The mind's machine: foundations of brain and behavior
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sunderland, Mass.
Sinauer Associates
c2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | getr. Zählung Ill. 28 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780878939336 0878939334 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Watson, Neil V. |d 1962- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)14401730X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The mind's machine |b foundations of brain and behavior |c Neil V. Watson, S. Marc Breedlove |
| 264 | 1 | |a Sunderland, Mass. |b Sinauer Associates |c c2012 | |
| 300 | |a getr. Zählung |b Ill. |c 28 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Brain |v Textbooks | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Brain |x Physiology |v Textbooks | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Human behavior |x Physiological aspects |v Textbooks | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Psychobiology |v Textbooks | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Neurophysiology |v Textbooks | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Neuropsychology |v Textbooks | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Breedlove, S. Marc |d 1954- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1163745138 |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m SWB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025974174&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025974174 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150321562255360 |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE XVI
1 CHAPTER AN INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2
WHAT S IN A NAME? 5 THE SCIENCE OF BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR SPANS PAST,
PRESENT, AND FUTURE 5 THE ROLE OF THE BRAIN WAS UNCERTAIN TO SCHOLARS IN
ANTIQUITY 5 ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY PROPEL MODERN
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 8 THE FUTURE OF BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY IS IN
INTERDISCIPLINARY DISCOVERY AND KNOWLEDGE TRANSLATION 9
BOX 1.1 WE ARE ALL ALIKE, AND WE ARE ALL DIFFERENT 11
CAREFUL RESEARCH DESIGN IS CRITICAL FOR PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 14
THREE KINDS OF STUDIES PROBE BRAIN-BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIPS 14 BIOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGISTS USE SEVERAL LEVELS OF ANALYSIS 15 ANIMAL RESEARCH IS
CRUCIAL FOR LIFE SCIENCES RESEARCH, INCLUDING
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 16
LOOKING FORWARD: A GLIMPSE INSIDE THE MIND S MACHINE 17 CHAPTER 1 VISUAL
SUMMARY 19
2 CHAPTER ^ CELLS AND STRUCTURES: THE ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 20
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF CELLS 22 THE NEURON HAS FOUR PRINCIPAL
DIVISIONS 22 INFORMATION IS RECEIVED THROUGH SYNAPSES 25
BOX 2.1 VISUALIZING THE CELLULAR STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN 26 THE AXON IS
SPECIALIZED FOR INTEGRATING AND TRANSMITTING INFORMATION 28
GLIAL CELLS PROTECT AND ASSIST NEURONS 28 NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS FORM
INFORMATION-PROCESSING CIRCUITS 29 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM EXTENDS THROUGHOUT
THE BODY 29 THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS THREE COMPONENTS 30
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSISTS OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD 34
BOX 2.2 THREE CUSTOMARY ORIENTATIONS FOR VIEWING THE BRAIN AND BODY 35
THE BRAIN IS DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF BOTH STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 38 THE
CEREBRAL CORTEX PERFORMS COMPLEX COGNITIVE PROCESSING 38
IMPORTANT NUCLEI ARE HIDDEN BENEATH THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 38 THE MIDBRAIN
HAS SENSORY AND MOTOR SYSTEMS 39 THE BRAINSTEM CONTROLS VITAL BODY
FUNCTIONS 40
SPECIALIZED SUPPORT SYSTEMS PROTECT AND NOURISH THE BRAIN 40 THE BRAIN
FLOATS WITHIN LAYERS OF MEMBRANES 40 THE BRAIN RELIES ON TWO FLUIDS FOR
