Teoria władzy monarszej czasów stanisławowskich: studium idei
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Polish |
| Published: |
Lublin
Wydawnictwo KUL
2013
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. u. franz. Sprache u.d.T.: The theory of monarchical power in the Stanislavian era Bibliogr. s. 469-523. Indeks |
| Physical Description: | 545, [1] s. il. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788377026014 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
....................................................... 7
I. Pochodzenie władzy
......................................... 61
1.
Charyzmat
.............................................. 63
a. Interwencja pierwotna
.................................. 71
b. Druga interwencja
-
ocalenie
............................. 81
c. Charyzmat Bożej sprawiedliwości
......................... 99
2.
Kontrakt
................................................ 115
a. Powierzenie władzy
.................................... 117
b. Społeczeństwo i władza, czyli dwa etapy umowy
............. 121
c. Stowarzyszenie
........................................ 125
3.
Wybór
................................................. 139
a. Wybór bezpośredni
..................................... 141
b. Wybór pośredni
....................................... 154
c. Geopolityka
-
wybór racjonalny
.......................... 164
II.
Ograniczenia władzy
......................................... 183
4.
Etyka
.................................................. 185
a. Idea racji stanu
......................................... 187
b. Moralność władzy
...................................... 195
c. Suwerenność władzy a moralność władcy
................... 202
5.
Prawa
.................................................. 209
a. Prawo przyrodzone
..................................... 214
b. Prawo natury
.......................................... 219
c. Prawo polityczne
-
wolność
.............................. 232
d. Prawo polityczne
-
równość
............................. 243
e. Prawodawca
.......................................... 250
6.
Władza i wiedza doskonała. Oblicza króla-fllozofa
............. 269
a. Król roztropny
........................................ 275
b. Filozof królem
-
rządy rozumnej jednostki
................. 282
c. Król filozofem
-
naturalne źródła wiedzy
................... 293
d. Mędrzec
.............................................. 299
б
SPľS
TREŚCI
III. Cele władzy
................................................ 317
7.
Życie zgodne z wyborem rządzonych
........................ 319
a. Sprawiedliwość
........................................ 322
b. Szczęście
............................................. 336
с
Tradycja
.............................................. 351
d. Wspólnota
............................................ 367
8.
Odpowiedzialność za prawdę i moralność
.................... 379
a. Sumienie i polityka
..................................... 380
b. Łaska
................................................ 393
c. Nagroda i kara
........................................ 408
9.
Król-pokoju
............................................ 425
a. Pacyfizm oświeceniowy
................................. 426
b. Polskie teorie pacyfistyczne, czyli kultura przekładu
.......... 433
c. Idee wojny sprawiedliwej
................................ 446
Zakończenie
.................................................. 459
Bibliografía
.................................................. 469
Wykaz skrótów
............................................... 515
Spis ilustracji
................................................. 517
The Theory of Monarchical
Power
in the Stanislavian Era.
A Study of the Idea (Summary)
................................. 519
La pensé politique et la théorie de pouvoir monarchique (Résumé)
. . . 525
Indeks nazwisk ...............................................
531
THE THEORY OF MONARCHICAL POWER
IN THE STANISLAVIAN ERA.
A STUDY OF THE IDEA
Summary
The Enlightenment Europe was, ideologically, a space of monarchies, even
strong absolute monarchies. All republican ideas or monarchist parliamentary
systems were pushed into the background. Republicanism itself was seen as
a system of the past or a possible harbinger of the future. Having placed my
research in this ideological space, in my book I ask fundamental questions
about the nature of political order: why should one man obey another?
