Kultura Ilire e tumave të Shtojit, Shkodër:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Albanian |
| Published: |
Tiranë
Shtëpia Botuese Botart
2012
|
| Edition: | Botim i 1. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | PST: The Illyrian culture of the Tumuli in Shtoj cemetery, Shkodër. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - At head of title: Qendra e studimeve albanologjike. Instituti i arkeologjisë Includes bibliographical references (pages 214-221) |
| Physical Description: | 295 pages illustrations, maps 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789928116260 9928116261 |
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a The Illyrian culture of the Tumuli in Shtoj cemetery, Shkodër |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Tiranë |b Shtëpia Botuese Botart |c 2012 | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804150291378995201 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | PËRMBAJTJA
Hyr
j e
11
Kreu
I
14
Vështrim gjeografik,
historiku i
kërkimeve
14
-
Požita
gjeografike dhe kushtet natyror
15
-
Historiku i
kërkimeve
18
Kreu
II
22
Arkitektura
e tumave,
típat
e
varreve
dhe riti dhe
rituálét
e varrimit
22
Arkitektura e tumave
23
Tipat e varreve
53
Riti e
rituálét
e varrimit
56
Kreu III
62
Katalogu
і
gjetjeve
ne
varre
dhe
jashte
tyre
62
-
Kategoritë
dhe tipologjia
e
gjetjeve
62
Kreu IV
125
Analiza
e materialeve
125
-
Periudha
e
bronzit
të hershëm
-
Shtoj
I
126
-
Periudha e
bronzit
të mesëm
-
Shtoj
II
157
-
Periudha
e
bronzit
të vonë
-
fillimi
і
epokës se hekurit
-
Shtoj
III
158
-
Periudha
e
hekurit
-
shek. VIII-VII p.e.sonë
-
Shtoj
IV
166
-
Periudha
e
hekurit
-
shek. VI-V p.e.sonë
-
Shtoj
V
182
-
Periudha qytetare
-
shek. IV-I p.e.sonë
-
Shtoj
VI
205
Përmbyllje
207
Bibliografia
214
Summary
222
The geographical position and the natural conditions of Shtoji valley.
226
The architecture of the tumuli.
230
The material analyses
234
1.
Early Bronze period- Shtoj I
. 234
2.
The period of Middle Bronze Age
-
Shtoj II
241
3.
The period of Late Bronze Age
-
the beginning of the Iron Age- Shtoj III
242
4.
The Iron Age
-
VIII-VII century B.C- Shtoji IV
244
5.
The iron period-VI-V century B.C-Shtoj V
246
SUMMARY
Bronze and Iron Age cover an important part in our long history
as they coincide with the appearance and formation of the Illyrian
culture and ethnos in Albanian territory.
Many foreign scholars have dealt with the study of this process
until the period of the Second World War. They have given a huge
support for the enlightment of the beginnings of the Illyrian history.
However, because of the lack of excavations in Albania and as a result
in absence of archaeological data, the studies concerning the Illyrian
prehistory were not complete and sometimes were tendesious.
It was necessary to prepare local researchers with contemporary
education, in order to be able to treat these problems from a new
point of view based on an authentic scientific methodology. The
archaeological discoveries after the Second World War, conducted
in different regions of the country by Albanian archaeologist and
oriented especially on the Illyrian settlements, gave valuable material,
which brought to light many aspects of the life and culture, creating
thus a new tabloid of Illyrian ethnos and culture.
Although, we already have a clear tabloid for the Illyrian culture
and ethnos, the various problems, their investigation and study
remain one of the most important topics of the Albanian archaeology.
Researches in particular regions give the opportunity to make
generalizations in a wider scale and to reach to some conclusions
related to the cultural and historical development of the Albanian
territory in antiquity.
222
Along with the settlements, the investigations in the cemeteries,
especially those in the tumulus are of a great interest, not only for the
material culture, but as well for the spiritual culture, the latter being
an important ethnic indicator.
Recently in this framework, the focus is on the investigation and
study of the Illyrian culture in the area of Shkodra, which in the past
was little known, mainly because of the occasional findings that
usually do not give accurate data for their origin.
It is worth mentioning the excavation carried out during
1980-
1990
in the cemetery of Shtoji, one of the biggest tumuli cemeteries
of Albania, with about
160
tumuli. The object of this monography is
their study. This cemetery has always attracted the attention of the
scholars, which left notes for its extent and the big number of tumuli,
even though, systematic excavations were never undertaken.
The tumuli are generally encountered in small groups, from three
to six and they are rarely separated; they are of small and medium
dimensions, with an altitude of
1-3
m
and diameter
10-ЗОт.
They are
constructed with stones and soil at once or gradually being enlarged
with their re-usage during later periods. The tumuli contain all the
characteristic elements that all the Illyrian tumuli along the Albanian
territory show, like the stone and soil construction, delimiting ring
hearth, the cover and dif
f ent
grave types. However, in the Shtoji tumuli
were noticed some particular elements that are not encountered so
far in the Albanian territory and the areas around. These particular
elements consist of a platform above the central grave of the tumuli
fio.
6,
with anthropomorfe terracotes where the murning ceremony
was performed.
The construction of the tumuli in Shtoji cemetery includes a long
period starting from the beginning of the Bronze Age and finishes
in the Vth century
ВС,
whereas their re-usage period reaches the
Medieval Period.
It results by the analyses that the material of this cemetery belong
to different historical-social periods, from Early Bronze to the Illyrian
223
citizen
period
(century IV-I
B.C).
They enlight special issues that have
to do with the character of this culture, its relations with the cultural
groups of the neighboring regions or further, their local cultural
features, the economic and social development and inseparably its
ethnic problem.
The excavations in the tumuli cemetery of Shtoji, even though
limited, gave an interesting material for some aspects of the historic-
cultural development of Shkodra area for important periods of
pre
-and protohistory, as Bronze and Iron Age, periods of the Illyrian
ethnos formation. If our previous knowledge on these periods was
based on a small archaeological material of this area, nowdays
because of new excavations the development tabloid is clearer on
the chronological and cultural point of view. It is worth saying that
they brought new data concerning an important aspect relating the
Albanian intangible culture, unknown so far in and around Albania.
The preliminary or partially results as well as different aspects of
this tumulary culture are handled on papers held in national and
international sessions and are published in scientific reviews.