SURVIVAL 41
BRAIN-IMAGING TECHNIQUES REVEAL THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN
BRAIN 42 CT USES X-RAYS TO REVEAL BRAIN STRUCTURE 42 MRI MAPS DENSITY TO
DEDUCE BRAIN STRUCTURE WITH HIGH DETAIL 43 FUNCTIONAL MRI USES LOCAL
CHANGES IN METABOLISM TO IDENTIFY
ACTIVE BRAIN REGIONS 44 PET TRACKS RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES TO PRODUCE
IMAGES OF BRAIN ACTIVITY 44 RESEARCHERS AT WORK SUBTRACTIVE ANALYSIS
ISOLATES SPECIFIC
BRAIN ACTIVITY 44
MAGNETISM CAN BE USED TO STUDY BRAIN ACTIVITY 45
CHAPTER 2 VISUAL SUMMARY 46
IMAGE 2
VIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER J NEUROPHYSIOLOGY: THE GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, AND INTEGRATION
OF NEURAL SIGNALS 48
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS ARE THE VOCABULARY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 50 A BALANCE
OF ELECTROCHEMICAL FORCES PRODUCES THE RESTING POTENTIAL OF NEURONS 50 A
THRESHOLD AMOUNT OF DEPOLARIZATION TRIGGERS AN ACTION
POTENTIAL 54 IONIC MECHANISMS UNDERLIE THE ACTION POTENTIAL 55 ACTION
POTENTIALS ARE ACTIVELY PROPAGATED ALONG THE AXON 57 BOX 3.1 ACTION
POTENTIALS ACT, IN MANY WAYS, LIKE A
FLUSHING TOILET 60 SYNAPSES CAUSE LOCAL CHANGES IN THE POSTSYNAPTIC
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL 60 SPATIAL SUMMATION AND TEMPORAL SUMMATION INTEGRATE
SYNAPTIC INPUTS 62
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION REQUIRES A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 64 ACTION POTENTIALS
CAUSE THE RELEASE OF TRANSMITTER MOLECULES INTO THE SYNAPTIC CLEFT 64
RECEPTOR MOLECULES RECOGNIZE TRANSMITTERS 65
THE ACTION OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMITTERS IS STOPPED RAPIDLY 66 NEURAL
CIRCUITS UNDERLIE REFLEXES 67 GROSS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE HUMAN
BRAIN 69 ELECTRICAL STORMS IN THE BRAIN CAN CAUSE SEIZURES 69
RESEARCHERS AT WORK SURGICAL PROBING OF THE BRAIN REVEALED A MAP OF THE
BODY 71
CHAPTER 3 VISUAL SUMMARY 74
CHAPTER 4 THE CHEMISTRY OF BEHAVIOR: NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND
NEUROPHARMACOLOGY 76
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS ARE TURNED INTO CHEMICAL SIGNALS AT SYNAPSES 79
RECEPTOR PROTEINS RECOGNIZE TRANSMITTERS AND THEIR MIMICS 79 MANY
NEUROTRANSMITTERS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED 80
RESEARCHERS AT WORK THE FIRST TRANSMITTER TO BE DISCOVERED WAS
ACETYLCHOLINE 81
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS FORM A COMPLEX ARRAY IN THE BRAIN 82
FOUR AMINE NEUROTRANSMITTERS PROJECT THROUGHOUT THE BRAIN 82 SOME AMINO
ACIDS ACT AS NEUROTRANSMITTERS 84 MANY PEPTIDES FUNCTION AS
NEUROTRANSMITTERS 84
SOME NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE GASES 85 DRUGS FIT LIKE KEYS INTO MOLECULAR
LOCKS 85 THE EFFECTS OF A DRUG DEPEND ON ITS DOSE 87 DRUG DOSES ARE
ADMINISTERED IN MANY DIFFERENT WAYS 88
REPEATED TREATMENTS CAN REDUCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DRUGS 89 DRUGS
AFFECT EACH STAGE OF NEURAL CONDUCTION AND SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION 89 SOME
DRUGS ALTER PRESYNAPTIC PROCESSES 89 SOME DRUGS ALTER POSTSYNAPTIC
PROCESSES 91
DRUGS THAT AFFECT THE BRAIN CAN BE DIVIDED INTO FUNCTIONAL CLASSES 92
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS RELIEVE SEVERE SYMPTOMS 92 PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS ALTER
CONSCIOUSNESS 94
DRUG ABUSE IS PERVASIVE 100 SEVERAL PERSPECTIVES HELP US UNDERSTAND DRUG
ABUSE 100 BOX 4.1 THE TERMINOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS 101
DRUG USE, ABUSE, AND DEPENDENCE CAN BE PREVENTED OR TREATED
IN MULTIPLE WAYS 102 CHAPTER 4 VISUAL SUMMARY 104
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
UI
HAPTER O THE SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEM 106
PART I SENSORY PROCESSING AND THE SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM 108
RECEPTOR CELLS CONVERT SENSORY SIGNALS INTO ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY 110
SENSORY INFORMATION PROCESSING IS SELECTIVE AND ANALYTICAL 111 SENSORY
EVENTS ARE ENCODED AS STREAMS OF ACTION