I divided the theoretical comments functioning in the Republic of Poland
[though reigned by kings, Poland was referred to by the nobles as the Repub¬
lic (Commonwealth), later called the First Republic] into three types represent¬
ing the traditionalist (traditionalist republicanism), republican (Enlightenment
republicanism), and monarchist (monarchism) trends. Monarchist ideas were
far more widespread in the Republic of the Stanislavian [i.e. King
Stanisław
August Poniatowski s] era than has been suspected before. Many Polish theo¬
rists adhered to the monarchist idea, i.e. to the idea of moderate and also abso¬
lute monarchy. Nevertheless, this idea was limited by the specificity of Polish
reflections on power. In Poland, the authors of theoretical studies (i.e. political
treatises, the main source of my analysis) were usually those who participated
in the political life as members of the political nation. They sought the ways
of improving the existing political system, rather than seeking a theoretical
ideal. In contrast, Western European theorists of power were the authors who
had no influence on governments, which is why they created the ideal to be
attained in the future.
The Polish theory of power in the latter half of the eighteenth century did
not know the idea of the
sanctification
of royal power through the sanctity of
the royal office. This poverty of the idea made one doubt the inviolability of
royal sanctity in the exercise of power. For that reason the monarch s cha¬
risma was only occasional. On a general scale, this idea was invoked only two
times (on two occasions): during the king s election in
1764,
and after the at¬
tempt to abduct King
Stanisław
August Poniatowski in
1771.
The secularization
of royal power was a Pan-European process. From London St. Petersburg,
520
SUMMARY
theorists of power deprived thrones of the sanctity of royal rule. The latter
half of the eighteenth century was the time when the idea of royal charisma
was coming to an end, also in the First Republic of Poland, until it died out.
It appears that the decisive factor in these changes in Polish political thought
was the spread of the Enlightenment ideas. Moreover, an extremely crucial
element of the process was the antimonarchism of republican and traditional¬
ist authors.
The ideas of the social contract concerning authority, present in Polish
theoretical writings, were only fragments and selective receptions of abstract
solutions borrowed from Western Europe. These receptions focused on three
main theories of contract: entrusting of power, a two stage-contract, and asso¬
ciation. It was the last idea, association, which aroused the greatest interest in
the Republic of Poland and won many followers. It established individual free¬
dom and the individual s overwhelming influence on state authority against
monarchical subordination. This idea .was found very attractive by the tradi¬
tionalists and extreme republicans.
To Polish traditionalists and radical republicans, the free and direct elec¬
tion of the king was the symbol of the nation s sovereignty in relation to the
monarch. It provided an opportunity for motivating the political community
and for limiting and controlling the monarch s power at the same time. To
moderate republicans and monarchists, who drew on Western European po¬
litical theory, the election no longer confirmed the sovereignty of the nation.
This was because most of the Western European theories of the sovereignty
of the nation lacked such a justification.
.
Moral absolutism prevailing in Polish political theory did not mean giving
up the process of rationalizing the ideological sphere. To stop this all-Europe¬
an tendency did not appear possible, therefore morality in the First Republic
also became an intellectual ability
-
it became the knowledge on what was good
and what was evil.
In the Stanislavian era Polish political philosophy was bound by the prin¬
ciple of absolute impossibility of violation of the statutory law and natural law
by the ruler. The traditional distrust of the monarch s actions was conducive to
this categorical attitude. In particular, there were strong objections to the pos¬
sibility of the monarch violating natural law/rights. It was generally believed
that such an act obligated the subjects to forsake their allegiance to the king.
The political rights: freedom and equality were treated in the Polish theory
of power as natural (innate) rights guaranteeing independence of the king s
authority. This did not mean that these rights denied the essence of monarchi¬
cal power, which (within limits) was a structural constituent of the state of the
nobles.
In the latter half of the eighteenth century, wisdom was perceived as the
source of all political virtues. There is nothing surprising, therefore, in the
SUMMARY
521
attractiveness of the models that combined power with knowledge. In the Pol¬
ish thinking about monarchical power at that time the traditional, Renaissance
idea of the prudent king was still present. Since the early seventeen-seventies,
however, Polish theorists saw the values salutary for the inefficient Republic in
the ideal of the philosopher-king. By means of his appropriate education, the
ruler, vested with broad prerogatives, could act swiftly and effectively. Owing
to this, he would be able to introduce necessary reforms of the state, reforms
stemming from his scholarly reflection. The identification of knowledge with
natural wisdom gave rise to next, the third model of combining knowledge
with power, the ideal of the philosopher-king. This ideal, popular in the Polish
theory of power, was based on natural law. The criticism of models of combin¬
ing power with wisdom came to the First Republic of Poland with the first
Polish
utopias.