The object of this paper is to represent the complete data obtained
by the excavation carried out in Shtoji tumuli. It aims to give a
classification of the archaeological artifacts, accompanied by a detailed
typological analyse, to give the relative and absolute chronology of
the findings, the features of the material culture in different phases
of its development, its relation with the neighbouring countries and
different cultural groups, the framing of this culture in the proper
group, ethnicity as well as some data on the economic and social
development.
In order to have an understandable content, the tumuli are presented
in different structures of those published so far, not divided but all
together. Two criteries were followed to restructure this article: the
thematic criteria for the division into special chapters and parts and
the chronological criteria, for the material analyse. Based on these
criteries this work is divided into four chapters.
224
The first chapter presents the physical and geographical conditions
of Shkodra area where the cemetery lies and the history or the
researches.
The second chapter is dedicated mainly to the tumuli architecture,
which is treated separately for each tumulus, generalizing the
characteristics of the tumuli construction, their common features
with the other tumuli spread in the territory of IUyria and showing
their distictive features. In this chapter are presented the rites and
ntuals of the burial as an expression of the mortal conception in the
spiritual culture as well as a catalog of the graves and findings.
The third chapter presents a catalog of the grave and findings.
The forth chapter, the fundamental one, analyses the archaeological
material, which is organised according to the periods, from the early
bronze period to the urban period. It creates the possibility to be
followed the early formation of the Illyrian culture of the Iron Age
m
the Shkodra area. The material analyses highlight the features of
this culture, its relations with the neighboring regions, giving thus
a special tabloid compared with the southern areas of Albania. The
Shtoji culture during the Bronze Age has evident regional features,
showing the contacts with the culture of Maliqi area, but especially
with the regions of Central
Dalmaţia
and its hinterlands. With these
regions Shkodra area continued to be related during the entire Bronze
and Iron Ages, period when between these regions were created a
wide and uncontested ethno-cultural Illyrian unity, represented by
the central Illyrian group Glasinac -Mat.
This work is a result of a longeval authentic research and study
accomplished by the author in the terrain and in the lab, based on a
relatively rich and diverse subject discovered in Shtoji tumuli. A rich
literature, as the researches of Albanian archaeologists in the fields
of pre and proto-history, as well as the archaeological studies on the
Dlyrian culture, has been exploited to compile this work.
The following part is dedicated to a summary of the chapters
content.
225
CHAPTER
1
The geographical position and the natural conditions of
Shtoji valley.
The tumulary necropoly of Shtoji is situated in the valley with the
same name, layed in the north eastern part of Shkodra city, close to its
suburb, that is in
Postriba,
in the right side of the Kir River, between
the villages of
Boks,
Dragoç
and
Ura
e Mesit.
Postriba
area on the physical-geographical point of view is part of
Shkodra lowland, which lays to the south up to Lezha, whereas in
the northwestern part continues outside the Albanian boundaries.
In north eastern side it is divided from the Western Alps by the
hilly range
Kastrat-Reç -Postribë-
Bardhaj.
The hilly range of Renci
separates it from the Adriatic Sea; in the northwestern side the lowland
is enclosed by the hilly range of Tarabosh and
Oblika,
whereas in the
southwestern part it has a wide opening to the sea. Inside the
statal
boundaries of Albania, the lowland is
70
km long and
30
km wide,
whereas its surface is about
900
km square.
About
70 %
of the overall surface is covered by fields, including
some hills, which form some separated hilly ranges. There are
distinguished two regions that of Mbishkodra and
Nënshkodra
(upper Shkodra and lower Shkodra) with natural boundaries
separated by the hilly range, starting from Renci hills,
Tepe
hills up
to the hills of Shkodra s castle.
On the southwestern side of Shkodra lowland lays the costal area
in northeast-southwest direction,
18
km long. The area has a low
altitude above the sea level that varies from
0
to
300
m, whereas the
226
hilly relieve varies from
100
to
800
m
above the sea level.
The area is covered by three main valleys;
Përroi
і
Thatë
in the
northwestern part, Kiri on the northeastern side and that of
Drini
in
the east.
The Shkodra lowland is distinguished for a rich network of rivers,
streams, springs, lakes
ang
lagoons. The richest in hidrography is the
Nënshkodra
area represented by Shkodra s lake (The biggest lake of
Balkan Peninsula), the pools of Drin, Buna and Gjadri Rivers as well
as many streams coming from the inclines of the surrounding hills
and mountains. The hidrography of Mbishkodra (upper Shkodra)
field is poor, this because of the developed
karst
in this area. The
lake s bank is excluded here, because it dominates the underground
circulation, as the waters go considerable on the river s bank or bed.
The geographical position of Shkodra lowland, its extend through a
mountainous relieve on the north, northeast and east, its low altitude
above the sea level
,
the flat relieve as well as its limited dimensions,
are the main factors that have determined the climate of this area.
The wide opening of the area to the see in southwestern side allows
the diffusion of warm winds and makes the climate warmer and with
smaller contrasts than the field of Mbishkodra (Upper Shkodra). The
annual average temperature in Shkodra is
14,9°
C, January 4,7°C,
August 25,1°C, while the temperature amplitude reaches 20°C. The
area is distinguished for rainfalls, about
1600-1900
mm per year.
Mbishkodra plain side has appropriate conditions for agriculture
and farming improvement. The appropriate ecological conditions
have made possible the development of continous life since the
ancient periods of its historical development. This is testified from
the early settlements discovered in this area, as in Shkodra castle, in
Gajtan,
Granjolla,
Beltoja, Samobor, Kratul,
Bushat, Trush,
Marshej,
Shkrel etc.
227
Shkodra lowland has large communication opportunities as inside
the area and with other areas of the country and further in the Balkan
and Mediterranean. The city of Shkodra is in the center of the valley,
connecting all the surrounding inhabited areas because of its flat
terrain, valleys, rivers and the lake. The valleys make possible the
pass to the Alp areas and in
Puka
highland, from where one can
reach the northeastern area of Albania and further in Kosovo and
other parts of the Balkan. Buna River, the only navigable river in
Albania and the gorge of Pentari and Gjoluli connect the area with
the Adriatic Sea, making possible the connections with other areas of
Adriatic and Mediterrean.
The history of the researches
The archaeological escavations in the Shkodra district, as
everywhere in Albania before WWII are very inconsiderable.