POTENTIALS 112 SENSORY NEURONS RESPOND TO STIMULI FALLING IN THEIR
RECEPTIVE FIELDS 112 RECEPTORS MAY SHOW ADAPTATION TO UNCHANGING STIMULI
113
SOMETIMES WE NEED RECEPTORS TO BE QUIET 113
SUCCESSIVE LEVELS OF THE CNS PROCESS SENSORY INFORMATION 114 SENSORY
CORTEX IS HIGHLY ORGANIZED 115 SENSORY BRAIN REGIONS INFLUENCE ONE
ANOTHER AND CHANGE
OVER TIME 116
PART II PAIN: THE BODY S EMERGENCY SIGNALING SYSTEM 108
HUMAN PAIN VARIES IN SEVERAL DIMENSIONS 117 A DISCRETE PAIN PATHWAY
PROJECTS FROM BODY TO BRAIN 118 PERIPHERAL RECEPTORS GET THE INITIAL
MESSAGE 118 SPECIAL NEURAL PATHWAYS CARRY PAIN INFORMATION TO
THE BRAIN 119
PAIN CONTROL CAN BE DIFFICULT 120 ANALGESIC DRUGS ARE HIGHLY EFFECTIVE
120 ELECTRICAL STIMULATION CAN SOMETIMES RELIEVE PAIN 121 PLACEBOS
EFFECTIVELY CONTROL PAIN IN SOME PEOPLE,
BUT NOT ALL 121
ACTIVATION OF ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS RELIEVES PAIN 121
PART III MOVEMENT AND THE MOTOR SYSTEM 122 BEHAVIOR REQUIRES MOVEMENTS
THAT ARE PRECISELY PROGRAMMED AND MONITORED 122 A COMPLEX NEURAL SYSTEM
CONTROLS MUSCLES TO CREATE
BEHAVIOR 125 MUSCLES AND THE SKELETON WORK TOGETHER TO MOVE THE BODY 125
SENSORY FEEDBACK FROM MUSCLES, TENDONS, AND JOINTS GOVERNS
MOVEMENT 127 THE SPINAL CORD MEDIATES AUTOMATIC RESPONSES AND RECEIVES
INPUTS FROM THE BRAIN 129 MOTOR CORTEX PLANS AND EXECUTES MOVEMENTS-AND
MORE 131
RESEARCHERS AT WORK MIRROR NEURONS IN PREMOTOR CORTEX TRACK MOVEMENTS IN
OTHERS 134
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEMS REGULATE AND FINE-TUNE MOTOR COMMANDS 136 DAMAGE
TO EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEMS IMPAIRS MOVEMENT 137 CHAPTER 5 VISUAL SUMMARY
138
6 CHAPTER O HEARING, BALANCE, TASTE, AND SMELL 140
PART I HEARING AND BALANCE 142 BOX 6.1 THE BASICS OF SOUND 142
EACH PART OF THE EAR PERFORMS A SPECIFIC FUNCTION IN HEARING 143 THE
EXTERNAL EAR CAPTURES, FOCUSES, AND FILTERS SOUND 143 THE MIDDLE EAR
CONCENTRATES SOUND ENERGIES 144
RESEARCHERS AT WORK THE COCHLEA CONVERTS VIBRATIONAL ENERGY INTO NEURAL
ACTIVITY 145
THE HAIR CELLS TRANSDUCE MOVEMENTS OF THE BASILAR MEMBRANE INTO
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS 146
AUDITORY SYSTEM PATHWAYS RUN FROM THE BRAINSTEM TO THE CORTEX 149 OUR
SENSE OF PITCH RELIES ON TWO SIGNALS FROM THE COCHLEA 150
BRAINSTEM SYSTEMS COMPARE THE EARS TO LOCALIZE SOUNDS 151 THE AUDITORY
CORTEX PERFORMS COMPLEX TASKS IN THE PERCEPTION OF SOUND 152
DEAFNESS IS A WIDESPREAD PROBLEM 154
THE INNER EAR PROVIDES OUR SENSE OF BALANCE 156 SOME FORMS OF VESTIBULAR
EXCITATION PRODUCE MOTION SICKNESS 159
PART II THE CHEMICAL SENSES: TASTE AND SMELL 159 THE HUMAN TONGUE
DETECTS FIVE BASIC CHEMICAL TASTES 159 TASTES EXCITE SPECIALIZED
RECEPTOR CELLS ON THE TONGUE 159
DIFFERENT CELLULAR PROCESSES TRANSDUCE THE BASIC TASTES 160 TASTE
INFORMATION IS TRANSMITTED TO SEVERAL PARTS OF THE BRAIN 162 CHEMICALS
IN THE AIR ELICIT ODOR SENSATIONS 162 THE SENSE OF SMELL STARTS WITH
RECEPTOR NEURONS IN THE
NOSE 162 OLFACTORY INFORMATION PROJECTS FROM THE OLFACTORY BULBS TO
SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS 164 MANY VERTEBRATES POSSESS A VOMERONASAL SYSTEM
165
CHAPTER 6 VISUAL SUMMARY 166
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7 CHAPTER / VISION: FROM EYE TO BRAIN 168
THE VISUAL SYSTEM EXTENDS FROM THE EYE TO THE BRAIN 170 THE VERTEBRATE
EYE ACTS IN SOME WAYS LIKE A CAMERA 170 VISUAL PROCESSING BEGINS IN THE
RETINA 172
PHOTORECEPTORS RESPOND TO LIGHT BY RELEASING LESS NEUROTRANSMITTER 173
DIFFERENT MECHANISMS ENABLE THE EYES TO WORK OVER A WIDE RANGE OF LIGHT
INTENSITIES 174 ACUITY IS BEST IN FOVEAL VISION 175
NEURAL SIGNALS TRAVEL FROM THE RETINA TO SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS 178 THE
RETINA PROJECTS TO THE BRAIN IN A TOPOGRAPHIC FASHION 179 NEURONS AT
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM HAVE VERY
DIFFERENT RECEPTIVE FIELDS 180 PHOTORECEPTORS EXCITE SOME RETINAL
NEURONS AND INHIBIT OTHERS 180 NEURONS IN THE RETINA AND THE LGN HAVE
CONCENTRIC RECEPTIVE
FIELDS 181 RESEARCHERS AT WORK NEURONS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX HAVE VARIED
RECEPTIVE FIELDS 184
