Funkcje wyborów w III Rzeczypospolitej: teoria i praktyka
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Katowice
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
2012
Sosnowiec Remar |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 315-352. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 380 s. il. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788361975809 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804150179007299584 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Spis
treści
..............................................................................................................
З
Wstęp
.....................................................................................................................5
Rozdział
1:
Wybory i ich funkcje
.....................................................................13
1.1.
Wprowadzenie
..............................................................................................13
1.2.
Ogólne zasady wyborów
...............................................................................20
1.3.
Kontekstowy wymiar wyborówr
....................................................................29
1.4.
Funkcje wyborów
..........................................................................................45
1.5.
Reżim polityczny a funkcje wyborów
..........................................................49
1.6.
Funkcje wyborów w modelu demokratycznym
............................................54
Rozdział
2:
Normatywne i społeczne determinanty funkcji wyborów
..........79
2.1.
Wprowadzenie
..............................................................................................79
2.2.
Proceduralny wymiar wyborów
....................................................................87
2.3.
Formuły wyborcze a funkcje wyborów
......................................................109
2.4.
Społeczny wymiar funkcji wyborów
..........................................................115
2.5.
Wyborcze modele kontinuum identyfikacji politycznych
...........................123
2.6.
Średni obywatel i średni wyborca
...............................................................135
Rozdział
3:
Funkcje wyborów do Sejmu i Senatu RP
..................................141
3.1.
Wprowadzenie
............................................................................................141
3.2.
Wybory do sejmu i senatu po
1989
roku
.....................................................147
3.3.
Realizacja funkcji wyborów do sejmu i senatu
...........................................160
3
Rozdział
4:
Funkcje wyborów Prezydenta RP
..............................................195
4.1.
Wprowadzenie
............................................................................................195
4.2.
Wybory prezydenckie w Polsce po
1989
roku
............................................205
4.3.
Realizacja funkcji wyborów prezydenckich
...............................................213
Rozdział
5:
Funkcje wyborów do organów samorządu terytorialnego
......235
5.1.
Wprowadzenie
............................................................................................235
5.2.
Wybory samorządowe w Polsce
................................................................243
5.3.
Realizacja funkcji wyborów do samorządu terytorialnego
........................253
Rozdział
6:
Funkcje wyborów do Parlamentu Europejskiego
....................279
6.1.
Wprowadzenie
............................................................................................279
6.2.
Wybory do Parlamentu Europejskiego w Polsce
........................................284
6.3.
Realizacja funkcji wyborów do Parlamentu Europejskiego
.......................290
Zakończenie
......................................................................................................311
Bibliografia
.......................................................................................................315
Indeks osób
.......................................................................................................353
Spis tabel
...........................................................................................................361
Spis wykresów
..................................................................................................363
Summary
...........................................................................................................365
Aneks
.................................................................................................................369
SUMMARY
Elections are an important area of interdisciplinary research where political
sciences not only constitute an integral part thereof, but are actually the leading
discipline. They present multi-faceted interest in elections as a political and social
phenomenon, and the methods and techniques used in the field allow a holistic
approach in the studies conducted. Such a broad approach, focused on various di¬
mensions of the function of elections is the main objective of the present publica¬
tion
-
however, for the sake of completeness of the conclusions, also the methods
of sociology, politics, law, history, political psychology and methods of statistical
analysis are referenced in the text. Nonetheless, despite the interdisciplinary ap¬
proach, the political science approach remains the main research perspective, a re¬
sult of deliberate decision to complement the legal analysis approach dominating
in Poland in the study of the functions of elections.
The issue of elections function is closely connected to political science re¬
search, partly due to the very nature of the phenomenon of elections. Both the rea¬
sons for their use as a democratic procedure, as well as the effects they bring about,
are political through and through, even though their impact is not just limited to
the political sphere. Elections as a political phenomenon draw the public inter¬
est, but the same cannot be said of their components, including their functions.
Results of the impact of individual functions of elections can be found in many
areas; however, the present text focuses on their analysis in the political and so¬
cial planes. Apart from a few references, the economic dimension of the elections
function was deliberately omitted in the work (due to very limited connection
to the stated research objectives). Yet, taking into account the political science
literature
-
particularly that of the USA
-
the issue seems to constitute an inter-
365
esting
line of research to undertake in the future. Description of legal dimension
of the function of elections is here limited to procedural matters and intentional
electoral law changes made by political parties to maximize the political benefit.