Our knowledge concerning this district is mostly achieved by the
occasional findings and by the informative data, offered by some
foreign scholars that have visited Albania in that period.
Th. Ipen, Fr
.
Nopça,
L.M.
Ugolini,
etc gave information for a number
of objects found, while D. Mustili has made a general review. These
foreign scholars have drawn attention for a considerable number of
tumuli in northern Albania and especially in Shkodra. Some of these
tumuli were objects of some brief investigative excavations, on the
basis of which some different opinions regarding their dating have
been expressed.
A bronze sword of Nenzigen type comes from Shtoji tumuli, which
is actually in the Museum of London. This sword belongs to the end
of the Bronze Age and represents, hitherto, the earliest chronological
exemplar of the handled and tongue shaped swords series, known so
far in Albania.
The Albanian clergyman
Shtjefën Gjeçovi,
who created in the
228
beginning of the XXth century a collection of archaeological finds from
North Albania and Kosovo, a part of which was discovered in the
Shkodra area, has left some important notes about Shtoji tumuli. This
collection, consisting of about
500
objects, has drawn the attention of a
number of foreign scholars that studied some of them. A part of these
materials of the Illyrian culture of this collection, which entered after
the War in the
fonds
of the Museum of Shkodra, were published by F.
Prendi,
like some found in the village of
Dobrać,
some bronze arrows
found in
Gajtan,
iron carving knives and axes found in Troshan etc.
During the
1980-1987
some intense escavations were carried
out in the area of Shkodra, consisting mostly of some surveys
and excavations in cemeteries and
pre
and protohistoric Illyrian
settlements of this area, as in Shtoji and Shkreli tumuli, in the castle
of Shkodra, in
Zagora
and
Belaj
settlements as well as in the fortified
settlements of Beltoja and
Kolaj
Mountain.
The tumuli cemetery of Shtoji is one of the largest in Albania
considering the number of about
160
preserved tumuli. In this
cemetery
11
tumuli have been excavated so far. In the first campaign
was excavated the tumulus no.l and a sector of the tumulus no.2.
The excavation gave few materials, mainly some vessel fragments
belonging to the Early Bronze and Iron Age.
The excavations continued in
1982
by B. Jubani, who during this
carnpaing excavated the remaining part of tumulus no.2 and the
tumulus no.3.
The author of this work has excavated the tumulus no.4 and
5,
Ь
1983;
in
1984
tumulus no.6; in
1986
the tumuli no.
7, 8
and
9;
Ь
1988
the tumulus no.
10
and in
1990
the tumulus no.
11.
The
Preliminary results of these excavations were presented in different
Publications.
229
CHAPTER II
The architecture of the tumuli.
The tumuli of Shtoji are mainly constructed of field and mountain
stones and mud taken by the surrounding terrain. It is also believed
that the mud might have been taken from the settlements where the
tumuli constructors lived. This is testified by the findings in the tumuli,
in some cases, of some architectonic fragments of the dwelling, a well
known ritual among the Illyrian tribes. The major part of the material
for tumuli construction consist of sandy, conglomerate, calcareous
stones etc in grey, beige, and rarely white.
The field stones were mostly used for the tumulus filling and
graves inclosing and rarely for the surrounding rings of the tumuli,
whereas the calcareous stones of the mountain were mainly used for
the surrounding rings, graves covering and seldom for the tumulus
filling. In some cases, the ratio between the stones and the mud used
for the tumulus construction shows an equality in the usage of the
two materials, as it is clearly noticed in the tumulus no.3 and no.7,
whereas in the tumulus no.5 the major content is the mud. In this
tumulus the stone is rarely used, mainly for the surrounding rings.
Some tumuli contain central graves and some others do not. Some
tumuli have one construction phase (tumuli no.
1, 3, 5, 8, 9)
others
have two construction phases (tumuli no.
2,4, 6,7,10,11).
The tumuli of Shtoji contain all the characteristic elements of tumuli
construction noticed in the Illyrian areas, for example: a) stone wall
that covers the main grave of the tumulus; b) the surrounding of the
tumuli with some rings of stones that are linked with the central grave
or with the rest of the tumulus, having, certainly, a ritual character;
c) the upper stone covering, partial or full; d) the flat hearth in pear
shape found in tumulus no.6 etc.
230
Grave
Types
The graves in the tumuli of Shtoji represent a number of types or
variants which are testified in all areas inhabited by the Illyrians.
In the tumuli of Shtoji, excavated so far, five grave types have been
noticed.
Grave with a hole under the soil level.
Grave with a stone slabs case (cist)
Grave contoured with stones and covered with slabs.
Grave contoured with stones and covered with stones.
Grave with a simple hole.
The burial rituals
Two types of burial were used in the tumuli of Shtoji;
1)
Inhumation
and
2)
Body cremation.
1·
Inhumation is the most common, where were noticed two
positions of the body placement;
a) layed sideward on the left arm, with scratch legs and hands put
m
front of the face or under
(
graves no.
14
and
15
of tumuli
6
that
belong to the period of early bronze). The burial with scratch legs it
is known in the territory of Albania since the eneolithic period and
has continued during the bronze period and the beginning of Iron
period.
b) Layed on spine position with outstretched legs. All other graves
belong to this rite. This type of burial has been noticed in all tumuli
discovered in the Albanian territory, mainly in the graves of iron
period.
The graves were north-south, east-west, northeast-southwest and
vice -versa oriented.
The cremation type of burial is rarely use; it has been noticed
°nly in three graves, in tumuli no.2. Two of them belong to early
bronze (central grave and the grave no.ll) Age and the other belongs
to the
VIII-
VII
century B.C. (grave no.4). The burial is executed out
the tumulus, putting some burned bones on the tumulus basement
(the central grave of tumuli no.2) or spreading the burned bones in a
wider area.
231
In the Shtoji tumuli there are cases where there are neither bones
nor burning traces in some of the graves. This phenomenon it is
noticed in other tumuli excavated in Albania, as in
Mati,
Kukësi
tumuli. The analyses performed for these tumuli showed that they
are poor in
salte
and rich in
acides,
influencing thus in skeleton
decomposition. It was believed that probably one of the graves might
have been kenotaf, as in the case of Kruma
(Kukës).
To our opinion
both variants are acceptable. In Shtoj, beside some graves without
skeleton, we have noticed as well tumuli without graves, which can
be considered as kenotaf (tumuli no.5,
7,8
etc).