NEURONS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX BEYOND AREA VI HAVE COMPLEX RECEPTIVE
FIELDS AND HELP IDENTIFY FORMS 187
PERCEPTION OF VISUAL MOTION IS ANALYZED BY A SPECIAL SYSTEM THAT
INCLUDES CORTICAL AREA V5 188 COLOR VISION DEPENDS ON SPECIAL CHANNELS
FROM THE RETINAL CONES THROUGH CORTICAL AREA V4 189 COLOR IS CREATED BY
THE VISUAL SYSTEM 189 COLOR PERCEPTION REQUIRES RECEPTOR CELLS THAT
DIFFER IN THEIR
SENSITIVITIES TO DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS 190
BOX 7.1 MOST MAMMALIAN SPECIES HAVE SOME COLOR VISION 193 SOME RETINAL
GANGLION CELLS AND LGN CELLS SHOW SPECTRAL OPPONENCY 194 SOME VISUAL
CORTICAL CELLS AND REGIONS APPEAR TO BE SPECIALIZED
FOR COLOR PERCEPTION 195 THE MANY CORTICAL VISUAL AREAS ARE ORGANIZED
INTO TWO MAJOR STREAMS 196
VISUAL NEUROSCIENCE CAN BE APPLIED TO ALLEVIATE SOME VISUAL DEFICIENCIES
198 IMPAIRMENT OF VISION OFTEN CAN BE PREVENTED OR REDUCED 198 INCREASED
EXERCISE CAN RESTORE FUNCTION TO A PREVIOUSLY
DEPRIVED OR NEGLECTED EYE 199 CHAPTER 7 VISUAL SUMMARY 200
CHAPTER 8 HORMONES AND SEX 202
PART I THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 204 HORMONES ACT IN A GREAT VARIETY OF WAYS
THROUGHOUT THE BODY 204
RESEARCHERS AT WORK OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF HORMONES DEVELOPED IN
STAGES 204
HORMONES ARE ONE OF SEVERAL TYPES OF CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION 206 HORMONES
CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY CHEMICAL STRUCTURE 207 HORMONES ACT ON A WIDE
VARIETY OF CELLULAR
MECHANISMS 208 HORMONES INITIATE ACTIONS BY BINDING TO RECEPTOR
MOLECULES 208
BOX 8.1 TECHNIQUES OF MODERN BEHAVIORAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 210 HORMONES CAN
HAVE DIFFERENT EFFECTS ON DIFFERENT TARGET ORGANS 211
EACH ENDOCRINE GLAND SECRETES SPECIFIC HORMONES 212 THE POSTERIOR
PITUITARY RELEASES TWO HORMONES DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOODSTREAM 213
POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES CAN AFFECT SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 215 FEEDBACK
CONTROL MECHANISMS REGULATE THE SECRETION OF HORMONES 215 HYPOTHALAMIC
RELEASING HORMONES GOVERN THE ANTERIOR
PITUITARY 216
BOX 8.2 STRESS AND GROWTH: PSYCHOSOCIAL DWARF ISM 218 TWO ANTERIOR
PITUITARY TROPIC HORMONES ACT ON THE GONADS 219 THE GONADS PRODUCE
STEROID HORMONES, REGULATING
REPRODUCTION 219 HORMONAL AND NEURAL SYSTEMS INTERACT TO PRODUCE
INTEGRATED RESPONSES 221
PART II REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR 223
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR CAN BE DIVIDED INTO FOUR STAGES 223 COPULATION
BRINGS GAMETES TOGETHER 225 RESEARCHERS AT WORK GONADAL STEROIDS
ACTIVATE SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR 225
THE NEURAL CIRCUITRY OF THE BRAIN REGULATES REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR 227
IMAGE 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OVARIAN STEROIDS ACT ON A LORDOSIS CIRCUIT THAT SPANS FROM BRAIN TO
MUSCLE 227 ANDROGENS ACTIVATE A NEURAL SYSTEM FOR MALE REPRODUCTIVE
BEHAVIOR 228
PARENTAL BEHAVIORS ARE GOVERNED BY SEVERAL SEX-RELATED HORMONES 229 THE
HALLMARK OF HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IS DIVERSITY 230 HORMONES PLAY ONLY A
PERMISSIVE ROLE IN HUMAN SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR 232
PART III SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION AND ORIENTATION 232 GENETIC AND HORMONAL
MECHANISMS GUIDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MASCULINE AND FEMININE STRUCTURES
233 SEX CHROMOSOMES DIRECT SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE
GONADS 233 GONADAL HORMONES DIRECT SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE BODY
233
9
CHANGES IN THE SEQUENCE OF SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION RESULT IN PREDICTABLE
CHANGES IN DEVELOPMENT 234 DYSFUNCTIONAL ANDROGEN RECEPTORS CAN BLOCK
THE MASCULINIZATION OF MALES 235 SOME PEOPLE SEEM TO CHANGE SEX AT
PUBERTY 236 HOW SHOULD WE DEFINE GENDER-BY GENES, GONADS, GENITALS? 236
RESEARCHERS AT WORK GONADAL HORMONES DIRECT SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION OF