The studies on the functions of elections referred to in the present text belong to
the political science model of broad interpretation of the issues, the aim of which was
to present the widest possible context of research, both as concerns the content, as well
as the impact of elections. The scope of the studies resulted from the analysis of elec¬
toral functions presented in the literature choices and is based on their model, adjusted
to the Polish political reality, created to address the questions articulated in the research
objectives. The research covered the elections held in Poland since
1989;
as the dis¬
tinguishing factor was taken the nature of the public body they concerned. The speci¬
ficity of the presented research objective sometimes determined the need for a joint
analysis of the elections to the Lower and Upper Chamber (parliamentary elections)
and similar joint treatment of the municipal council, county council and regional par¬
liament elections, as well as direct election of village and city mayors and presidents
as local government elections. In the latter case, the comparative nature of the analyses
performed suggested
-
where possible
-
the focus should be placed on the elections
to the provincial assemblies (since they are the closest in their form and patterns of po¬
litical competition to the parliamentary and European Parliament elections).
The aim of the study was to capture the temporal aspect of the function of elec¬
tions, referring to the possibility of its change after
1989.
As potential evolutionary
factors were indicated the changes in the electoral law, stabilization of the political
system in Poland and the processes of globalization and European integration. In this
regard, attention should also be paid to the gradually increasing number of public
bodies chosen in free general elections
.
In
1989,
direct elections were held only
for the Lower and Upper Legislative Chambers (the Parliament), in the following year
the scope was expanded to cover also municipal councils and the election of the Pol¬
ish Head of State. Later on, also general elections to county councils, provincial as¬
semblies, direct election of city and village mayors were introduced, and in
2004
elec¬
tions to the European Parliament were added to the list. This particular electoral trend
is part of the tendency observed in democratic countries to subject more and more
organs to the general electoral procedure (for example in the
EU
states
-
the European
Parliament elections). At the same time though, it can be the basis for claims about
trivialization of the electoral act and reduction of importance of elections in the pub¬
lic consciousness. The presented research results confirm such conclusions.
Analysis of the material collected in the course of the study made it possible to
verify the research hypotheses defining the main issues. The author succeeded in ex¬
tracting the most important functions of selection and assigning them to individual
election types. The vast majority of these are universal in nature and in the general
are noticeable in most of the examined types of elections. The main differences
in manifestation of specific functions result from two key conditions. The first is
the electoral formula that determines a different implementation of some functions
in the case of majority and proportional elections. The second is the transnational
366
Summary
nature of elections to the European Parliament and their institutional constraints,
such as in the cased of the function of selecting a stable governing majority.
The internal formula of the specified functions is relatively consistent in all
election types, a characteristic influenced by their universal message in demo¬
cratic regimes and, in the case of Poland, by specific legal provisions. Introduction
of a common legal basis in the form of the Electoral Code has strengthened the regu¬
latory influence (for example by extending the majority formula to the vast majority
of municipal councils elections), and the lack of intermediate forms of selection
(for example in the form of electoral colleges) made it easier to grasp the relationship
between the decisions of voters and the composition of elected bodies. The author
was unable to determine the relationship between cohesion of the content of specific
electoral functions in each elections and the political practice, although it may be
presumed that such a relationship exists, as exemplified by adaptation of political
parties to the changing dynamics of political competition. It is further corroborated
by individualization of the activities of political actors in each election, suggesting
attempts at optimizing the election strategies to maximize the results obtained.
Variations in the content of individual functions in different types of elections
manifests at a different level. While it is relatively constant (or not directly corre¬
lated to the elections) in the expression of the will of voters, or transfer of the right
to make decisions on behalf of the citizens, in the case of the defining a stable
governing majority and the political elite selection, the variation is much greater.
Factors influencing this diversity are, primarily, the shape of the electoral system,
nature of the public body concerned, and specificity of electoral competition deter¬
mined in the course of the elections progress. The present focuses to the greatest
extent on the electoral system factor, and
-
closely related
-
the nature of political
competition and its measurable effects such as the scale left
-
right, the average
citizen and the average voter. The research results presented in this area, though
they in part relate only to the last election cycle, seem to indicate the most interest¬
ing direction of scientific inquiry to be undertaken in the future.
The initial assumptions concerning the source of evolution in the function
of elections in Poland after
1989
have also found confirmation. The dynamic is driv¬
en by both the course of democratic transformation in Poland (especially in the case
of Lower Chamber elections), strengthening of the democratic system as well
as by influence of the major megatrends such as globalization and European integra¬
tion. Among the determinants influencing the direction of evolution of the electoral
functions to the greatest extent were identified the process of democratic transfor¬
mation (with particular emphasis on the electoral law and its changes) and the pro¬
cess of European integration. The latter include not only the European Parliament
and elections to this body, but also for example the introduction of new local govern¬
ment levels as the result of adjustment of the state internal structure to the
EU
policy
requirements (for example, assuming a long and progressive integration), which
in turn has resulted, already in the pre-accession period, in the creation of counties
and provinces (as well as general elections to their relevant bodies).
