Fëdorovskij idol i kurgan:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Russian |
| Published: |
Kiev [u.a.]
Centr Pamjatnikovedenija NAN Ukrainy i UOOPIK
2011
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | PST: The idol and the barrow of Fedorovka [u.a.] - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 83 S., IV Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789668999383 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fëdorovskij idol i kurgan |c Suprunenko A. B. |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a The idol and the barrow of Fedorovka |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Fedorivsʹkyj idol ta kurhan |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kiev [u.a.] |b Centr Pamjatnikovedenija NAN Ukrainy i UOOPIK |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a 83 S., IV Bl. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
74_
Супруненко
A.B.
Фёдоровский идол и курган
SUMMARY
The book deals with unique archaeological site: the barrow of Fedorovka and
the Fedorovsky idol (the idol of Fedorovka), which was found on the skirts of the
site. The site is situated in the area adjacent to the right bank of river Orel (Poltava
Region, Ukraine). It is only the barrow in area of the river Orchyk (the right
tributary of Orel) made subject of archaeological study, as well as yet only studied
the early Bronze Age cult complex in the Poltava Region.
The barrow was situated in
1,35
km
(0,84
mile) towards South-West from village
Fedorovka in the Karlovka District in the Poltava Region, on height of the second
terrace of the left bank of river Orchyk. In
1973,
not far from the barrow, there was
discovered a stele, richly decorated with iconography, which was dated back to the
early Iron Age. The stele is known today as the Fedorovsky idol. The barrow is
1,32
m
(4,33
ft) high,
38
m
(124,6
ft) in diameter. In the stratified embankment were
found remains of five graves and a cult pit, some fragments of pottery, bones of
animals. The study shows that the barrow embankment was built in two stages.
The initial embankment (Embankment I),
0,95
m
(3,11
ft) high,
22
m
(72,1
ft) in diameter, covered the main 'grave'
5.
It is a cenotaph in form of a foot (close
with anthropomorphic). The size of the cenotaph is
1,55x2,1
m
(5,08x6,88
ft). It is
orientated on axes North-East and South-West. The cenotaph is surrounded with
black earth and loam dump. At the base of the dump, on the ancient surface, were
found parts of pectoral vertebrae of a horse and a sheep. Under the dump massive
was found horse phalanx. On the surface of the dump were found some fragments
of small bones of animals and small pieces of coal. The pit was filled up with black
earth of significant density. It is probable that in ancient times it was beaten hard
right after the filling up. There were found neither remains of any buried one,
nor any other finds. There was a hollow in the South-Western wall the cenotaph,
through which it was connected with a round in plan hole. The hole was
1
m
(3,3
ft) in diameter, and
0,97
m
(3,18
ft) down the ancient horizon. The walls of the
hole grow narrow downwards, turning gradually into a round bottom. There is
alternation in the hole filling: black earth and loam. The layers of loam are
3-5
cm
(1-2
inches) thick. On the surface of the layers were some traces of leakages. Both
pits: the cenotaph and the hole made a single ritual complex.
Summary
_ 75
Outlines of the initial embankment are well traced, being marked out with
colour of black earth, beaten hard surface, whitish vegetable dust, thin layer of
kneaded loam, taken out to make room for the inlet 'grave'
3.
The surface was
everywhere studded with little clods of ochre, small pieces of coal, crumbled bones
of animals. There were found fragments of horse bones, and an item in a form of
pipe, made of a tubular bone of an animal, which, supposedly, could be a part of
a musical instrument, similar 'Pan's flute', or a device to increase the milk yeld.
Near the floor of the initial embankment were found fragments of the Catacomb
culture pottery, with a touch of seashells and sand in the dough. The embankment
was surrounded with shallow little ditch:
0,4-0,8
m
(1,3-2,6
ft) wide, and
0,4
m
(1,3
ft) deep. Near the Eastern skirts of the initial embankment were found
remains of a little wooden post, which, supposedly, was used to put a pole.
The inlet of the 'grave'
3
caused crumbling of the barrow embankment. The
crumbling result was the barrow outlines were reshaped very close to current
state (Embankment II). In its massif were found horse vertebrae. The surface of
the embankment, especially on its slopes, was covered with layer of continental
loam, which retained remains of a big bonfire site. The slopes of the barrow were
strengthened with boggy loam coating, which is peculiar to constraction of the
Catacomb culture embankments.