BEHAVIOR AND THE BRAIN 237 SEVERAL REGIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM DISPLAY
PROMINENT SEXUAL DIMORPHISM 239 SOCIAL INFLUENCES ALSO AFFECT SEXUAL
DIFFERENTIATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 242 DO FETAL HORMONES MASCULINIZE
HUMAN BEHAVIORS IN ADULTHOOD? 243 WHAT DETERMINES A PERSON S SEXUAL
ORIENTATION? 244 CHAPTER 8 VISUAL SUMMARY 247 CHAPTER Y HOMEOSTASIS:
ACTIVE REGULATION OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 248 PART I PRINCIPLES OF
HOMEOSTASIS 250 HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEMS SHARE SEVERAL KEY FEATURES 250
INTERNAL STATES ARE GOVERNED THROUGH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK 250 REDUNDANCY IS
A FEATURE OF MANY HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEMS 251 BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS ARE
CRUCIAL FOR HOMEOSTASIS 252 PART II FLUID REGULATION 253 WATER IN THE
HUMAN BODY SHUTTLES BETWEEN TWO MAJOR COMPARTMENTS 254 TWO INTERNAL CUES
TRIGGER THIRST 255 HYPOVOLEMIC THIRST IS TRIGGERED BY A LOSS OF WATER
VOLUME 255 OSMOTIC THIRST OCCURS WHEN THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID BECOMES
TOO SALTY 256 WE DON T STOP DRINKING JUST BECAUSE THE THROAT AND MOUTH
ARE WET 257 WATER BALANCE DEPENDS ON THE REGULATION OF SALT IN THE BODY
257 PART III FOOD AND ENERGY REGULATION 258 NUTRIENT REGULATION HELPS
PREPARE FOR FUTURE NEEDS 258 INSULIN IS ESSENTIAL FOR OBTAINING,
STORING, AND USING FOOD ENERGY 260 THE HYPOTHALAMUS COORDINATES MULTIPLE
SYSTEMS THAT CONTROL HUNGER 261 RESEARCHERS AT WORK LESION STUDIES
SHOWED THAT THE HYPOTHALAMUS IS CRUCIAL FOR APPETITE 261 HORMONES FROM
THE BODY DRIVE A HYPOTHALAMIC APPETITE CONTROLLER 263 OTHER SYSTEMS ALSO
PLAY A ROLE IN HUNGER AND SATIETY 265 OBESITY IS DIFFICULT TO TREAT 266
EATING DISORDERS CAN BE LIFE-THREATENING 267 CHAPTER 9 VISUAL SUMMARY
269 CHAPTER 10 BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AND SLEEP 270 PART I BIOLOGICAL
RHYTHMS 272 MANY ANIMALS SHOW DAILY RHYTHMS IN ACTIVITY 272 ORCADIAN
RHYTHMS ARE GENERATED BY AN ENDOGENOUS CLOCK 273 THE HYPOTHALAMUS HOUSES
A CIRCADIAN CLOCK 274 RESEARCHERS AT WORK TRANSPLANTS PROVE THAT THE SCN
PRODUCES A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM 275 IN MAMMALS, LIGHT INFORMATION FROM THE
EYES REACHES THE SCN DIRECTLY 277 CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS HAVE BEEN
GENETICALLY DISSECTED IN FLIES AND MICE 277 PART II SLEEPING AND WAKING
279 HUMAN SLEEP EXHIBITS DIFFERENT STAGES 279 WE DO OUR MOST VIVID
DREAMING DURING REM SLEEP 282
IMAGE 6
X II TABLE OF CONTENTS
DIFFERENT SPECIES PROVIDE CLUES ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF SLEEP 283
OUR SLEEP PATTERNS CHANGE ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 284 MAMMALS SLEEP MORE
DURING INFANCY THAN IN ADULTHOOD 284 MOST PEOPLE SLEEP APPRECIABLY LESS
AS THEY AGE 286 MANIPULATING SLEEP REVEALS AN UNDERLYING STRUCTURE 286
SLEEP DEPRIVATION IMPAIRS COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING BUT DOES NOT CAUSE
INSANITY 286 SLEEP RECOVERY MAY TAKE TIME 287
BOX 10.1 SLEEP DEPRIVATION CAN BE FATAL 288
WHAT ARE THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP? 289 SLEEP CONSERVES ENERGY
289 SLEEP ENFORCES NICHE ADAPTATION 289 SLEEP RESTORES THE BODY 289
SLEEP MAY AID MEMORY CONSOLIDATION 290
SOME HUMANS SLEEP REMARKABLY LITTLE, YET FUNCTION NORMALLY 290
AT LEAST FOUR INTERACTING NEURAL SYSTEMS UNDERLIE SLEEP 291
RESEARCHERS AT WORK THE FOREBRAIN GENERATES SLOW-WAVE SLEEP 291
THE RETICULAR FORMATION WAKES UP THE FOREBRAIN 292
THE PONS TRIGGERS REM SLEEP 293 A HYPOTHALAMIC SLEEP CENTER WAS REVEALED
BY THE STUDY OF NARCOLEPSY 294 SLEEP DISORDERS CAN BE SERIOUS, EVEN
LIFE-
THREATENING 296 SOME MINOR DYSFUNCTIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP 296
INSOMNIACS HAVE TROUBLE FALLING ASLEEP OR STAYING ASLEEP 296 ALTHOUGH
MANY DRUGS AFFECT SLEEP, THERE IS NO PERFECT
SLEEPING PILL 298
CHAPTER 10 VISUAL SUMMARY 299
CHAPTER II EMOTIONS, AGGRESSION, AND STRESS 300
PART I EMOTIONAL PROCESSING 302 BROAD THEORIES OF EMOTION EMPHASIZE
BODILY RESPONSES 302 DO EMOTIONS CAUSE BODILY CHANGES, OR VICE VERSA?
