GTO (Gate turn-off thyristors)
639
26.5.5
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) or power transistor
640
26.5.6
Power MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor)
641
26.5.7
IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistors)
642
26.5.8
IPM (intelligent power module)
642
26.6
Mathematical Backgrounds for Power Electronic Application Analysis
643
27
POWER ELEaRONIC CONVERTERS
651
27.1
AC to DC Conversion: Rectifier by a Diode
651
27.1.1
Single-phase rectifier with pure resistive load
R
651
27.1.2
Inductive load and the role of series connected inductance
L
653
27.1.3
Roles of freewheeling diodes and current smoothing reactors
655
27.1.4
Single-phase diode bridge full-wave rectifier
656
27.1.5
Roles of voltage smoothing capacitors
657
27.1.6
Three-phase half-bridge rectifier
658
27.1.7
Current over-lapping
660
27.1.8
Three-phase full-bridge rectifier
661
27.2
AC to DC Controlled Conversion: Rectifier by Thyristors
661
27.2.1
Single-phase half-bridge rectifier by a thyristor
661
27.2.2
Single-phase full-bridge rectifier with thyristors
664
27.2.3
Three-phase full-bridge rectifier by thyristors
667
27.2.4
Higher harmonics and ripple ratio
667
27.2.5
Commutating reactances: effects of source side reactances
670
27.3
DC to DC Converters (DC to DC Choppers)
671
27.3.1
Voltage step-down converter (Buck chopper)
672
27.3.2
Step up (boost) converter (Boost chopper)
674
27.3.3
Buck-boost converter (step-down/step-up converter)
676
27.3.4
Two-/four-quadrant converter (Composite chopper)
677
27.3.5
Pulse width modulation control (PWM) of a dc-dc converter
678
27.3.6
Multi-phase converter
679
27.4
DC to AC Inverters
680
27.4.1
Overview of inverters
680
27.4.2
Single-phase type inverter
682
27.4.3
Three-phase type inverter
684
27.5
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Control of Inverters
687
27.5.1
Principles of PWM (Pulse width modulation) control
(Triangle modulation)
687
27.5.2
Another PWM control schemes (tolerance band control)
690
27.6
AC to AC Converter (Cycloconverter)
691
27.7
Supplement: Transformer Core Flux Saturation (Flux Bias Caused
by DC Biased Current Component)
692
xx CONTENTS
28 POWER ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS IN UTILITY POWER SYSTEMS
AND SOME
INDUSTRIES 695
28.1
Introduction
695
28.2 Motor Drive Application 695
28.2.1
Concept of induction motor driving control
695
28.2.2
Volts per hertz
(
V/f) control (or AVAF inverter control)
697
28.2.3
Constant torque and constant speed control
700
28.2.4
Space vector PWM control of induction motor
(sinusoidal control method)
700
28.2.5
Phase vector PWM control (rotor flux oriented control)
702
28.2.6
d-q- Sequence current PWM control (sinusoidal control practice)
703
28.3
Generator Excitation System
704
28.4
(Double-fed) Adjustable Speed Pumped Storage Generator-motor Unit
706
28.5
Wind Generation
710
28.6
Small Hydro Generation
715
28.7
Solar Generation (Photovoltaic Generation)
716
28.8
Static
Var
Compensators (SVC:
Thyristor
Based External
Commutated Scheme)
717
28.8.1
SVC (Static
var
compensators)
718
28.8.2
TCR
(Thyristor
controlled reactors) and TCC
(Thyristor
controlled capacitors)
719
28.8.3
Asymmetrical control method with PWM control for SVC
721
28.8.4
STATCOM or SVG (Static
var
generator)
722
28.9
Active Filters
726
28.9.1
Base concept of active filters
726
28.9.2
Active filter by d-q method
727
28.9.3
Vector PWM control based on d-q method
730
28.9.4
Converter modelling as d-q-coordinates Laplace transfer function
730
28.9.5
Active filter by p-q method or by or/J-method
732
28.10
High-Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC Transmission)
734
28.11
FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) Technology
736
28.11.1
Overview of FACTS
736
28.11.2
TCSC (Thyristor-controlled series capacitor) and TPSC
(Thyristor-protected series capacitor)
738
28.12
Railway Applications
741
28.12.1
Railway substation systems
741
28.12.2
Electric train engine motor driving systems
742
28.13
UPSs (Uninterruptible Power Supplies)
745
APPENDIX A
-
MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE
747
APPENDIX
В
-
MATRIX EQUATION FORMULAE
751
ANALYTICAL METHODS INDEX
757
COMPONENTS INDEX
759
SUBJECT INDEX
763
HANDBOOK OF
POWER SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
WITH POWER ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS
Second Edition
YOSHÍHIDE HASE,
Power System Engineering Consultant, Tokyo, Japan
Formerly known as Handbook of Power System Engineering, this second edition provides
rigorous revisions to the original treatment of systems analysis together with
a substantia!