According to the burial rite in Shtoji tumuli, during the early
bronze, the body has been placed sidewards with scratched legs, a
known rite in the neo-eneolithic period, as wall as there are cases of
the body cremation outside the tumulus.
What is interesting to notice for the early Bronze Age in this
cemetery is the platform on the central grave of the tumulus no.6,
with sacrified poultry bones together with a group of anthromorphe
figurines, related to a special ceremony that has to do with a special
mortal-mistik-religious concept. These figurines of different age and
sex representations
simbolize
a family composed of the husband,
wife and four children, three grown females and a minor. This
testifies about the patriarchal organization of the society of the early
bronze period in this region. This phenomenon unknown before
enlightens the spiritual culture of the inhabitants of that time in the
northwestern area of Albania.
In the iron period the burial rite was the inhumation, in spine
position with outstretched legs, with exception of the body cremations
of the grave no.4 of tumulus no.
2.
In Shtoji tumuli were encountered some cult actions like the
throwing of the fragmented vessels in the tumulus soil, the absence
of objects put into the grave, wrapping up with tissues of the objects,
the bending of the metallic objects etc.
The spreading of the fragmented vessels in the tumulus soil is often
noticed in the Illyrian tumuli, even in the graves of the beginning of
the first century
A.D.
(tumulus no.2, grave no.7) which show about the
232
IUyrian
tradition
preservation among the Albanians. The presence of
various fragments in the tumulus soil does not exclude the possibility
that some soil might have been taken from the settlement of the
inhabitants of that period. This opinion is confirmed by the discovery
of plaster mud fragments of the buildings or hearths (tumulus
6
and
tumulus
10).
The bringing of these objects in the cemetery might be
related to the concept of the creation, through symbolic objects and
233
CHAPTER
III
The material analyses
On the basis of the observations done during the excavations as
well as the technological and typological features of the discovered
material, there were established the following cultural
développement
periods: the period of early bronze Age -Shtoj I, divided into the
phases Shtoj I a and Shtoj Ib, the period of middle bronze Age
-
Shtoj
II, the period of the Late Bronze
-
the beginning of Iron Age- Shtoj III,
the Iron Period
(
century VIII-VII b.c)
-
Shtoj IV, Iron period
(
century
VI-V)
-
Shtoj V, the urbanization period (IV-I century B.C)- Shtoj IV.
1.
Early Bronze period- Shtoj I
The archaeological material discovered in Shtoji tumuli, a part
of which was found in grave closed rooms, gives the opportunity
of an accurate chronological and cultural definition of the period of
the Early Bronze Age. Based on the material analyse this period is
divided into two phases; Shtoj la and Shtoj Ib.
It is worth mentioning the importance of the graves no.
14
(cist)
and the central grave, no.6. Stratigraphically placed one above
the other, they represent two construction periods as well as two
different phases of the cultural development of the period of Early
Bronze. Concerning the dating of these graves, of a great importance
is the cist grave, which inventory consist of a two handled vessel. On
the basis of the form and the incised decoration, this vessel is closely
related to the classical phase of
Cetina
culture, chronologically placed
between
1800-1700
B.C.
234
The stratigrafie
position of this grave makes possible that this
dating serve at the same time as a terminus ante
quem
for the dating of
the central grave placed under it. Therefore, the objects of the central
grave should be dated in an early period than that of the classical
phase of the
Cetina
Culture that is before the
XVIII
century B.C., a
period that corresponds to the Early Bronze period of Maliq and
especially Maliq Ilia phase. This dating is confirmed by the figurines
of the ritual platform of this grave, typologically evolved by the cross
formed figurines of the eneolithic period.
The characteristic forms of the early Bronze Age, Shtoj la are spherical
vessels with a ribbon handle found at the rim altitude or little below it,
the vessels with a long cilyndrical, conical or funnel form neck, some
of which with a ring thickness and mostly decorated with fingers or a
tool, the pots with profiled and outerly thicked rims, the conical bowls
decorated with nipples, the bowls decorated with incision etc.
The ornamental system applied to these vessels contains different
techniques. It is characteristic for this phase the plastic decorations
m
horizontal, vertical or arched ribbons, sometimes simple or
with conical nipples. The decoration with finger impressions or
with different tools in the vessel s rims, neck and in the plastic
ribbon are widely used, as well as the pseudobarbotin decoration
with splutter that covers completely or partly the vessel s surface.
Furthermore, there is encountered the decoration with incision or
impression, as well as that with the clip sometimes combined with
the pseudobarbotin. In general these features were encountered in
the ceramic of the
relèvent
phases of Early Bronze Age discovered
in the settlements of this area, as in Shkodra castle,
Gajtan, Belaj,
etc.
The ceramic with these features appears in the beginning of the
Bronze Period generally in the territory of Balkan, including Albania
as well. This period is better studied in the southern regions of Albania,
where it is known as Maliq Ilia phase, which is related by the researches
with the appearance of a new ethnocultural component, which has to
do with the invansion of the indoeuropean populations in the Balkans.
These are the main features that link, on the cultural and
chronological point of view, the culture of Early Bronze of Shtoji with
235
the culture of the Early Bronze Age spread in a wider
areal,
within and
out the territory of Albania, defirang Shtoji la as an early phase in the
development of the culture of the bronze period in the area of Shkodra.
The early dating of this culture is specifically testified by the
similarity of forms, working and decorating techniques of the ceramic
of Shtoj la phase with those of the same phase of the neighboring or
even more distant cultures like Nezir IV a, Maliq Ilia and
Daję
II in
the territory of Albania and some settlements of the central Adriatic
and its
hinderlands.
The objects and the ceramic fragments of the
Kocofen and Vucedol style are also of a great interest, represented
through the
Adriatik
variant of Ljubljana type.
.
Many elements detected in the objects found in the central grave of
the tumulus no.6, respectively some vessel forms, a number of plastic
decorations with ribbons in relieve, pseudobarbotine or impression,
characteristic for the southern regions of Albania influenced by the
culture of Maliq, relate the culture of Shtoji la with that of Maliq
Ilia. But in the meantime, the culture of Shtoji la manifests many
differences that absolutely do not identify that with Maliq Ilia.
Comparing the culture of Shtoji la with the contemporary cultures
of the other regions of northern Albania, belonging to the same
geographical area where it was developed, it is noticed a coincidence
with the cultures of the castle of Shkodra,
Gajtan
and
Belaj.