303
BOX 11.1 LIE DETECTOR? 304 RESEARCHERS AT WORK STANLEY SCHACTER PROPOSED
A COGNITIVE INTERPRETATION OF STIMULI AND VISCERAL STATES 304
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS SUGGEST A CORE SET OF EMOTIONS 306
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS HAVE COMPLEX FUNCTIONS IN COMMUNICATION 306 FACIAL
EXPRESSIONS ARE MEDIATED BY MUSCLES, CRANIAL NERVES, AND CNS PATHWAYS
308 HOW DID EMOTION AND EMOTIONAL DISPLAYS EVOLVE? 309
DO DISTINCT BRAIN CIRCUITS MEDIATE EMOTIONS? 311 ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
OF THE BRAIN CAN PRODUCE EMOTIONAL EFFECTS 311 BRAIN LESIONS ALSO AFFECT
EMOTIONS 311 THE AMYGDALA GOVERNS A FEAR CIRCUIT 312
THE TWO CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES PROCESS EMOTION DIFFERENTLY 315 DIFFERENT
EMOTIONS ACTIVATE DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN 315
PART II AGGRESSION AND STRESS 316
NEURAL CIRCUITRY, HORMONES, AND SYNAPTIC TRANSMITTERS MEDIATE VIOLENCE
AND AGGRESSION 317 ANDROGENS SEEM TO INCREASE AGGRESSION 317 ALTERATIONS
IN NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
AGGRESSION 318 THE BIOPSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN VIOLENCE IS A TOPIC OF
CONTROVERSY 319 STRESS ACTIVATES MANY BODILY RESPONSES 319
THE STAGES OF THE STRESS RESPONSE 319 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE
STRESS RESPONSE 321 STRESS AND EMOTIONS INFLUENCE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 322
WHY DOES STRESS SUPPRESS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM? 323
CHAPTER 11 VISUAL SUMMARY 325
CHAPTER 12 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: THE BIOLOGY OF BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS 326
THE TOLL OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IS HUGE 328 SCHIZOPHRENIA IS A MAJOR
NEUROBIOLOGICAL CHALLENGE IN PSYCHIATRY 329 SCHIZOPHRENIA IS
CHARACTERIZED BY AN UNUSUAL ARRAY OF
SYMPTOMS 329 SCHIZOPHRENIA HAS A HERITABLE COMPONENT 329
RESEARCHERS AT WORK AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL OF SCHIZO- PHRENIA EMPHASIZES
THE INTERACTION OF MULTIPLE FACTORS 331
THE BRAINS OF SOME PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA SHOW STRUCTURAL CHANGES
333 FUNCTIONAL MAPS REVEAL DIFFERENCES IN SCHIZOPHRENIC BRAINS 334
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS REVOLUTIONIZED THE TREATMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
336
BOX 12.1 LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS 337 MOOD DISORDERS ARE
A MAJOR PSYCHIATRIC CATEGORY 340 DEPRESSION IS THE MOST PREVALENT MOOD
DISORDER 340 INHERITANCE IS AN IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF DEPRESSION 341
THE BRAIN CHANGES WITH DEPRESSION 341 A WIDE VARIETY OF TREATMENTS ARE
AVAILABLE FOR DEPRESSION 341 WHY DO MORE FEMALES THAN MALES SUFFER FROM
DEPRESSION? 343 SLEEP CHARACTERISTICS CHANGE IN AFFECTIVE DISORDERS 344
SCIENTISTS ARE STILL SEARCHING FOR ANIMAL MODELS OF DEPRESSION 344
PEOPLE WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER SHOW REPEATING MOOD CYCLES 345
THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF ANXIETY DISORDERS 346 DRUG TREATMENT OF
ANXIETY PROVIDES CLUES TO THE MECHANISMS OF THIS DISORDER 346 IN
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER, HORRIBLE MEMORIES WON T
GO AWAY 347 IN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER, THOUGHTS AND ACTS KEEP
REPEATING 348
BOX 12.2 TICS, TWITCHES, AND SNORTS: THE UNUSUAL CHARACTER OF TOURETTE S
SYNDROME 350
CHAPTER 12 VISUAL SUMMARY 352
CHAPTER 13 MEMORY, LEARNING, AND DEVELOPMENT 354
PART I TYPES OF LEARNING AND MEMORY 356 THERE ARE SEVERAL KINDS OF
MEMORY AND LEARNING 356 FOR PATIENT H.M., THE PRESENT VANISHED INTO
OBLIVION 356 RESEARCHERS AT WORK WHICH BRAIN STRUCTURES ARE IMPORTANT
FOR DECLARATIVE MEMORY? 359
DAMAGE TO THE MAMMILLARY BODIES CAN ALSO CAUSE AMNESIA 360 BRAIN DAMAGE
CAN DESTROY AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORIES WHILE SPARING GENERAL MEMORIES 360
DIFFERENT FORMS OF NONDECLARATIVE MEMORY INVOLVE DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS
362 DIFFERENT TYPES OF NONDECLARATIVE MEMORY SERVE VARYING FUNCTIONS 362
ANIMAL RESEARCH CONFIRMS THE VARIOUS BRAIN REGIONS INVOLVED
IN DIFFERENT ATTRIBUTES OF MEMORY 363 BRAIN REGIONS INVOLVED IN LEARNING
AND MEMORY: A SUMMARY 365 SUCCESSIVE PROCESSES CAPTURE, STORE, AND
RETRIEVE
INFORMATION IN THE BRAIN 365 STM AND LTM APPEAR TO BE DIFFERENT
PROCESSES 366
BOX 13.1 EMOTIONS AND MEMORY 367 LONG-TERM MEMORY HAS VAST CAPACITY BUT
IS SUBJECT TO DISTORTION 369
PART II NEURAL MECHANISMS OF MEMORY 370 MEMORY STORAGE REQUIRES NEURONAL
REMODELING 370 PLASTIC CHANGES AT SYNAPSES CAN BE PHYSIOLOGICAL OR