new four-chapter section on power electronics applications. Encompassing a whole range
of equipment, phenomena, and analytical approaches, this handbook offers a complete
overview of power systems and their power electronics applications, and presents a
thorough examination of the fundamental
principies,
combining theories and technologies
that are usually treated in separate specialised fields, in a single unified hierarchy.
Key features of this new edition:
Updates throughout the entire book with new material covering applications to
current topics such as blushtess generators, speed adjustable pumped storage
hydro generation, wind generation, small-hydro generation, solar generation,
DC-transmission, SVC, SVG (STATCOM), FACTS, active-filters, UPS, and advanced
railway traffic applications
Theories of electrical phenomena ranging from DC and power frequency to
lightningVswitching-surges,
and insulation coordination now with reference to
IEC Standards
2010
New chapters presenting advanced theories and technologies of power electronics
circuits and their control theories in combination with various characteristics of
power systems as
weil
as induction-generator/motor driving systems
Practical engineering technologies of generating plants, transmission lines,
sub-stations, load systems and their combined network that includes schemes
of high voltage primary circuits, power system control and protection
A comprehensive reference for those wishing to gain knowledge in every aspect of power
system engineering, this book is suited to practising engineers in power electricity-related
industries and graduate-level power engineering students.
Also available
as an e-book
ISBN
978-1-119-95284-8
■WILEY
9 781119 952848
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hase, Yoshihide 1937- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133565629 |
| author_facet | Hase, Yoshihide 1937- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hase, Yoshihide 1937- |
| author_variant | y h yh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041044383 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TK3001 |
| callnumber-raw | TK3001 |
| callnumber-search | TK3001 |
| callnumber-sort | TK 43001 |
| callnumber-subject | TK - Electrical and Nuclear Engineering |
| classification_rvk | ZN 8500 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)864550587 (DE-599)BVBBV041044383 |
| dewey-full | 621.319 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.319 |
| dewey-search | 621.319 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.319 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041044383 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:38:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781119952848 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2012023513 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-026021739 |
| oclc_num | 864550587 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-83 DE-634 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-83 DE-634 DE-703 |
| physical | XXVIII, 768 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., publication |
| spelling | Hase, Yoshihide 1937- Verfasser (DE-588)133565629 aut Handbook of power systems engineering with power electronics applications Yoshihide Hase 2. ed. Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2013 XXVIII, 768 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., publication Rev. ed. of: Handbook of power system engineering Electric power systems Elektrische Energietechnik (DE-588)4113411-4 gnd rswk-swf Elektrische Energietechnik (DE-588)4113411-4 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026021739&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026021739&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Hase, Yoshihide 1937- Handbook of power systems engineering with power electronics applications Electric power systems Elektrische Energietechnik (DE-588)4113411-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113411-4 |
| title | Handbook of power systems engineering with power electronics applications |
| title_auth | Handbook of power systems engineering with power electronics applications |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of power systems engineering with power electronics applications |
| title_full | Handbook of power systems engineering with power electronics applications Yoshihide Hase |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of power systems engineering with power electronics applications Yoshihide Hase |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of power systems engineering with power electronics applications Yoshihide Hase |
| title_short | Handbook of power systems engineering with power electronics applications |
| title_sort | handbook of power systems engineering with power electronics applications |
| topic | Electric power systems Elektrische Energietechnik (DE-588)4113411-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Electric power systems Elektrische Energietechnik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026021739&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=026021739&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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