Pol i stratifikacija: vlijanie na socialnija pol vărchu stratifikacijata v Bălgarija sled 1989 g.
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Bulgarian |
Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Siela
2012
|
Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Gender and stratification in Bulgaria after 1989 |
Beschreibung: | 313 S. |
ISBN: | 9789542811848 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text |
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
Увод
.11
•
Социално-структурни промени след
1989
г
.11
•
Предмет на изследването
.12
•
Задачи и хипотези
.16
•
Метод и подходи
.17
Първа глава
Значение на пола за стратификацията
.23
•
Разделение между платен и неплатен труд по пол
.23
•
Съ-творяване на пола
.28
•
Конструиране на женските роли при комунизма
.33
•
Раз-сътворяване на пола
.37
•
Неравенство на половете в масовата култура
.41
•
Множествена изключеност
.51
Втора глава
Стратификацията
-
принципи и теории
.53
•
Методологически индивидуализъм
.53
•
Индивидуализъм и либерализъм като ценности
.62
•
Модернизация
и стратификация
.63
•
Значение на стратификацията за българското общество
.67
•
Рационалното действие
.71
•
Неравенства в индивидуалните биографични траектории
.76
•
Семейство
и стратификация
.78
•
Роля на държавата за стратификацията
.81
Трета глава
Образователни неравенства
.88
•
Първични и вторични ефекти от произхода
.93
•
Вертикално измерение
.99
•
Произход-образование
.117
•
Частно съфинансиране на висшето образование
.123
•
Джендър неравенства по образование
.141
Четвърта глава
Неравенства на пазара на труда
.145
•
Гъвкавост на труда
.149
•
Самонаетост
.155
•
Социопрофесионален статус на жените
.160
•
Стратегии за съвместяване на платен и неплатен труд
.172
•
Жените програмисти
.189
•
Подоходни неравенства
.206
Пета глава
Институционални политики за равенство на половете
.219
•
Роля на държавата
-
сравнителна перспектива
.222
•
Фирмени семейни политики
.247
•
Дискриминация по пол,
етнос
и възраст
.251
Заключение
.260
Summary
.268
Приложение
1.286
Приложение
2 .288
Фигури и таблици
.290
Литература
.293
Предметен показалец
.308
SUMMARY
GENDER AND STRATIFICATION IN BULGARIA AFTER
1989
This book is focused on an area where stratification and feminist research
meet, at the levels of culture and structure. Gender is viewed as an individual
characteristic contributing to the positioning of women in the social stratification,
and at the same time as socially constructed. The analysis of gender stratification
in Bulgaria is done on three levels: gender images in mass media commercials; a
quantitative analysis of public opinion regarding the suitability of women for oc¬
cupations involving power and regarding gender sensitive arraingments in the
family and society; and status-attainment models predicting occupational achieve¬
ments. The analytical model includes also elements of the welfare culture,
represented by people's expectations from the state in a comparative perspective.
The gap between expectations and satisfaction with what the state offers working
parents is important as it affects the chances of women to achieve satisfactory
employment and work career. The results show the multiple effects of gender in
Bulgaria both at the cultural and structural level of society.
An important problem faced in the beginning of the investigation is the un¬
derstanding of the context of socio-economic transformations in Bulgaria after
1989
and their relevance for the gender stratification. After the collapse of the
communist regime and the establishment of a multi-party democratic system, a
labour market emerged and institutional differentiation grew stronger in various
social spheres. The diversification of educational institutions has enhanced the
opportunities in the choice of education, but simultaneously early school dropout
rates have increased (Tilkidjiev
2009).
The firm conviction held in society, that
anyone may acquire schooling if they wish to, undermines policies for decreasing
the impact of origin on access to education. Under the new economic conditions,
a very important fact is the emergence of a labour market. This is connected, on
the one hand, with the possibility for rapid vertical mobility, but also with the
growth of income inequalities and insecurity of employment relations, especially
of people with low education. Another major shift after
1989
was in the functions
performed by the state. These functions changed considerably, which had a
profound impact on stratification in Bulgaria. The state made a change towards
liberalization and supporting target groups in need. This made possible what
Ulrich
Beck calls „institutionalized individualization"
-
i.e. a person's ability to
choose and guide his/her actions in a social environment characterized by the re¬
spective institutions and policies (Beck
2008).