367
The author succeeded in confirming the hypothesis of the impact of the sys¬
temic significance of the organs subject to elections on some of their functions,
particularly with regard to the EP elections. The role of the European Parliament
in the Polish political system is significantly less than of other bodies which are
subject to the procedural requirement of general elections, which means that
the political mandate of the elected representatives is weaker (the above can be
inferred for example from lower participation levels and the resulting weaker
legitimacy). Similarly, the functions of programming and ensuring control over
the governing body are manifested differently.
The study results did not lead to a direct confirmation of the hypothesis about
the impact of public perception of the relevance of a particular election on the im¬
plementation of their functions. On the basis of the empirical evidence collected,
it was proven that specific election types carry in the public consciousness differ¬
ent significance, however, except for this ascertainment no sufficiently convincing
evidence showing its connection with the functions of the election was found. It
is true that it is possible to identify some premises in favour of existence of such
relationship, especially between a significantly lower relevance of the Europe¬
an Parliament elections (compared to the other election types), and for example,
lack of realization of the classic function of selecting a stable governing majority
or specificity of the function of the political elite selection; however, the correla¬
tions were not proven (it is not known whether they remain in a direct cause-and-
effect relationship, and even if that were the case, it is not possible to indicate what
would be the cause and what is the effect in this instance).
The research conducted on the function of elections in Poland contributed to
the identification of potential new areas of research in this area. Particularly interest¬
ing in the future may be studies aimed at assessing the impact of one type of election
on the functions realized by the other election types (for example, how the Polish
Presidential elections modify the functions of parliamentary elections, especially
in capturing the differences between the situations when they occur relatively simul¬
taneously versus when they are separated by a significant length of time, or when the
outcome of the elections generates the state of cohabitation between the executive
organs). Also the contextual exploration of the functions of the elections, studying
the relationships between different elections taking place at the same time, such as
elections to the Lower and the Upper Legislative Chamber, or the different types
of local government elections, could prove to be very interesting.
The research presented in this publication did not allow for answering all
questions about elections in Poland after
1989.
One should, however, hope that
the material will be helpful for researchers studying the political sphere in vari¬
ous fields of science; and will prove valuable to all others interested in this issue
-
an well as be an inspiration for further scientific inquiry.
Translated by Julia Liszkowska
368
|
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| author | Wojtasik, Waldemar |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:34:48Z |
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| isbn | 9788361975809 |
| language | Polish |
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| spelling | Wojtasik, Waldemar Verfasser (DE-588)1219222836 aut Funkcje wyborów w III Rzeczypospolitej teoria i praktyka Waldemar Wojtasik Katowice Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego 2012 Sosnowiec Remar 380 s. il. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 315-352. Indeks Geschichte 1989-2012 gnd rswk-swf Wybory / Polska / 1990- jhpk Prezydenci / Polska / wybór / 1990- jhpk Wahl (DE-588)4064286-0 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Wahl (DE-588)4064286-0 s Geschichte 1989-2012 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025874988&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025874988&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wojtasik, Waldemar Funkcje wyborów w III Rzeczypospolitej teoria i praktyka Wybory / Polska / 1990- jhpk Prezydenci / Polska / wybór / 1990- jhpk Wahl (DE-588)4064286-0 gnd |
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| title | Funkcje wyborów w III Rzeczypospolitej teoria i praktyka |
| title_auth | Funkcje wyborów w III Rzeczypospolitej teoria i praktyka |
| title_exact_search | Funkcje wyborów w III Rzeczypospolitej teoria i praktyka |
| title_full | Funkcje wyborów w III Rzeczypospolitej teoria i praktyka Waldemar Wojtasik |
| title_fullStr | Funkcje wyborów w III Rzeczypospolitej teoria i praktyka Waldemar Wojtasik |
| title_full_unstemmed | Funkcje wyborów w III Rzeczypospolitej teoria i praktyka Waldemar Wojtasik |
| title_short | Funkcje wyborów w III Rzeczypospolitej |
| title_sort | funkcje wyborow w iii rzeczypospolitej teoria i praktyka |
| title_sub | teoria i praktyka |
| topic | Wybory / Polska / 1990- jhpk Prezydenci / Polska / wybór / 1990- jhpk Wahl (DE-588)4064286-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wybory / Polska / 1990- Prezydenci / Polska / wybór / 1990- Wahl Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025874988&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025874988&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wojtasikwaldemar funkcjewyborowwiiirzeczypospolitejteoriaipraktyka |