The 'grave'
3
inlet into massif of the first embankment till the level
2,39
m
(7,84
ft). The inlet was under-oval in plan. Its size was
0,8
m
(2,62
ft) towards
North-East,
1,3
m
(4,26
ft) towards South-West. The walls were sheer and the
bottom was smoothly coming down towards the South-West. On surface of the
first embankment Towards the North-West from the entrance pit, on the surface
of the first embankment, there was detected hard beaten dump,
0,3
m
(0,98
ft)
thick. By the South-Eastern wall of the entrance pit was passage with
0,45x0,85
m
(1,47x2,78
ft) manhole, tree steps of which was connected with vault and wall
of the grave chamber. The chamber was a dug construction under-rectangular in
plan, orientated the North-East and the South-West. Two chamber corners, faced
southwards, were rounded, as other two, faced northwards were almost rectangular.
The chamber, from the plane bottom, is about
0,65
m
(2,13
ft) high. The wall
surfaces were smoothed out and dotted with small hollows, left by a digging tool.
The entire area of the construction was no more than
4
sq
m
(43,05
sq ft). The
entrance was generally filed with black earth. Beneath, there was also a 'turf plug'
to plug the manhole. At the bottom of the inlet and the chamber, as well as on the
first step of the passage, there were detected some traces of chalk powdering.
There were neither human remains nor any other finds discovered in the
cenotaph: as, supposedly, the construction was not intended for any concrete
burial. The filling of the inlet contained vertebrae and ram bone of horse.
Necropolis, dated bask to the Framework Time, marked the last stage of use
of the barr-rw as necropolis and cult complex. The necropolis included quite
ordinary graves
1, 2, 4,
and
6,
which were accompanied with fragments of pottery
and traces of bonfire sites.
76_
Супруненко А. Б. Фёдоровский идол и курган
Nevertheless, on the top of the second embankment was set an anthropomorphic
image, known as Fedorovsky idol. It was, supposedly, happened, by the end of the
Catacomb Time. Ritual manipulations with the stele, eventually, brought to its
damage and 'burial' on the skirts of the embankment.
The Fedorovsky idol is a unique exemplar of the ancient monumental art. It
belongs to the steles with rich iconography, dated back to the early Iron Age. The
stele is made of a rectangular, tapering downwards, piece of sandstone. It is
133
cm
(4,36
ft) high,
51
cm
(1,67
ft) wide 'in shoulders',
30
cm
(0,98
ft) wide in the
lower part, and
15-21
cm
(0,49-0,68
ft) thick. The obverse and reverse of the idol
are plane, as the sides are rounded. Polished surface is partly damaged, not all the
picture details are well read and equally expressive.
Images cover the upper part of the sculpture. The lower part is thicker and
worked up rather roughly. Stretched form, tapering, with no pictures, end witness
the stele was set vertically into the ground. It was, supposedly, the most significant
element of the altar complex. The pictures, covering the statue, made with a tool
like a little chisel, with afterwards polishing the surface. The head and the right
shoulder of the stele were broken off in ancient time.
On the left shoulder of the sculpture, there is an embossed picture in a form
of a laid-on scalloped element of garment or a tattoo on a human body. The
rest of pictures situated, situated below, separated from the head and shoulders
protuberance with crosscut groove. In the upper part of the obverse plane can
be seen traces of embossing roller, which separated the head protuberance from
the rest of pictures. Almost on the level of breast, the stele is crossed with straight
groove, which is similar to the dividing line on idol of Chobruchy in Moldova.
The both sides of the stele are covered with images of arms. The arms bended in
elbows are embossed, similarly to the rest of pictures on the idol obverse. The arms
are bent in elbows and folded on the chest with turned up hands at the same level.
The left hand is open. The picture of right hand is effaced. The images: hands
and other iconographical elements, such an 'anthropomorphic plot', brings the
Fedorovsky idol obverse closer together the statues of so-called 'Natalievsky' type
of the Orel and Samara interfluve.
From the right hand proceed, turned downwards, either an arrow or a javelin
with short shaft. Above the left hand, it is situated an unspecified object, in form of
a relief roller, resembling to string of a simple bow, the picture of which have been
lost. Lower, parallel to hands, are outlines of abdominals.