STRUCTURAL 371 VARIED EXPERIENCES AND LEARNING CAUSE THE BRAIN TO CHANGE
AND GROW 371 INVERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEMS SHOW SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY 372
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING RELIES ON CIRCUITS IN THE MAMMALIAN CEREBELLUM
373
SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY CAN BE MEASURED IN SIMPLE HIPPOCAMPAL CIRCUITS 375
NMDA RECEPTORS AND AMPA RECEPTORS COLLABORATE IN LTP 377 IS LTP A
MECHANISM OF MEMORY FORMATION? 379
PART III DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN 380 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE
BRAIN ARE ORDERLY PROCESSES 380 DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO
SIX DISTINCT STAGES 380 CELL PROLIFERATION PRODUCES CELLS THAT BECOME
NEURONS OR GLIAL CELLS 382 IN THE ADULT BRAIN, NEWLY BORN NEURONS AID
LEARNING 383 THE DEATH OF MANY NEURONS IS A NORMAL PART OF
DEVELOPMENT 384 AN EXPLOSION OF SYNAPSE FORMATION IS FOLLOWED BY SYNAPSE
REARRANGEMENT 385 GENES INTERACT WITH EXPERIENCE TO GUIDE BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT 387 GENOTYPE IS FIXED AT BIRTH, BUT PHENOTYPE CHANGES
THROUGHOUT LIFE 387 EXPERIENCE REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION IN THE
DEVELOPING AND
MATURE BRAIN 388 THE BRAIN CONTINUES TO CHANGE AS WE GROW OLDER 390
MEMORY IMPAIRMENT CORRELATES WITH HIPPOCAMPAL SHRINKAGE
DURING AGING 390 ALZHEIMER S DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECLINE IN
CEREBRAL METABOLISM 390 CHAPTER 13 VISUAL SUMMARY 393
IMAGE 8
XIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 14 ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS 394
ATTENTION FOCUSES COGNITIVE PROCESSING ON SPECIFIC OBJECTS 396 THERE ARE
LIMITS ON ATTENTION 397 ATTENTION FILTERS INFORMATION EARLY OR LATE IN
SENSORY
PROCESSING 397 ATTENTION MAY BE ENDOGENOUS OR EXOGENOUS 398 RESEARCHERS
AT WORK WE CAN CHOOSE WHICH STIMULI WE WILL ATTEND TO 398
SOME STIMULI ARE HARD TO IGNORE 400
BOX 14.1 REACTION-TIME RESPONSES, FROM INPUT TO OUTPUT 400 WE USE VISUAL
SEARCH TO MAKE SENSE OF A CLUTTERED WORLD 402 THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF
THE BRAIN PROVIDES CLUES ABOUT
MECHANISMS OF ATTENTION 403 DISTINCTIVE PATTERNS OF BRAIN ELECTRICAL
ACTIVITY MARK VOLUNTARY SHIFTS OF ATTENTION 404 REFLEXIVE VISUAL
ATTENTION HAS ITS OWN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL
SIGNATURE 406 ATTENTION AFFECTS THE ACTIVITY OF INDIVIDUAL NEURONS 407
MANY BRAIN REGIONS ARE INVOLVED IN PROCESSES OF ATTENTION 408 TWO
SUBCORTICAL SYSTEMS GUIDE SHIFTS OF ATTENTION 408 SEVERAL CORTICAL AREAS
ARE CRUCIAL FOR GENERATING AND DIRECTING
ATTENTION 409 BRAIN DISORDERS CAN CAUSE SPECIFIC IMPAIRMENTS OF
ATTENTION 411 DIFFICULTY WITH SUSTAINED ATTENTION CAN SOMETIMES BE
RELIEVED WITH STIMULANTS 412
CONSCIOUSNESS AND ATTENTION ARE CLOSELY LINKED 413 SOME ASPECTS OF
CONSCIOUSNESS ARE EASIER TO STUDY THAN OTHERS 414 BOX 14.2
NEUROECONOMICS IDENTIFIES BRAIN REGIONS ACTIVE
DURING DECISION MAKING 417 THE FRONTAL LOBES GOVERN OUR MOST COMPLEX
BEHAVIORS 417 FRONTAL LOBE INJURY IN HUMANS LEADS TO EMOTIONAL, MOTOR,
AND
COGNITIVE CHANGES 418 CHAPTER 14 VISUAL SUMMARY 421
CHAPTER 15 LANGUAGE AND OUR DIVIDED BRAIN 422
PART I SPEECH AND LANGUAGE 424 SOME ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE ARE INNATE, BUT
OTHERS MUST BE LEARNED 424 CAN NONHUMAN PRIMATES ACQUIRE LANGUAGE WITH
TRAINING? 426 VOCAL BEHAVIOR IS A FEATURE OF MANY DIFFERENT SPECIES 427
LANGUAGE DISORDERS RESULT FROM REGION-SPECIFIC BRAIN INJURIES 429 DAMAGE
TO A LEFT ANTERIOR SPEECH ZONE CAUSES NONFLUENT (OR BROCA S) APHASIA 430
DAMAGE TO A LEFT POSTERIOR SPEECH ZONE CAUSES FLUENT (OR WERNICKE S)
APHASIA 430 WIDESPREAD LEFT-HEMISPHERE DAMAGE CAN OBLITERATE LANGUAGE
CAPABILITIES 430
DISCONNECTION OF LANGUAGE REGIONS MAY RESULT IN SPECIFIC VERBAL PROBLEMS
432 READING SKILLS ARE DIFFICULT TO ACQUIRE AND FREQUENTLY IMPAIRED 434
BRAIN DAMAGE MAY CAUSE SPECIFIC IMPAIRMENTS IN READING 434
SOME PEOPLE STRUGGLE THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES TO READ 434 BRAIN MAPPING
HELPS US UNDERSTAND THE ORGANIZATION OF LANGUAGE IN THE BRAIN 435
CORTICAL STIMULATION MAPPING SHOWS LOCALIZED FUNCTIONS WITHIN LANGUAGE
AREAS 436 RESEARCHERS AT WORK NONINVASIVE STIMULATION MAPPING SHOWS THAT
THE LANGUAGE AREAS OF THE NORMAL BRAIN MAY
CONTAIN A VARIETY OF FUNCTIONAL ZONES 437
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING TECHNOLOGIES IDENTIFY BRAIN REGIONS THAT ARE
ACTIVE DURING SPECIFIC LANGUAGE TASKS 438
PART II CEREBRAL ASYMMETRY 439 THE LEFT AND RIGHT BRAINS ARE DIFFERENT
439 DISCONNECTION OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES REVEALS THEIR INDIVIDUAL