As it is
shown by the material analyse, they form a unique cultural unit, but
with special regional details.
Some forms and decorations of the ceramic of the culture of Shtoji
la linked that, on the cultural and chronological point of view, with
Daję
II layer in the cave settlement of
Dajçi
in
Kukës
area.
The culture of Shtoji la has many similarities with the culture
of Neziri IV a. These are reflected in some forms of ceramic as the
spherical vessels with a vertical handle, vessels with long neck and
rounded rims or inclined in the inner side decorated with impression,
the vessels with distinguished neck, which rims have ring thickness,
not decorated or decorated with the tip of the fingers or with tools,
vessel without a decorated neck with punctures, and a number of
236
other decorations. On the basis of the artefacts of the settlement of
Nezir, the phase of early Bronze Age called Nezir IV was defined by
the researchers as influenced by the culture of Maliq, corresponding
to the phase Maliq Ilia, defining it as its variant, because it is
characterized by a number of characteristic elements for the Adriatic
type of the Ljubljana culture.
The culture of Shtoji I a, contains a lot of accurate elements and
features that are closely related from the cultural viewpoint with the
regions of central Adriatic and its hinterland, including it as well as
the culture of all the region of Shkodra, in the area of the spread of
the culture known as the adriatic type of the Ljubljana culture. One
of the main common components for the culture of the settlements
of these regions is the ceramic with rough walls and simple profiles,
with vertical handles up to the rim, or in tongue and chin shape,
decorated with motives in relief and impression, a look that gives
the main tone to the early Bronze Age ceramic of Central
Dalmaţia,
northern and western
Hercegovina
and central and southern Bosnia.
The common elements were noticed in the regular and fine
ceramic, represented by the vessels with right or inclined rims, the
bowls and cups decorated with incision and impression, as well as
the vessels with thick rims, those of profiled and outer thick rims,
decorated with finger tips or with tools, the typical elements for the
adriatic type of Ljubljana culture.
The culture of Shtoj la has similarities especially with the fortified
settlement of Varvara in Northern
Hercegovina.
The findings in these
settlements contain many common elements that show about a cultural
and chronological parallelism of Early Bronze Age Shtoj la with Varvara
phase
Al
of Late Eneolithic, which precedes the early bronze period,
that chronologically coincides with the Early Bronze of Albania.
To the phase Shtoj la correspond the horizonts Ilia and Illb of
Ravlica cave in western
Hercegovina
too.
Some elements of the phase Shtoj la such as the vessels with a
ribbon handle slightly below the rim, the vessels of outer wide rims in
ring shape with or without decorations, or with incised or impressed
237
decoration, have similarities with the ceramic of the first phase of
Cetina
culture, known as Protocetina culture, belonging to the end
of the eneolithic and the transitory period to the Early Bronze Age.
Comparing the ceramic of the culture of Shtoj la with other groups
of Early Bronze, as well as with those of the central Adriatic area or the
southern group of Maliq type, beside the common features, it testifies
for its own unique feature. It is distinguished from the others because
in Shtoj there are not represented some typical ceramic category for
these culture, as the decoration with impression of twisted thread
(shnur ceramic), decoration with motives in musical notes forms etc.
The same thing is noticed in the ceramic of Nezir
Iva
phase, closely
related to the culture of Shtoji la.
Regarding the genesis of the culture of Shtoji la phase and generally
of the early Bronze Age in the area of Shkodra, it is not discovered any
eneolithic settlement in this area so far, to follow the cultural development
from one period to the other. Eventhough, from the material analyse of
the Shtoji cemetery, it is noticed a considerable number of elements of
the eneolithic tradition in the ceramic of the phase Shtoj la, such as the
objects of the central grave of the tumulus no.6, as well as the figurines
together with the vessels uncovered in this grave, the vessels with rough
rims, the spherical vessels without neck, vessels in trough shape, bowls,
plates, canelyra decoration representing one of the most important
ornamental ingredient of the eneolithic ceramic.
These elements are noticeable indicators testifying that there are
two components in the formation of the culture of early bronze;
the native eneolitic and the new component with steppe origin.
Such a situation is better noticed in Maliqi settlement and in the
cave settlement of Neziri. The same phenomenon is encountered in
a number of settlements in the central Adriatic area, where many
elements of late eneolithic are found in the Early Bronze period. This
shows that the native ethnic component has played an important role
in the formation of the culture and the population of early bronze in
this area, including the region of Shkodra.
The second phase of the early Bronze Age, Shtoj Ib, beside a number
238
of pottery fragments discovered in the tumuli soil is clearly shown in
the materials of the graves no.ll and no.12 (central grave) of tumuli
no.2, and especially in the tumulus no.6, where it is better testified
not only culturally but also statigraphically. The grave no.14 (cist)
of this tumulus belonging to the
Cetine
culture is placed upon the
central grave, whose inventory consists of material of first phase of
the early Bronze Age, of eneolithic tradition. In these circumstances
the cist grave belong to a later period than the central grave, but
within the period of early bronze, giving thus an argument for the
individuation of the second phase in the cultural development of the
early Bronze Age in the Shtoji cemetery.
Similar pottery with that of
Cetina
culture is also discovered in
other areas of Shkodra, as in Shkreli tumuli, Shkodra s castle as well
in the earlier layer of
Gajtani
settlement, which by mistake was dated
at the Late Late Bronze Age
-
beginning of the Iron period. But with
the new assessment made by BJubani, this layer is determined as the
first phase of the Early Bronze.
All these testify the close cultural relations existing in that time
between the Shkodra valley and the central
dalmate
region, the
classical area of
Cetina
culture.
The presence of the
Cetina
culture elements, in Shkodra region
attracts the attention for the role that these elements have been played
in the formation of the culture of Early Bronze Age in this area. This
phenomenon is normal because of the geographical position of these
regions close to each-other, and the fact that the first phase of Shtoji
culture is included in the cultural area of the central Adriatic.
Certainly the culture of Shtoj Ib phase has elements that links it with
the phase Maliq Illb, especially with Nezir IVb, but in comparison
with the previous phase the connections are less evident, especially
with Maliq; whereas with Neziri, Shtoji culture will continue to have
relations even during the Middle Bronze Age.