At the very centre of the stele is a scene with a man and an animal. The man is
depicted with hands lifted up. His head is depicted as a round projection, feet are
also shown. The image peculiarity is a straight tail and outline of male genitals.
The man is turned towards the animal, which is depicted turned in profile, with
its head down and a long tail. Beneath, under the man and the animal, is a round
hollow, enframed with relief roller.
Summary
_ 77
In the belt (encircling the idol) on obverse of the stele is a lop-butt axe. The axe
butt is turned towards the centre of the sculpture. The blade is wide, it is pendent
left and downwards, the end of helve, put through bush, appear over its front.
At the backside of the stele, under the belt, is picture of so-called the tree of
life, performed in the deep relief work. The tree appears as the main feature-trunk,
from which are proceeding the branches: upward at an angle engraved parallel
lines, coming towards the sides:
13
towards the left side and
14
towards the right.
Beside it, there is situated a picture of item in a form of a stick with crosscuts in
its upper side, similar to a shepherd's crook. Set along the longer axis of the stele,
the tree of life ends in picture of an arched hollow in form of man's buttocks.
On reverse plane of the stele the belt is crossed with images of right and left feet
with toes turned upward, which are outlined with groove. They are rather looking
pendent on the belt, but not 'in the belt', as in some steles with rich iconography.
On the sides of the stele are shown lines, which are the continuations of the
lines of the reverse, but depicted broken, at angle to the parallel grooves of the
tree of life. From the right side of the belt and the reverse, there are seven round
hollows.
The stele pictures found iconographical analogies among the sculptures of the
early Iron Age. The pictures of a 'tailed man' with an animal, composition of the
most pictures upon the stele rank the sculpture of Fedorovka with such a unique
exemplar of the ancient monumental art as the Kernosovsky idol.
Here are given numerous analogies of the pictures of Fedorovsky idol with
steles of the Northern area of the Black Sea, the area of the river Don and Balkans,
with their attribution and interpretations, made by different scholars. It is also
given analogies of the axes of war from the sites of the Pit and the Catacomb Times
and from the territory of the Asia Minor, similar to that of Fedorovka.
The picture of the tailed man with lifted up hands is considered as a figure as
a figure of a minister of religion: priest or Brahman; picture of an animal, placed
beside, as the picture of a horse. The round hollow, placed beside, in navel form
is anthropomorphic 'accessory' of the idol: nude man, whose appearance is the
main theme of the sculpture. After D.Y.Teleghin, on the steles of the 'Natalievsky'
type, in scarce individual features: head into shoulders, praying hands or hands
lifted to face with humility and submission, there were depicted the ministers of
religion
—
shamans. The most essential supplication they were pleading gods,
ghosts and demons in the cattle-breed society, was the prayer for increase of the
cattle. As much as priests got mysterious knowledge, as much they plasticised
ascetic life. One of the widespread ascetic practices is refuse of food for ascetic
reasons. Scholars believe that it was exactly the reason for appearance of
εο-
called 'exhausted ones' pictures on idols of Kernosovka, Natalievka, Fedorovka,
Novocherkassk and
Svatovo.
The features of exhaustion: prominent ribs, spinal
column, shoulder-blades, tailbone, with which so-called 'tailed priests' are
depicted; all this, supposedly, are representation of the Brahman-ascetic, possessor
of the higher knowledge (symbol of which is the exhaustion).
78 _
Супруненко А. Б. Фёдоровский идол и курган
After
L.
Р.
Krylova,
the shaman scenes of a man and an animal coition on the
Kernosovsky idol, pictures of a man with horse with emphasis on their genitals, is
well agreed with the image of the highest masculine deity, pouring out the seed of
rain to grant the reproductive power.
On the reverse of the stele are the depictions of human feet outlines. There
is an opinion on magical, religious and cosmological character of such pictures,
interpreted as a receptacle of the soul of deceased, incarnation (avatar) of the life-
giving solar god, or a symbol of the highest masculine
diety,
similar to god-hero
Indra-
Vishnu, Hercules, etc.