PROCESSING SPECIALIZATIONS 440 THE TWO HEMISPHERES PROCESS INFORMATION
DIFFERENTLY IN
NORMAL HUMANS 441 DOES THE LEFT HEMISPHERE HEAR WORDS AND THE RIGHT
HEMISPHERE HEAR MUSIC? 442 DO LEFT-HANDED PEOPLE HAVE UNUSUAL BRAIN
ORGANIZATION? 443
DEFICITS IN SPATIAL PERCEPTION FOLLOW RIGHT-HEMISPHERE DAMAGE 444 IN
PROSOPAGNOSIA, FACES ARE UNRECOGNIZABLE 445
BOX 15.1 THE WADA TEST 445
IMAGE 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART III RECOVERY OF FUNCTION 447 REHABILITATION AND RETRAINING CAN HELP
RECOVERY FROM
STABILIZATION AND REORGANIZATION ARE CRUCIAL FOR RECOVERY B R A IN A ND
S P N AL C O RD LN JURY 4 49 OF FUNCTION 447 BOX 15.3 THE AMAZING
RESILIENCE OF A CHILD S BRAIN 450
BOX 15.2 CONTACT SPORTS CAN BE COSTLY 448 CHAPTER 15 VISUAL SUMMARY 452
APPENDIX A-1 REFERENCES R-1
GLOSSARY G-1 AUTHOR INDEX AI-1
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS IC-1 SUBJECT INDEX SI-1
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Watson, Neil V. 1962- Breedlove, S. Marc 1954- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)14401730X (DE-588)1163745138 |
| author_facet | Watson, Neil V. 1962- Breedlove, S. Marc 1954- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Watson, Neil V. 1962- |
| author_variant | n v w nv nvw s m b sm smb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040996484 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QP376 |
| callnumber-raw | QP376 |
| callnumber-search | QP376 |
| callnumber-sort | QP 3376 |
| callnumber-subject | QP - Physiology |
| classification_rvk | CZ 1300 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)799091134 (DE-599)BVBBV040996484 |
| dewey-full | 612.8/2 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 612 - Human physiology |
| dewey-raw | 612.8/2 |
| dewey-search | 612.8/2 |
| dewey-sort | 3612.8 12 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Psychologie Medizin |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040996484 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:37:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780878939336 0878939334 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2012000922 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025974174 |
| oclc_num | 799091134 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 |
| physical | getr. Zählung Ill. 28 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Sinauer Associates |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Watson, Neil V. 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)14401730X aut The mind's machine foundations of brain and behavior Neil V. Watson, S. Marc Breedlove Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer Associates c2012 getr. Zählung Ill. 28 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Brain Textbooks Brain Physiology Textbooks Human behavior Physiological aspects Textbooks Psychobiology Textbooks Neurophysiology Textbooks Neuropsychology Textbooks Breedlove, S. Marc 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)1163745138 aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025974174&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Watson, Neil V. 1962- Breedlove, S. Marc 1954- The mind's machine foundations of brain and behavior Brain Textbooks Brain Physiology Textbooks Human behavior Physiological aspects Textbooks Psychobiology Textbooks Neurophysiology Textbooks Neuropsychology Textbooks |
| title | The mind's machine foundations of brain and behavior |
| title_auth | The mind's machine foundations of brain and behavior |
| title_exact_search | The mind's machine foundations of brain and behavior |
| title_full | The mind's machine foundations of brain and behavior Neil V. Watson, S. Marc Breedlove |
| title_fullStr | The mind's machine foundations of brain and behavior Neil V. Watson, S. Marc Breedlove |
| title_full_unstemmed | The mind's machine foundations of brain and behavior Neil V. Watson, S. Marc Breedlove |
| title_short | The mind's machine |
| title_sort | the mind s machine foundations of brain and behavior |
| title_sub | foundations of brain and behavior |
| topic | Brain Textbooks Brain Physiology Textbooks Human behavior Physiological aspects Textbooks Psychobiology Textbooks Neurophysiology Textbooks Neuropsychology Textbooks |
| topic_facet | Brain Textbooks Brain Physiology Textbooks Human behavior Physiological aspects Textbooks Psychobiology Textbooks Neurophysiology Textbooks Neuropsychology Textbooks |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025974174&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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