Finally, we can conclude that the culture of Early Bronze Age in
Shtoji and generally that of Shkodra area is developed with some
forms different from those of Maliq
III a b
culture. Certainly, the
239
culture
of
Shtoji
contains some elements similar with those of Maliq
III a, b
type, but at the same time, it manifests a lot of changes, that
do not alow to link it with the early Bronze Age of Maliq. The Shtoji
culture has many similarities with Neziri culture, defined as a variant
of Maliq culture.
A number of elements characteristic for Adriatic type of Ljubjana
culture and also some elements of
Cetina
type are found in the
ceramic of Early Bronze of Shtoji. They testify for its strong relations
with the cultures of the areas of central Adriatic and its hinterlands,
making thus possible to include the culture of the Shtoji Early Bronze
Age in the influenced zone by these cultures. The presence of
Cetina
culture in the area of Shkodra is testified by a number of elements in
the sphere of the spiritual culture, like the constructive similarities
and the rituals of the tumuli of this area with those of the
Cetina
culture. We can mention the biritualism: the inhumation with folded
legs in the graves of cist type and the cremation of the body and its
placement in the central of the tumulus. It is as well common the rite
of the throw of the fragments of broken vessels in the tumuli soil, that
surely has to do with a certain rite.
There are also some local characteristics to be noticed in the
ceramic of Shtoji in the material culture and the spiritual culture as
well, like the case of the platform with figurines on the central grave
of tumulus no.6.
Generally the culture of Early Bronze Age of the Shkodra area,
have to be considered as a culture with obvious regional features,
developed with frequent contacts with the area of Maliq culture, but
more especially with the regions of central
Dalmaţia
and its hinterland
.
The area of Shkodra will probably continue to be linked to the latter
during all Bronze and Iron Age, when between these regions will
be formed a wider ethno-cultural Illyrian unity, represented by the
central Illyrian group Glasinac-Mat.
240
2.
The period of Middle Bronze Age
-
Shtoj II
The period of Middle Bronze Age in Shtoji tumuli is not yet fully
defined on the
stratigraphie
point of view, same as for the two phases
of the Early Bronze. There is a poorness of objects in the graves and
a lack of the typical artefacts for this period. However, based on
the analogies of some vessel fragments discovered in Shtoj with the
ceramic of the relative period of some other settlements of Bronze
period, especially that of Neziri Cave, with which we may find many
similarities, we have distinguished only a phase of the Middle Bronze
Age in the general development of bronze in this necropolis.
The fact that in Shtoji tumuli has been found a rich material dated
to the transitory period from bronze to the Iron Age, especially the
Upper Iron phase, is very significant. Some elements of the period of
Early Bronze continued with no changes as some vessel shapes with
ribbon decoration in relief and flutes.
It is worth mentioning some vessel profiles with dummy rims in
one or both sides, characteristic for the Middle Bronze Age in the
settlement of Neziri, that are not present in the previous period.
These profiles reproduce vessels with cylindrical neck (tab. I,
8;
III,
40; XXXIX, 16, 18),
sometimes decorated with small hollows at the
rims (tab. Ill,
40)
and bowls (tab. 1,
13; XXIII, 2; XXX, 84; XLI, 52,54,
61).
Similar profiles were encountered in the ceramic of the phase
varvara
A3
and the phase Illb of Ravlica cave.
Based on these few data and the respective analogies, it seems that
the period of Middle Bronze Age, although poor, is present in the
culture of Shtoji.
The rare material belonging to the Middle Bronze Age, discovered
in the tumuli of Shtoji testifies for a continous cultural development
H* this area.
241
3.
The period of Late Bronze Age
-
the beginning of the Iron Age- Shtoj
Represented by a limited number of objects as vessels and fragments
of clay vessel, arms and jewels, a part coming form uncompromised
graves, the transition period from Late bronze to the Early Iron Age
is more evident than the Middle Bronze Age.
Testifying the presence of life in the necropolis area as well as in
the territory around it, these objects permit to clarify the cultural
development of the transitory period (from bronze to the Iron Age)
with its characteristic elements.
The ceramic is of a great interest, it reproduces features of the
local ceramic of Late bronze. Thus for example, a two handled vessel
found in grave
14
of the tumuli no.2 appears widely in the territory
of Albania by the end of the Bronze Age. Whereas another vessel
found in the tumulus no.l with two handles over the neck and
decorated with oblique wide flutes, spread in a wider territory in
Balkan, develops older local traditions belonging to the early bronze,
known especially in the culture of Maliq. This vessel type was used
during all the period of bronze and became characteristic of the Iron
period with different variants.
Our vessel, typical for the first phase of Iron Age, has similarities
with the fluted vessels of
Barçi, Gêrmenji
and Patosi, but it coincides
with the vessels of Pazhoku, reproducing similar shapes. It is also
similar with the vessel with one handle of a an axe blade shape, typical
Illyrian, decorated with waves and hollows at the sides, typical Late
Bronze Age decorations.
It is worth mentioning the two fragments of a clay vessel decorated
with incision, with inscribed circles and with dots in the middle,
242
connected with tangential lines, a motive that becomes characteristic
in the bronze jewels of the second and third phase of iron period.
These fragments have similarities with the culture of late Bronze Age
of
Mediana (Mediana
III) in former Jugoslavia.
The jewels in this phase are made of bronze. They consist of a
decorated tweezer; a technique related with the egean invasion and
is known in our territory from the findings dated to the XI-X century
B.C., of Kruma,
Tren
and
Patos.
They consist of spectactle fibulae
of north-dalmatian origin, known in the northern and southern areas
of Illyrian, and of a type of spectactle fibulae necklace, which discs
are jointed with a spiralic cylindrical tube, mainly spread in central
and northern Balkan. In Glasinac this decoration appears in the phase
Hb and becomes characteristic for the succeding phases Ilia and Illb,
that is the late Bronze Age.
.
The arms are represented by the bronze dagger of Pertosa type
found in the tumuli no.4, which has three holes for the tacking in the
handle. This dagger type is mainly spread in central and southern
Italy where it s dated in the
XIV
century B.C corresponding to Late
Bronze Age.
We can mention also a bronze sword of the type with the handle
in tounge shape, with an origin from Shtoji tumuli, preserved in the
Museum of
Londra.
This sword is categorised in the first group of
Katling and it is dated in the
XII
century B.C.
The comparative analyse of the material shows that in the first
Phase of the Iron period, the culture of Shtoji has relations with the
northern as well as with the southern areas of Illyria. These relations
are testified by the similar types of objects and the burial rites in
tumuli.