The feet on the Fedorovsky idol cross the belt. The belt is normally considered
by scholars, together with axe and stick (sceptre), as an attribute of power. Placed
between the feet outlines, the belt vertically crosses the trunk of the symbolical
tree of life. After V.N.
Toporov,
such pictures are considered as 'one of the widely
spread embodiments of the universal signal complexes' of the ancients: symbolic
representation of the world space structure, and the threefold division of it, which
corresponds to the idea of its dynamic totality.
It is stated hypothesis on the calendar basis of the 'tree of life', depicted on the
idol; and made some calculations to prove it. To the religious,
cosmogonie
and
other ideas of the ancient makers of the Fedorovsky idol, in some measure, may be
added evidences of their views on time, principles of calendar, connected with the
productive, calendar and rite symbols of nomads of the early Bronze Age.
Genesis of the anthropomorphic masculine image in the art of the cattle-
breeders of the Northern area of the Black Sea and area adjacent to the river Don
concur with forming and domination of the patriarchal relations, in which man
obtains an exclusive status. It was also accompanied with genesis of the early forms
of religion: cult of ancestors, leaders, tribe deity, which found their embodiment
yet in the absolutely human images. It is given mythological characteristic of the
idol pictures and the Fedorovsky barrow complexes, stated by Y.A. Shylov, based
on some parts of the Rig-Veda and the latter
Vedic
literature. After Shylov, the
damage of the Fedorovsky idol was caused by ritual activities, intention of which,
obviously, was to 'send' it as a messenger to Heaven.
The stele of Fedorovka is, supposedly, one of the earliest in the Left-bank
Dnieper foresteppe the universal deity sculptures with bodily attributes of man,
close with
Vedic
Purusha: the symbol of the Universe, law for social existence,
ancestor of men, the highest deity of tribe, some 'alter ego' of deceased and its
guide to the world of immortal gods. The plot of
tlu
sculpture is connected with
such
Vedic
gods as
Indra
and Vishnu, personages and attributes associated with
them.
Among the steles with rich iconography, the idol of Fedorovka is notable for its
significant number of pictures, yielding on the abundance of graphics only to the
stele from Kernosovka. And the composition of a man-priest with a horse, as an
evidence of the domestication and use of the last, is unique.
Summary
_
yo
The Fedorovsky idol belongs to the group of monument-idols, which was,
supposedly, not connected with any concrete graves. It is supposed that such
sculptures were placed as a central element of sanctuary in barrow tops, connected
with cults of the tribe deity, merging in itself functions of a cultural hero and the
demiurge, creator of everything, personification of celestial and atmospheric
phenomena, connected with cults of the celestial lights and phenomena, upon
which cattle-breeder's prosperity depends. In some stage of development of
ancient nomadic societies, the cult of god the patron of the tribe was personified
as a god the warrior, similar to the
Vedic Indra-Vishnu,
and the first avatar of it.
Such idols could be placed during the final stage of development of the Pit society,
about the end of domination of Catacomb tribes, who had such stone axes, wood
shepherd's crooks, foot images in the grave bottoms.
The Fedorovsky barrow was also a unique site, constructed as a sanctuary for
rituals, connected with important decisions in life of the local people of the Pit
Time, as a cult construction for worship the god-nomad Vishnu (or
Indra).
Such
barrow, supposedly, was constructed under the guidance of Brahmans, who in the
society of shepherds traditionally possessed both religious and secular authorities,
reflections of such their position could be found and among the pictures of the
Fedorovsky idol.
Most of the anthropomorphic steles of the Left-bank area of Dnieper, with
some elements of iconography, is connected by scholars with the sites of the Pit
and the Catacomb cultural and historical communities. Today, the sculptures with
the pictures of deities are considered as belonging to the Catacomb (Babynska)
culture, together with the lop-butt axes, depicted in their belts. Their time was
the time of the final stage of development (in the forest-steppe and the steppe
area adjacent to the left bank of Dnieper) of the material culture of the Catacomb
tribes and the beginning of the Babynska culture (the Culture of the multi-roller
ceramics), one of the main components of which was the people of the late Pit
culture in the area adjacent to the left bank of the river Dnieper. The use of the
stele in cult practices should probably be dated back to the eighteenth and the
seventeenth centuries B.C. Its appearance concurs with military actions, taken by
the late Catacomb tribes in the Northern-Eastern, Southern and South-Western
directions, first connections with Balkan people, Mycenae and the Central
Europe.