The creators of ideals of the ruler presented in those studies
emphasized the old age of the sage, which would confirm his wisdom and
authority
The central theme in Polish political theory was still the ideal of justice of
the authority. This resulted in frequent discussions on this issue but was not
reflected in the complexity of theories. It is even difficult to speak of theory
in the case of the discussions in question. These were usually very casual
mentions of the monarch s justice, pervaded with Old-Polish legalism. It was
a legalism reduced to the principle that the king is obligated to observe legal
norms and to place the gains of those ruled above his own interests. This pat¬
tern determined discussions on the justice of power.
In the latter half of the eighteenth century, happiness was often regarded
as the goal of the ruler s reign. Polish power theorists perceived the idea of
happiness in a strong correlation with justice. The monarchists, some republi¬
cans, and even traditionalists expected the monarch s authority to make them
happy, and often expressed their readiness to strengthen that power for the
sake of the attainment of its goal i.e. the happiness of the ruled. However,
many republicans, especially second-generation ones, did not identify the value
of happiness with the exercise of power by the king. Most theorists, particu¬
larly republican ones, associated the happiness of the ruled with the freedom
of the nobility. This analogy highly restricted or even excluded the king s influ¬
ence on making the state happy.
To the traditionalists the future was the multiplication of the original mod¬
el. In contrast from the late seventeen-sixties or the early seventeen-seventies,
the republicans, unlike the traditionalists, began to define history by means of
the Enlightenment idea of the process of progress. This rational and critical
perspective led to verification of the knowledge about the past of the Polish
State. In the declining years of the First Republic, it was characteristic of re¬
publicans to present history as a process leading from the absolutist form to
the republic to the rule of the people. When making a new choice of
tradì-
522
summary
tion,
the monarchist presented the role of kings in Polish history in a more
favorable light than previous interpretations did. They also tried to prove the
superiority of monarchical power over democratic power, using examples
from Polish history. In all its varieties, Polish political thought was character¬
ized by its exceptional attachment to tradition. In the context of the European
theory of that time (which eliminated tradition and legend from thinking of
the State in the rational process) it was an unusual attitude.
Most authors of the Polish political treatises did not describe the instru¬
mental role of the king in creating the community. It was a general conviction
that the protection of the community was the king s natural duty: consequently,
it was outside of theorists interest. Moreover, this elimination of such ideas
was caused by the political role of the king in the Republic of Poland and by
fears of the effects of the monarch s influence on the development of the com¬
munity.
Many Polish theorists of power granted the king the role of the guaran¬
tor of the State order. This opened the possibility of assigning to the king the
responsibility for truth and morality in the State, and also made it possible to
trust the judgments of his conscience. However, the stabilizing role of the king
was restricted by legal barriers and fears of the monarch s interference in
the private lives of the ruled. In the Polish theory of power in the Stanislavian
era the other aspect (barriers and fears) was the dominant one, which is why
the idea of the rule based on the monarch s judgments of conscience was not
popular in the Republic of Poland.
The emanation of the royal will and moral responsibility, which was the
power of royal pardon, was not uncritically accepted in the Polish theory of
power, unlike in Western European political philosophy. The replacement of
justice with the monarch s kindness or mercy was not desirable in the Polish
way of thinking on authority.
Following Western European models, the republicans regarded the king s
right to grant offices as harmful to the State and demanded that it be abolished.
The promotion of the ruled would be decided by the sovereign nation of the
nobles rather than by the monarch s will. This objection even applied to honor¬
ary decorations and challenged the king s right to judge the deeds of the ruled.
Such a novel republican idea perfectly fitted in Polish tradition.