243
4.
The Iron Age
-
VIII-VII century B.C- Shtoji IV
Another situation is represented for the Iron period during the two
phases following the Early Iron Age. The graves of Shtoji cemetery
are characterized by a rich archaeological material, consisting of
clay vessels, arms and tools and a considerable number of metallic
ornaments that show a clear cultural and chronological tabloid of
this period.
The material culture of the second phase of the Iron period is
represented as a further development of the culture of late Bronze
Age and that of the beginning of Iron, but in the same time it presents
a number of new and important features.
The iron in this phase is generally used and there was prepared
not only weapons and tools but ornaments as well. The material
culture is enriched with new forms and gains its native features.
This phase is also characterized by an evident development of the
iron metallurgy, especially for the production of tools and arms like
knives, slightly arched choppers, handled axes typical for Mat, lance
apexes and spears of different types, in particular the bronze flame
shaped spears, a type already known in the previous period.
The ornaments are of a great interest in the findings complexity
for their typology and chronology. They are mainly in bronze and
rarely iron. We can mention the
diademas,
with a thin bronze line,
decorated with incised geometric motives, which are known in
the phase IV
b
in Glasinac and in the second phase of Mat, rosette
blinkers, characteristic for the second and third phase in Mat, the
semi-spherical bronze buttons with radial cuts found in the second
and third phase in Mat, bronze, iron, amber and glass beads, blinkers,
spherical necklaces with vertical or triangle window, an iron needle
244
with bronze head in spherical shape with four peaks, known in IVb
phase of Glasinac, bronze fibulae in beotic shield shape etc.
The ceramic reproduces the typical forms for the Hlyrian culture of
the Iron period in
Mati.
The vessels are handmade with
a non pure
clay-gritty paste and have dark tones, brown, and grey to back. They
are represented by the type of two handled vessel on the neck, with
its variants that differ only from their form: spherical, biconical etc.
The upper back in handles forms known in the pottery of the Late
Bronze Age in the Shkodra area, are characteristic here.
Several vessel are decorated with the incision technique, being a
distinctive feature for the
Шугіап
culture of the northern regions of
Albania, uwith rich geometric and rectilinear motives as a range of
lined triangles, vertical belts of zigzag lines, combined with aright
lines and dots, slanting lines etc.
245
5.
The iron period-VI-V century B.C-Shtoj V
The graves of this phase gave an affluent and rich material, such as
clay vessels, arms, tools and ornaments.
From the typological and stylistic point of view, the material of
this phase belongs to the cultural group Glasinac-Mat. It is in general
a continuing of the previous phase and sometimes it is difficult to put
boundaries between them. Many objects of the second phase are to
be encountered even in the third. However, based into the contexts
of some graves, which contain imported ceramic, as well at some
ornaments that are well dated elements, we were able to distinguish
the third phase. Beside the elements inherited from the second phase,
during the third phase the Shtoji culture is enriched with a number
of new forms, which in general are the result of the autochthonous
evolution of this culture, certainly with foreign influences, defining
this phase as a higher scale of the development of Shtoji culture.
The arms of the third phase consist of an iron sword of Glasinac
type, with bronze handle, that appears in Glasinac in IV
b
phase and
continues until the IV c-2 phase, iron knives and choppers, axes with
handles, a bipene axe and mainly of iron lance apexes and spears
similar to those of the second phase.
Even the ceramic continues with no obvious changes, reproducing
the tipical forms for the Illyrian culture of the Iron period of Mat, but
at the vessels it is noticed an increase of the dimensions tendency;
the motives of decoration as well multiply. Alongside the traditional
ceramic, the
weelmade
pottery appears during this phase in the
vessels of the archaic import of the VI century and the beginning of
the Vth century B.C that have a special chronological value.
The ornaments of the third phase, as well as those of the second
246
phase, typologically and by the decorations belong to the cultural
group Glasinac -Mat. Several objects may be found in one or the other
settlement but there are some objects that are present only in Mat
and not in Glasinac and vice -versa. However, there are some local
elements among the Shtoji ornaments that should be distinguished
by those found in the above mentioned centres. The decorations
characteristic for the Illyrian culture of the northern or the southern
areas are hardly to be found.
The jewelry consists of different types of small bronze fibulae,
whose bows are generally associated with chains and pendants, such
as the Glasinac type, which originates from the Beotian
fíbula
type,
and also the fibulae with rectangular foot with a button at the top
end, or the triangular foot fibulae with semispherical button at the
top end, etc. It is present a large number of various button/appliques,
semispherical or in the shape of a disc or, surrounded by small petals
or ornamented with
e
transversal strip in plastic decoration, typical
°f Glasinac IVc. Also the glass paste or bronze beads, particularly
the ones with cylindrical necks and four spikes on the enlarged
Part, which are numerous in Mat from the second phase and more
abundant during the third phase. It should also be mentioned here
the necklace with astragals, also known in Mat and Glasinac, but
with small differences there, the appliques with chains similar with
the
Mati
ones, various pins, etc.
The local characteristics noticed in the materials of this period and
the combination of the elements of both centres, Mat and Glasinac,
testify about the special regional character of the inner development,
related with the geographical position of Shkodra in the cultural
development of this group.
As a conclusion we may say that the whole material of the Iron
Period, from the typological and stylistical point of view belong to
the Illyrian cultural group of Glasinac-Mat.
The urban period
-
IV-I century B.C- Shtoji VI
The materials of this period are very modest and discovered out
°f the graves, in the tumuli soil. They consist of vessel fragments, as
247
necks, rims, bottoms mainly of amphora, cantharos, kylix, pieces of
solene
tiles etc. These materials with no doubt belong to the graves
of this period, probably not identified during the excavation because
they seem to be simple hole graves, without inventory and with no
skeletons preserved.
As a conclusion, it is worth emphasizing that the data obtained
by the escavations of the Shtoji tumuli reports us about an advanced
economic and social level of the inhabitants of this region, buried
in these tumuli. This is shown by the high level of the
metallurgie
productions, noticed in the huge number of bronze decorations as the
iron weapons and tools. This diversity of shapes, the local variations
and some stylistic features, suggest that the metallic objects should
be of local or regional workshop productions.