The book is also containing the data about new finds of steles with pictures,
found in the Poltava Region during the recent years: in particular, about the
group of steles from environs of Komsomolsk in the low flow of the river Sukhoi
Kobelyachok. The most expressive exemplar, close with the idols of the final
stage of the early Bronze Age, is the sculpture of Karpovka in the Kremenchug
district in the Poltava Region, the description, picture and interpretation of which
completes the book.
83
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Введение
.5
1.
Исследование кургана в правобережном Приорелье.
.7
2.
Фёдоровский курган
.11
3.
Федоровский идол
.23
4.
Стелы на курганах Полтавщины (Вместо заключения)
.44
Источники и литература
.54
Резюме
.67
Summary
.74
Об авторе
.80
Список сокращений
.82
Супруненко О.Б. Фёдоровский идол и курган.
-
К.-Полтава,
2011. - 84,
IV
с.
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изображений |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Suprunenko, Oleksandr Borysovyč 1957- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)103523138 |
| author_facet | Suprunenko, Oleksandr Borysovyč 1957- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Suprunenko, Oleksandr Borysovyč 1957- |
| author_variant | o b s ob obs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040998371 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)844109041 (DE-599)BVBBV040998371 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Linksufriges Dnjepr-Gebiet (DE-588)4468636-5 gnd Oblast Poltawa (DE-588)4706104-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Linksufriges Dnjepr-Gebiet Oblast Poltawa |
| id | DE-604.BV040998371 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-29T13:03:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789668999383 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025976029 |
| oclc_num | 844109041 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 83 S., IV Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Centr Pamjatnikovedenija NAN Ukrainy i UOOPIK |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Suprunenko, Oleksandr Borysovyč 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)103523138 aut Fëdorovskij idol i kurgan Suprunenko A. B. The idol and the barrow of Fedorovka Fedorivsʹkyj idol ta kurhan Kiev [u.a.] Centr Pamjatnikovedenija NAN Ukrainy i UOOPIK 2011 83 S., IV Bl. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: The idol and the barrow of Fedorovka [u.a.] - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd rswk-swf Grabstele (DE-588)4157988-4 gnd rswk-swf Kurgan Hügelgrab (DE-588)4128840-3 gnd rswk-swf Linksufriges Dnjepr-Gebiet (DE-588)4468636-5 gnd rswk-swf Oblast Poltawa (DE-588)4706104-2 gnd rswk-swf Linksufriges Dnjepr-Gebiet (DE-588)4468636-5 g Oblast Poltawa (DE-588)4706104-2 g Kurgan Hügelgrab (DE-588)4128840-3 s Grabstele (DE-588)4157988-4 s Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025976029&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025976029&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Suprunenko, Oleksandr Borysovyč 1957- Fëdorovskij idol i kurgan Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Grabstele (DE-588)4157988-4 gnd Kurgan Hügelgrab (DE-588)4128840-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4008357-3 (DE-588)4157988-4 (DE-588)4128840-3 (DE-588)4468636-5 (DE-588)4706104-2 |
| title | Fëdorovskij idol i kurgan |
| title_alt | The idol and the barrow of Fedorovka Fedorivsʹkyj idol ta kurhan |
| title_auth | Fëdorovskij idol i kurgan |
| title_exact_search | Fëdorovskij idol i kurgan |
| title_full | Fëdorovskij idol i kurgan Suprunenko A. B. |
| title_fullStr | Fëdorovskij idol i kurgan Suprunenko A. B. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fëdorovskij idol i kurgan Suprunenko A. B. |
| title_short | Fëdorovskij idol i kurgan |
| title_sort | fedorovskij idol i kurgan |
| topic | Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Grabstele (DE-588)4157988-4 gnd Kurgan Hügelgrab (DE-588)4128840-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bronzezeit Grabstele Kurgan Hügelgrab Linksufriges Dnjepr-Gebiet Oblast Poltawa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025976029&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025976029&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT suprunenkooleksandrborysovyc fedorovskijidolikurgan AT suprunenkooleksandrborysovyc theidolandthebarrowoffedorovka AT suprunenkooleksandrborysovyc fedorivsʹkyjidoltakurhan |