At the same time, the attitude of
people towards the state remained ambivalent: while much is expected from the
268
policies conducted by the state, there is also considerable distrust in the capacity
of the state to redistribute effectively; while there is a desire for less state, for de¬
creased dependence of citizens on what was once the all-powerful totalitarian
state, and for paying smaller taxes, there is also a growing proportion of people
that rely on the state to deal with the problem of temporary or long-term poverty
and exclusion. The risks incurred on the labour market as a result of globalization
-
nsks of job loss or insecure transitions in the individual's work career (transitions
from unemployment to short-term employment)
-
have led to various expectations,
including those for increased state support, and to the unwillingness amongst a
growing range of social strata to respond to the risks of transformation in
solidarity with others by paying higher taxes. Hence the shadow economy has
grown; work without labour contract is an extremely unfavorable labour position,
ut a W1^espread one. Individual expectations for institutional support on the
Pan of the state, for minimizing gender-based inequality require additional
rational arguments in order to become an effective part of the public consensus;
г
gender equality is just taken for granted and is widely perceived as an
achieved objective. This book aims to represent the complexity of the impacts of
gender on stratification in Bulgaria and to bring new arguments in the debate
a out the need of a new gender contract, which includes more egalitarian
relations both in the public and in the private spheres, at the levels of culture and
social structure.
Culture corresponds to what is traditionally labeled as „natural", and it de¬
mands choices that are in line with the expectations of others. West and
^mmerman have argued the need to distinguish between three categories:
"sex' sex category and gender". The acts that take into account other people's
exPectations as to what is deemed proper behaviour, and that are performed as
a result of a person's belonging to a biological sex category, serve to explain the
Process of „doing gender". According to the latter concept, gender is not simply
311
attribute of the individual but represents the integral dynamics of social
°rder. „Gender is a powerful ideological device, which produces, reproduces,
гв?
legitimates
the choices and limits that are predicated on sex category"
{West, Zimmerman
1987: 147).
The orientation of individual conduct according
0
the expectations of others leads to the reproduction of gender divisions in the
social order, where labour is divided between men and women. Thus, as a con-
Sequence of this sex categorization it becomes possible to predict the choices
and the navigations that individuals would make in paid work. This concept of
doing gender has a number of advantages for the study of the mechanisms for
^production of gender differences because of its emphasis on individual social
269
action
and the possibility it provides to link the micro and macro levels of social
analysis.
Proceeding from the concept of „doing gender", the importance of social
norms and stereotypes, of the role of mass culture in their reproduction becomes
particularly clear. Attitudes and beliefs prescribing behavior in accordance to sex
categories are an element of the normative order that legitimates the division of
labour between men and women in society and in the family. The expectations
that non-paid work in the family will be prescribed to women, remain unchanged
(despite the growing participation of women in paid work), and this contributes to
the reproduction of gender inequalities in society. Between the culturally prescribed
norms and individual behaviour there is a process of definition of the situation
and of choice of behaviour strategies. When choosing a kind of behaviour, certain
possibilities and restrictions are taken into consideration, related to the individual
and to society. The individual takes into account the expectations of the significant
others, but also the framework of possibilities established by the institutional en¬
vironment. Access to the resources of education, affiliation to a family of a hgher
social level, are circumstances that facilitate the choices, taken in concrete
situations, and the possibility to disregard the expectations prescribed to biological
sex. The investigation of importance of gender for stratification requires further
systematic efforts both at the level of differentiated attitudes and assessments de¬
pending on sex and on the level of social statuses, measured in structures by
education, income, power, and prestige.
The mutual connection between gender and stratification includes the
aspect of cultural norms, values, stereotypes, whereas the structure aspect
requires a study of the asymmetries of the labour market, of the prestige
connected to the professions in which women are a majority, or on the contrary,
in which women are not well represented. The processes that contribute to the
social construction of gender are enhanced through imagery in mass culture and
commercials. The effects of the roles socially prescribed for women become
visible when they are associated with certain attitudes ascribing competency and
choices according to gender. The emblematic images of femininity or masculinity
are no less important than the structural inequalities between men and women.
Distrust that women are able to successfully assume certain positions points
exactly to ascription of competence according to gender.
In the present book, I commence by showing examples of the social
construction of gender and of the importance of these processes for the positions
prescribed in paid labour. After that, gender is interpreted as an individual char¬
acteristic that contributes to the positions of individuals on the labour market.
270
The aim is to conduct an analysis that is both theoretically well-argued and
verifiable on the basis of a large number of cases; balancing between „numbers
and narratives" (Goldthorpe
2000: 22).