The metallic objects are distinguished for a fine work and an elegant
presentation. Some of them decorated with different geometric
motives attain artistic values, crossing the borders of the simple
artisan productions. These beautiful ornaments, together with the
incised ceramic show the Illyrian art of the Iron Age in the Shkodra
area.
Some elements, like the burial rite in tumuli, the density of the
graves etc, testify about the existence of the society tribal organization
during the Iron period. But in the same time the presence of the
graves with a rich inventory together with those of a poor inventory
demonstate
about a social differentiation as the consequence of the
economic development.
The relatively high level of the economical and social development
of the Illyrians of this region brought the necessity of the further
growth of the economical and cultural relations with the neighboring
countries. This relation was strengthened in the third phase of the
Iron period, especially after the establishment of the Greek colonies
in the territory of Illyria, which is testified by the archaic Greek objects
imported in Shtoji tumuli.
248
As regarding the ethnic definition of this culture, it is easy to be
defined. On the basis of the materials of the Iron period discovered in
this cemetery, it is noticed that its culture carries all the characteristic
Illyrian features encountered in all the regions, even in the territories
outside Albanian borders, known as inhabited by the Illyrians.
The culture of this cemetery has common features with the Illyrian
culture of Glasinac-Mat group regardless of some special elements,
which are due to the inner development of the Illyrian groups layed
in a wide territory.
From the geographical and cultural point of view, all these data
and information mentioned above, define the area of Shkodra as an
intermediary area of the Glasinac-Mat group and as one of the most
important areas where the Illyrian culture of this group is widely
spread.
249
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Koka, Aristotel |
| author_facet | Koka, Aristotel |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Koka, Aristotel |
| author_variant | a k ak |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040975161 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)1022039 (OCoLC)844087752 (DE-599)BVBBV040975161 |
| edition | Botim i 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1800 v.Chr.-100 v.Chr. gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1800 v.Chr.-100 v.Chr. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Shkodër (Albania) / Antiquities Shkodër (DE-588)4325862-1 gnd Tumuli Cemetery of Shtoji Shkodër (DE-588)1034090224 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Shkodër (Albania) / Antiquities Shkodër Tumuli Cemetery of Shtoji Shkodër |
| id | DE-604.BV040975161 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:36:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789928116260 9928116261 |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025953273 |
| oclc_num | 844087752 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 295 pages illustrations, maps 24 cm |
| psigel | gbd_4_1306 |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Shtëpia Botuese Botart |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Koka, Aristotel Verfasser aut Kultura Ilire e tumave të Shtojit, Shkodër Aristotel Koka The Illyrian culture of the Tumuli in Shtoj cemetery, Shkodër Botim i 1. Tiranë Shtëpia Botuese Botart 2012 295 pages illustrations, maps 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: The Illyrian culture of the Tumuli in Shtoj cemetery, Shkodër. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - At head of title: Qendra e studimeve albanologjike. Instituti i arkeologjisë Includes bibliographical references (pages 214-221) Geschichte 1800 v.Chr.-100 v.Chr. gnd rswk-swf Mounds / Albania / Shkodër Bronze age / Albania / Shkodër Iron age / Albania / Shkodër Illyrian antiquities Excavations (Archaeology) / Albania / Shkodër Funde Bestattung (DE-588)4006054-8 gnd rswk-swf Hügelgrab (DE-588)4160740-5 gnd rswk-swf Illyrer (DE-588)4095922-3 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Bestattungsritus (DE-588)4204578-2 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Shkodër (Albania) / Antiquities Shkodër (DE-588)4325862-1 gnd rswk-swf Tumuli Cemetery of Shtoji Shkodër (DE-588)1034090224 gnd rswk-swf Albanien [Barrington p. 49] (DE-2581)TH000008657 gbd Tumuli Cemetery of Shtoji Shkodër (DE-588)1034090224 g Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Shkodër (DE-588)4325862-1 g Illyrer (DE-588)4095922-3 s Bestattung (DE-588)4006054-8 s Bestattungsritus (DE-588)4204578-2 s Hügelgrab (DE-588)4160740-5 s Geschichte 1800 v.Chr.-100 v.Chr. z Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025953273&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025953273&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Koka, Aristotel Kultura Ilire e tumave të Shtojit, Shkodër Mounds / Albania / Shkodër Bronze age / Albania / Shkodër Iron age / Albania / Shkodër Illyrian antiquities Excavations (Archaeology) / Albania / Shkodër Funde Bestattung (DE-588)4006054-8 gnd Hügelgrab (DE-588)4160740-5 gnd Illyrer (DE-588)4095922-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Bestattungsritus (DE-588)4204578-2 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006054-8 (DE-588)4160740-5 (DE-588)4095922-3 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4204578-2 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4325862-1 (DE-588)1034090224 |
| title | Kultura Ilire e tumave të Shtojit, Shkodër |
| title_alt | The Illyrian culture of the Tumuli in Shtoj cemetery, Shkodër |
| title_auth | Kultura Ilire e tumave të Shtojit, Shkodër |
| title_exact_search | Kultura Ilire e tumave të Shtojit, Shkodër |
| title_full | Kultura Ilire e tumave të Shtojit, Shkodër Aristotel Koka |
| title_fullStr | Kultura Ilire e tumave të Shtojit, Shkodër Aristotel Koka |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kultura Ilire e tumave të Shtojit, Shkodër Aristotel Koka |
| title_short | Kultura Ilire e tumave të Shtojit, Shkodër |
| title_sort | kultura ilire e tumave te shtojit shkoder |
| topic | Mounds / Albania / Shkodër Bronze age / Albania / Shkodër Iron age / Albania / Shkodër Illyrian antiquities Excavations (Archaeology) / Albania / Shkodër Funde Bestattung (DE-588)4006054-8 gnd Hügelgrab (DE-588)4160740-5 gnd Illyrer (DE-588)4095922-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Bestattungsritus (DE-588)4204578-2 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mounds / Albania / Shkodër Bronze age / Albania / Shkodër Iron age / Albania / Shkodër Illyrian antiquities Excavations (Archaeology) / Albania / Shkodër Funde Bestattung Hügelgrab Illyrer Bestattungsritus Ausgrabung Shkodër (Albania) / Antiquities Shkodër Tumuli Cemetery of Shtoji Shkodër |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025953273&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025953273&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kokaaristotel kulturailireetumaveteshtojitshkoder AT kokaaristotel theillyriancultureofthetumuliinshtojcemeteryshkoder |