Pacifist ideas, including the idea of the king as peacemaker, did not arouse
too much interest among Polish power theorists. Apart from very few excep¬
tions, this interest can be reduced to the publication of several translations
of Western (especially French) studies. The marginal treatment of this issue
widely discussed in Western Europe may have been caused by the military
traditions and needs of the Polish-Lithuanian State. As a result no internal
(independent of external cultural influences), extensive discourse on pacifist
ideas developed in Poland.
SUMMARV
523
Polish political practice was based on the primacy of freedom and law
over political authority and its power. That is why political practice perfectly
harmonized with the traditional political theory. The native theory of power
opposed the authority stemming from the will of the individual. This power,
based on individualism so widespread in Western Europe at the time, was
restricted in Polish theory by the interests of the nobles community. Despite
this fact, a breakthrough concerning the theory of personal power came in
the early seventeen-seventies. It is at that time that the discourse on the idea
of the king s power arose.
Translated by
Jerzy Adamko
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:37:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788377026014 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025974348 |
| oclc_num | 867137391 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 545, [1] s. il. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo KUL |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Stasiak, Arkadiusz Michał Verfasser aut Teoria władzy monarszej czasów stanisławowskich studium idei Arkadiusz Michał Stasiak ; Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II., Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych, Instytut Historii Lublin Wydawnictwo KUL 2013 545, [1] s. il. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. u. franz. Sprache u.d.T.: The theory of monarchical power in the Stanislavian era Bibliogr. s. 469-523. Indeks Geschichte 1700-1799 gnd rswk-swf Władza (filozofia) / 18 w jhpk Władza królewska / Polska / 18 w jhpk Monarchia / Polska / 18 w jhpk Idee polityczne / Polska / 18 w jhpk Macht (DE-588)4036824-5 gnd rswk-swf Monarchie (DE-588)4040034-7 gnd rswk-swf Politische Philosophie (DE-588)4076226-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Monarchie (DE-588)4040034-7 s Macht (DE-588)4036824-5 s Politische Philosophie (DE-588)4076226-9 s Geschichte 1700-1799 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025974348&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025974348&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Stasiak, Arkadiusz Michał Teoria władzy monarszej czasów stanisławowskich studium idei Władza (filozofia) / 18 w jhpk Władza królewska / Polska / 18 w jhpk Monarchia / Polska / 18 w jhpk Idee polityczne / Polska / 18 w jhpk Macht (DE-588)4036824-5 gnd Monarchie (DE-588)4040034-7 gnd Politische Philosophie (DE-588)4076226-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4036824-5 (DE-588)4040034-7 (DE-588)4076226-9 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Teoria władzy monarszej czasów stanisławowskich studium idei |
| title_auth | Teoria władzy monarszej czasów stanisławowskich studium idei |
| title_exact_search | Teoria władzy monarszej czasów stanisławowskich studium idei |
| title_full | Teoria władzy monarszej czasów stanisławowskich studium idei Arkadiusz Michał Stasiak ; Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II., Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych, Instytut Historii |
| title_fullStr | Teoria władzy monarszej czasów stanisławowskich studium idei Arkadiusz Michał Stasiak ; Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II., Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych, Instytut Historii |
| title_full_unstemmed | Teoria władzy monarszej czasów stanisławowskich studium idei Arkadiusz Michał Stasiak ; Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II., Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych, Instytut Historii |
| title_short | Teoria władzy monarszej czasów stanisławowskich |
| title_sort | teoria wladzy monarszej czasow stanislawowskich studium idei |
| title_sub | studium idei |
| topic | Władza (filozofia) / 18 w jhpk Władza królewska / Polska / 18 w jhpk Monarchia / Polska / 18 w jhpk Idee polityczne / Polska / 18 w jhpk Macht (DE-588)4036824-5 gnd Monarchie (DE-588)4040034-7 gnd Politische Philosophie (DE-588)4076226-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Władza (filozofia) / 18 w Władza królewska / Polska / 18 w Monarchia / Polska / 18 w Idee polityczne / Polska / 18 w Macht Monarchie Politische Philosophie Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025974348&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025974348&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stasiakarkadiuszmichał teoriawładzymonarszejczasowstanisławowskichstudiumidei |