DATA AND STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY
This book is based on qualitative and quantitative methods. Iintroduced are
conclusions from qualitative interviews, which were conducted in
2005
within
four high tech software firms in Bulgaria in the frame of the project „Work or¬
ganisation and restructuring in the knowledge society"119 (WORKS). In the ten
interviews, men and women are equally represented; among the interviewed are
selected married women with little children and women without family obligations.
The interpreted opinions of students towards advertisements are from the study
„Student Attitudes to Mass Culture and Advertisements", conducted in
2009.
This survey includes
533
students from eight Bulgarian universities, among
them three private universities and five state universities, of which two are
located outside the capital city, Sofia. The quantitative
datasets
used for
international comparison are based on the representative national samples of the
European research program „Relations between Generations and Genders" (GGS
2004; 12 858
respondents for Bulgaria), conducted using an international
comparative methodology120, as well as on the European Social Survey (ESS
- 3.
wave
2006; 1400
respondents; 4.wave
2009, 2300
respondents for Bulgaria).
Using logistic regressions, the effects of gender on the labour market position
were estimated controlling for education (one's own, that of the partner, and that
of the father), ethnicity and birth cohort. Labour market position has been char¬
acterized by the labour contract comparing stable with more flexible work
arrangements (permanent vs. fixed-term contract and work without labour
contract). Self-employment is viewed as an unstable position on the labour
market. The vertical position held in the organization (chances for attaining a
Managerial position) is also analyzed from a gender perspective.
119
http://www.ftu-namur.org/fíchiers/WORKS-Dl
î-fmal.pdf
120
Generation and Gender Programme is coordinated by the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe (ggp unece.org). The GGP is a joint multi-country research effort. The
Institute of Sociology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences conducted the fieldwork of the survey for
ßulgaria.
271 |
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era_facet | Geschichte 1989-2010 |
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geographic | Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
geographic_facet | Bulgarien |
id | DE-604.BV040980458 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:09:44Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9789542811848 |
language | Bulgarian |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025958466 |
oclc_num | 844093131 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
physical | 313 S. |
publishDate | 2012 |
publishDateSearch | 2012 |
publishDateSort | 2012 |
publisher | Siela |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Stoilova, Rumjana 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)1027243010 aut Pol i stratifikacija vlijanie na socialnija pol vărchu stratifikacijata v Bălgarija sled 1989 g. Rumjana Stoilova 1. izd. Sofija Siela 2012 313 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Gender and stratification in Bulgaria after 1989 Geschichte 1989-2010 gnd rswk-swf Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd rswk-swf Soziale Schichtung (DE-588)4077574-4 gnd rswk-swf Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 s Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 s Soziale Schichtung (DE-588)4077574-4 s Geschichte 1989-2010 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025958466&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025958466&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Stoilova, Rumjana 1958- Pol i stratifikacija vlijanie na socialnija pol vărchu stratifikacijata v Bălgarija sled 1989 g. Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd Soziale Schichtung (DE-588)4077574-4 gnd Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4071776-8 (DE-588)4077574-4 (DE-588)4318539-3 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
title | Pol i stratifikacija vlijanie na socialnija pol vărchu stratifikacijata v Bălgarija sled 1989 g. |
title_auth | Pol i stratifikacija vlijanie na socialnija pol vărchu stratifikacijata v Bălgarija sled 1989 g. |
title_exact_search | Pol i stratifikacija vlijanie na socialnija pol vărchu stratifikacijata v Bălgarija sled 1989 g. |
title_full | Pol i stratifikacija vlijanie na socialnija pol vărchu stratifikacijata v Bălgarija sled 1989 g. Rumjana Stoilova |
title_fullStr | Pol i stratifikacija vlijanie na socialnija pol vărchu stratifikacijata v Bălgarija sled 1989 g. Rumjana Stoilova |
title_full_unstemmed | Pol i stratifikacija vlijanie na socialnija pol vărchu stratifikacijata v Bălgarija sled 1989 g. Rumjana Stoilova |
title_short | Pol i stratifikacija |
title_sort | pol i stratifikacija vlijanie na socialnija pol varchu stratifikacijata v balgarija sled 1989 g |
title_sub | vlijanie na socialnija pol vărchu stratifikacijata v Bălgarija sled 1989 g. |
topic | Geschlechterrolle (DE-588)4071776-8 gnd Soziale Schichtung (DE-588)4077574-4 gnd Sozioökonomischer Wandel (DE-588)4318539-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Geschlechterrolle Soziale Schichtung Sozioökonomischer Wandel Bulgarien |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025958466&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025958466&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT stoilovarumjana polistratifikacijavlijanienasocialnijapolvarchustratifikacijatavbalgarijasled1989g |